A year after he left office, President Biden’s industrial policy is widely considered a failure. But the tools his administration developed are still in play and have defied a long-standing consensus about what is possible.

Industrial policies and innovation: Evidence from the global automobile industry

Industrial policy in a new era: Government venture capital in the US–China trade war

Industrial policy and capacity utilization: Evidence from China’s five-year plans

Industrial policy in China: Its development and ongoing transformation

Supply chain disruption and precautionary industrial policy

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has reshaped the global economy, concentrating technological and economic advantages in the United States, China, and Europe, while widening competitiveness gaps for regions like Latin America. Facing structural challenges in innovation, industrial policy, and digital infrastructure, Latin America must align AI adoption with its development goals. This study examines how to rebalance the AI–driven economy in the region through the interplay of industrial policy, global competition, and regional development. Focusing on Brazil, Mexico, and Chile as case studies, it analyzes innovation ecosystems, research and development (R&D) capabilities, and the integration of AI into public policy and industry. The paper identifies key barriers that hinder the region’s competitiveness and highlights industrial policies that can mitigate global imbalances, particularly those promoting AI investment, technology transfer, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) support. It also explores how AI can boost productivity in manufacturing, agriculture, and services while advancing sustainability. Finally, it proposes a strategic framework for policymakers, emphasizing regional innovation networks, collaboration, and AI–focused workforce training. Overall, the study offers recommendations to reduce the digital divide and foster sustainable growth, positioning Latin America to better navigate the challenges and opportunities of the global AI economy.

Environmental sustainability and green technology development is an international need that has driven major developments in environmental technology especially on biodegradable items development and environmental surveillance. It is a critical review of how industrial innovation and policy frameworks can be amalgamated towards the promotion of sustainable environmental management practices. This paper examines and discusses the role of environmental awareness as a foundational element of encouraging the adoption of green technology through systematic study of the environmental education programs of secondary schools in the region of Owerri and Mbaise of Imo State Nigeria. The study is done using comparative case study methodology where data collected on 210 students in six schools are examined to determine the levels of environmental awareness, attitudes, and engagement in environmental activities. Results indicate that 83.7% of the respondents in Owerri and 71.2% in Mbaise exhibit the level of environmental concepts awareness, and the education exposure and pro-environmental behavior have significant correlations. According to the study, the gaps in the content delivery of environmental education are critical with half of students being satisfied with the existing curriculums. The assessment of the development trends in biodegradable materials suggests that there is significant advancement in polymer science, and the focus is on the principles of a circular economy and waste reduction plans. Monitoring systems regarding the environment have also changed considerably with Internet of Things integration and smart city projects, where real-time data can be collected and analyzed. It is observed that industrial innovation should also be seen as a key contributing factor to the development of green technologies, which is sustained by the policy frameworks that promote sustainable practices. The study shows that effective environmental education along with technological innovation and conducive policies have synergistic effects in promoting the environmental sustainability objectives.

This study investigates the dynamics of technology transfer in emerging economies such as India, Malaysia, and Turkey, emphasizing the pivotal role of academic institutions in fostering industry collaborations. The primary aim is to identify key factors that promote successful technology commercialization and enhance regional industrial productivity. Employing a qualitative literature review, the research synthesizes empirical data on transfer mechanisms used by universities and firms across various contexts. The findings demonstrate that strategic collaborations, particularly Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), significantly bolster technology transfer. Furthermore, the active involvement of Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) is crucial for aligning academic research with industry needs. The study also reveals that political and governance frameworks heavily influence success; firms with stronger political connections often experience better transfer outcomes. Drawing parallels with models from the USA, Japan, and Israel, the research highlights that foreign direct investment can reinforce domestic capabilities rather than merely substituting them. In conclusion, fostering a conducive environment for technology transfer requires a multifaceted strategy that integrates technical, managerial, and political considerations to bridge the gap between academia and industry.

This study comparatively examines the foreign trade terms performance of Turkey and Indonesia over the period 2003–2023 and evaluates the impact of this performance on economic development. Analyses based on indicators such as the net terms of trade (NTT), income terms of trade (ITT), and advanced pure terms of trade (APTT) show that Turkey, with its industry- and semifinished goods-focused structure, has increased its export volume; however, its dependence on imports has put downward pressure on its terms of trade. Indonesia, on the other hand, is more vulnerable to external shocks because of its commodity-oriented export composition, and its terms of trade are strongly affected by global price fluctuations. Both countries should improve their terms of trade by restructuring industrial policies and shifting toward high value-added sectors in exports to overcome the middle-income trap. The study highlights that terms of trade are a fundamental component not only of foreign trade but also of development policies.

Against the dual backdrop of the rapid development of the digital economy and the continuous promotion of national sports industry policies, the digital transformation of traditional manufacturing has become a key path to enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises. This paper takes Anta Group, a leading enterprise in China's sports goods industry, as the research object. Based on its financial data from 2020 to 2024, the DuPont analysis method is employed to systematically analyze the impact mechanism and path of digital transformation on the profitability of the enterprise. The research shows that digital transformation significantly improves the net profit margin of the enterprise by promoting changes in the DTC (Direct-to-Consumer) model, optimizing supply chain management, and implementing refined operations, making it the core driving force for the growth of return on net assets. Although in the early stages of transformation, due to the increase in direct sales channel construction and digital infrastructure investment, the total asset turnover rate experienced some pressure in the short term, this strategic resource investment laid a solid foundation for long-term operational efficiency improvement and profit quality optimization. This paper further proposes targeted suggestions from three dimensions: deepening digital operations, enhancing asset utilization efficiency, and exploring new profit growth points, providing theoretical references and practical insights for promoting high-quality sustainable development in China's traditional manufacturing industry.

Based on the input-output analysis theory from the perspective of organizational economics, this study utilizes direct consumption coefficient matrices, total consumption coefficient matrices, and the Leontief inverse matrix to analyze the economic linkages among the textile finished products, pharmaceutical products, and health sectors. The results indicate that the pharmaceutical products sector exhibits significant "core-driven" and self-reinforcing characteristics, forming a deeply symbiotic relationship with the health sector. In contrast, the textile finished products sector demonstrates a "marginal supporting" role with relatively weak linkages. The study proposes that promoting the transformation of the textile sector into high-value-added fields such as medical textiles can foster synergistic development among the three sectors, providing a basis for optimizing industrial policies and enhancing supply chain resilience.

The paradox of Africa's industrialization—enduring structural vulnerabilities alongside significant potential—calls for innovative institutional interventions. This research addresses the disjointed industrial policies in developing economies that consistently fail to leverage the transformative potential of public procurement. The "Ghana Flywheel" is a dynamic systems model that illustrates how strategically calibrated procurement reforms can initiate self-reinforcing cycles of local industry growth, attract high-value foreign direct investment (FDI), and promote sustainable development. The analysis, grounded in system dynamics modeling meticulously calibrated with Ghanaian procurement and FDI datasets from 2015 to 2023 and supplemented by stakeholder interviews, uncovers catalytic thresholds. Mandating 30% local procurement participation stimulates 15–25% productivity growth in SMEs by enhancing technological capabilities and strengthening supply chain connections, while tiered FDI incentives linked to sustainability metrics increase quality investment inflows by 40%. The model highlights that increased state capacity, driven by knowledge spillovers from advanced foreign direct investment, facilitates the development of more sophisticated procurement instruments, leading to upward developmental spirals. Simulations indicate that Ghana’s strategic implementation of digital procurement platforms, AI-driven supplier analytics, and integrity-focused contracting may reshape its industrial landscape by 2030, decreasing import reliance by 35% and enhancing domestic value creation. This research provides a replicable policy framework for utilizing public procurement as a fundamental industrial strategy, demonstrating its effectiveness as a catalyst for resilient, sovereign industrial ecosystems in emerging economies.

Recently, Mission-Oriented Policies (MOPs) have regained public prominence, having peaked during the post-World War II era. Today, they are being promoted as a response to the search for technological solutions to major social challenges, many of which are related to the health sector. Despite their place in the debate on industrial policies, few approaches to MOPs have engaged with the field of international health. This work aims to contribute to filling that gap by providing a critical analysis of MOPs, considering two aspects that address the link between these policies and the socioeconomic determinants of health: their relationship with capitalism and with the core-periphery divide. From the connection between missions and health, two broad versions of MOPs emerge, which we term transformative and welfare-oriented, respectively. It is argued that combining transformative MOPs with more systemic and holistic approaches (e.g., the Health Economic-Industrial Complex framework) could serve as a tool to promote relevant structural changes in the health dynamics of peripheral countries.

The article reiterates the main research path trodden by art historian Tatjana Kačalova (née Rosenschild-Paulin, 1915–2010) whose investigations on the art of Vilhelms Purvītis (1872–1945) in particular and Latvian landscape painting in general, carried out since the 1960s under Soviet occupation until the beginning of the 21st century in the independent Republic of Latvia, are important landmarks in the local history of this scholarly discipline. The historiographical lens is used for a biographical purpose – to create and contextualise an intellectual portrait of the researcher by considering a blend of various perspectives: relationships between Kačalova’s multicultural background and her commitment to the construction of Latvian national canon in the arts; comparison with imperial Russian, Baltic German, imperial Soviet, and Latvian exile approaches; institutional factors from the Art Academy of Latvia to Soviet centralised science policy and issues of book industry; strategies of internationalisation in source research and interpretation; the role of interdisciplinary interests and the researcher’s first artistic education; the immediate and retrospective reception of Tatjana Kačalova’s manuscripts and publications; implications and afterlife of her scholarly endeavours today.

In today's global economy, trade wars have become a significant factor in the competition between countries. To gain insight into the policies that influence a nation's economic prosperity, it is crucial to examine the historical underpinnings of trade wars and the protectionist policies that have shaped them. Although theoretical studies have been conducted in this direction, content analysis of trade agreements in the mercantilist period, is limited. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the origins of economic policy differences in the foreign trade agreements of the United Kingdom, which became rich as a result of industrialization and mercantilist policies, with three different states (France, Austria and the Ottoman Empire). Data were obtained by analyzing foreign trade agreements from the British archives. In this context, a comparative analysis was made by standardizing the customs duties applied to the United Kingdom's trade of 22 products with three different states in terms of the current currency. In addition, to compare tariffs, an Average Protectionism Index (API) was developed based on the tariffs of 22 products. The analysis revealed that Britain applied mercantilist policies to three different states with different degrees of mercantilist policies, and that the Ottoman Empire, which applied the capitulation policy, suffered more economic damage than the other two states.

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates Uzbekistan’s trade liberalization and its implications for structural transformation and growth using a Partial Equilibrium (PE) model and a product-level Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis. The PE model quantifies aggregate effects of tariff cuts, finding small gains in household welfare but higher import dependence and meaningful fiscal revenue losses. The RCA results track normalized comparative advantage across key export products from 2019 to 2023, identifying product lines where competitiveness has strengthened or eroded. Taken together, the evidence suggests that tariff liberalization delivers modest welfare improvements while widening the trade deficit and reorienting Uzbekistan’s comparative-advantage profile at the product level. The findings underscore the value of time-bound transition support and targeted upgrading policies for industries whose core export products are losing comparative advantage.

In the context of advancing sustainable urban development, the spatial organization of industries plays a critical role in shaping environmental quality, economic vitality, and public health. This study examines the health effects of furniture enterprises agglomeration in Chinese cities, using a unique dataset combining point-of-interest (POI) big data and micro-level survey responses from 13,217 individuals. The results show that a one-unit increase in furniture enterprises agglomeration intensity is associated with a 0.656-unit improvement in physical health and a 0.060-unit improvement in mental health. These benefits are driven by three synergistic mechanisms: environmental improvement, income growth, and enhanced public health services. However, the health gains are unevenly distributed, with greater benefits observed in less-developed cities and among vulnerable groups such as low-skilled and middle-aged workers. We further reveal divergent effects between specialized and diversified agglomeration patterns, moderated by environmental regulation. Our findings underscore the need for health-oriented industrial policies that align with sustainable urban planning, emphasizing spatial adaptation, targeted support for vulnerable populations, and innovative regulatory approaches to foster both industrial growth and resident well-being.

The recent rise of trade protectionism has complicated the relationship between trade and innovation in some countries. This paper evaluates the impact of U.S. export control on the innovation performance of Chinese manufacturing listed firms. Based on firm-level invention patent data from 2015 to 2023, we find that firms subject to export control substantially expand their patent application activities. However, the quantitative expansion coincides with a deterioration in patent quality, as evidenced by the fast-track granted rate. Further analysis suggests that the divergence between firms’ internal innovation preferences, as reflected in management’s innovation awareness, knowledge width and technological trajectory, and their external R&D investment, underlies the innovation quantity–quality tension. Moreover, the decline in innovation quality is primarily concentrated in technological fields not favored by Chinese industrial policy and among state-owned enterprises, suggesting strategic balancing of innovation decisions in response to government intervention. This study provides further insights into the comprehensive impact of trade shock on innovation and contributes to the literature on the potential technological externalities of the U.S.–China trade conflict.

This paper studies the special impacts of the new policy of the April 2025 Chinese and US counter tariff and find solutions. First, it analyzes the connotation and policy evolution of reciprocal tariffs, interprets the core content of the April 2025 policy, defines exempt and non-exempt categories in the healthcare industry, and examines the focal points of trade disputes. Then, from the perspectives of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and healthcare services, it explores the impacts on China’s API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) industry, the US pharmaceutical market, China’s medical device exports and supply chain, as well as hospital costs and patients’ financial burden. Finally, it proposes countermeasures from the industrial, hospital, and government levels. The conclusion shows that tariffs have disrupted the trade balance: China’s low- and mid-end API sector has been hit while its high-end sector has made breakthroughs, and the US faces unstable pharmaceutical supply; thus, coordinated responses from the three parties are required. In the short term, tariff negotiations between China and the US may continue; in the long term, the industrial chain will be restructured, and China and the US need to explore cooperation. Future research can focus on the long-term impacts of tariffs.