Industrial Plantations Research Articles

Influence of Two Cover Crops (Arachis repens L. and Desmodium adscendens Sw.) on Root Infestation of the “Great Dwarf” Dessert Banana Cultivar (Musa sp.) by Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Southeast Côte d’Ivoire

Context: In Côte d’Ivoire, industrial banana plantations are faced with the problem of weediness. However, the use of herbicides as a means of control presents significant risks for human health and the environment. The abandonment of these products for more ecological alternatives such as cover crops is imminent.
 Aims: This study aimed to compare the relative abundance and the density of the main plant-parasitic nematodes in the roots of banana and cover crops according to three weed management treatments.
 Study Design and Methodology: The experimental design was a three-repeat Fisher block of three treatments consisting of implementation of A. repens and D. adscendens as cover crops and spraying of two synthetic herbicides (glufosinate and glyphosate) for weed management. The relative abundance and density of nematodes in the roots of banana and cover crops were assessed quarterly after extraction by the rapid double centrifugation-flotation method and enumeration under an optical microscope.
 Results: Both cover crops and banana plants had their roots infested by the major parasitic nematodes evaluated (Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis and Hoplolaimus pararobustus). These infestations were not a function of weed management treatments. Compared to the use of herbicides, A. repens and D. adscendens used as ground cover did not significantly increase or decrease nematode dynamics in the plots. Individuals extracted from the roots of the cover crops, and particularly from D. adscendens, were more numerous than from the roots of the banana plants. In terms of proportions, Pratylenchus spp., R. similis, Helicotylenchus spp. and Meloidogyne spp. were most abundant. R. reniformis and H. pararobustus as well as various nematodes (plant parasites: Hirschmanniella spp., Xiphinema spp., ..., and non-plant parasites: fungivorous, carnivorous, bacterivorous, ...) were in the minority.
 Conclusion: The results, particularly those of A. repens, could be useful in the biological, ecological and sustainable management of weed in banana plantations without important risks of pest pressure.

Regional Development, Rural Transformation, and Land Use/Cover Changes in a Fast-Growing Oil Palm Region: The Case of Jambi Province, Indonesia

The development policies implemented in Jambi Province, Indonesia, since the New Order era, have encouraged transformations in demography, regional paradigms, growth base sectors, and growth actors. This study aims to understand how the central government’s demographic policies and plantation development program have impacted regional land cover change, rural development transformation, and economic development in Sumatra Island’s biodiversity-rich rainforest region (Jambi Province). This study explores the shifts in village typology that have occurred. Descriptive analysis and cluster analysis were applied to collect data at the provincial level that included population, poverty rate, levels of education, HDI, GRDP, Gini index, and land cover. Village Potential Data at the village level was then used to build an infrastructure index and a diversity of activities index. The results of this study indicated that macro development indicators are in a positive trend: HDI, educational levels, GRDP per capita, and the proportion of the tertiary sector in GRDP have all increased. The growth of the tertiary sector was largely driven by the trade and motorized-vehicle repair sectors. The provincial landscape has changed significantly due to the expansion of oil palm plantations. At the village level, the infrastructure index and diversity index show an increase in the number of facilities and variations in economic activity in most villages. Some shifts in rural typology are highlighted: the increase in urban villages and in villages that specialize in oil palm plantation or other industrial plantation crops.

Methodological approaches to biotechnological process management in the protection of perennial fruit plantations (codling moth as an example) based on digital technologies

In this work, we investigate the harmful effect of codling moth in industrial fruit plantations of Krasnodar Krai. An analysis of growing expenditures on protective measures is carried out in connection with the high dynamics of macroeconomic processes and sanction measures. A correlation between the distribution of codling moth and the magnitude of climate change is noted. The need to increase the efficiency of measures aimed at the development and implementation of plantation and crop protection is highlighted. According to long-term research studies into the bioecological features of the phytophage development during vegetation, its following adaptation features are established: high adaptivity to variable weather conditions; high potential of pest resurgence during one vegetation period; changes in the pest phenology; an increase in the overall number of pests in those sections of the orchard where trees grow for 15–16 years and more. A scheme for the automated control of monitoring processes, optimum regime selection, application of biorational systems of efficiency control based on digital technologies is proposed. The technology for managing biotechnological processes of fruit plantation protection is described in terms of functional components, including the formation of a system of ecological and economic parameters of implementing insecticides against harmful pests; development of multivariant models and adaptive instruments of phytosanitary stability management of apple-tree agrocenoses based on the criteria of biologicalization, ecologization, and rational nature management; monitoring of the number of pest populations; phytosanitary stability of apple-tree plantations; regulations for effective and safe use of biorational, low-toxic chemical and biological preparations of new generation in apple-tree plantations; evaluation of the action of the studied preparations on non-target organisms. The latter include fruit analysis for the presence of residual amounts of background and impact pesticides, determination of phytotoxic effects of used preparations on the protected plants, evaluation of the studied preparations action on associated pests. A comparative study of available technologies for crop protection against codling moth is carried out. The efficiency of biological methods in the field of crop protection is substantiated.

How Indigenous Peoples Resolve Ulayat Land Disputes (Study in Koto Gasib, Siak Regency)

This study focused on disputes over the management of forest areas between the Koto Gasib community and the private sector (palm plantation companies), where the company’s Cultivation rights overlapped with the rights of indigenous peoples on their ulayat lands. The purpose of this study was to find a pattern of dispute resolution over the use of natural resources in the Koto Gasib customary law community. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the dispute over the management of natural resources in the Koto Gasib customary law community is the main factor caused by the inequality of control and management through the HGU granted by the Government to oil palm plantation companies and Industrial Plantation Forests (HTI) operating in Koto Gasib, where The HGU permit issued is claimed to be part of the community area of the Gasib and Pandan inner community. The resolution of natural resource disputes in the Koto Gasib customary law community tends to be pursued through a non-litigation process by involving various stakeholder roles and local governments and encouraging the role of traditional leaders in the region to obtain an effective solution to defend the rights of the Koto Gasib community.

A Review of the Benefits of Eucalypt Essential Oils for the Human Health and Environment Improvement

Eucalypt is the vernacular name used to refer to trees of the three genera, <i>Angophora </i>Cav.<i>, Corymbia</i> K. D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson and <i>Eucalyptus</i> L’Herit. These closely related genera are within the Myrtaceae family and include around 1000 taxa in total, nearly all of which are indigenous to Australia. In China, over 5 million ha of industrial plantations have been established with selected eucalypt taxa. However, there are no plantations in this country managed specifically for the purpose of eucalypt leaf oil production. Even so, for many years China has been the world’s largest producer of crude eucalypt oil distilled from eucalypt leaves. These leaves are mainly collected from community plantings, mostly of <i>E. globulus</i> and <i>E. smithii</i>. A project was carried out on species selection for leaf oil production in late 1990’s in southwestern China, and included testing of the species <i>E. radiata, E. bakeri, E. polybractea</i> and others. Eucalypt oils are used as raw materials in perfumery, cosmetics, food and beverage industries as well as in various aromatherapy and physiotherapy treatments. The 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) compound is the principal and the most important constituent of the most eucalypt leaf oils, and this has demonstrated antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Such uses of eucalypt essential oils for human health as well as for environment improvement have been well established by scientific research in many countries, with such oils having a long history of medicinal use in Australia and Europe. Even so, there is a need to investigate the prime effects of such essential oils and their possible efficacy in the treatment of a greater number of pathological conditions in China. It is also advocated that the country’s existing eucalypt plantations be more widely used as places for ‘forest bathing’ and such nature-based well-being practices; and that investigations be taken into the use of eucalypt leaf oils to improve hygiene and fight diseases, such as that caused by the virus.

Potential of agroforestry orchards as a conservation set-aside initiative in industrial rubber tree and oil palm plantations for avian biodiversity

Potential of agroforestry orchards as a conservation set-aside initiative in industrial rubber tree and oil palm plantations for avian biodiversity

The efficacy of protection by modern insecticides in the industrial cherry plantations against cherry fruit fly pest

Goal. To investigate an efficacy of the insecticides Aktelik 500 ЕС, (pyrymyphos-methyl 500 g/l), Calipso 480 SС (thiacloprid, 480 g/l), Proclaim 50 SG (emamectyn benzoat, 50 g/ kg), Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Exirel, СЕ (cyantraniliprole, 100 g/l) and bio products Actofit, EC (aversektyn С, 0.2%), bitoxybacilyn — BTU, (insecticide), (Bacillus thuringiensis. endospores, endotoxyn, exotoxyn) and Lepidocyd-BTU, (insecticide), (Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki, endospores, endotoxyn) on a reduction of a number and a harmfulness of cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) it impact on yields in industrial cherry orchards.&#x0D; Methods. A field method, in the industrial orchards in educational production department of university. A type of cherry trees — Regina and Alfa. Planting scheme — 4.0 × 5.0 m. Year of planting — 1996. Crown shape — sparsely (improved) — tiered. Rootstock — antipka. Phases of plant development at application timing — «fruit development, (fruits about 90% of the final size)» (BBCH 81) and («fruits ripening phase») (BBCH 85). Soil — shallow, low — humus dusty — loamy podzolic leached black soils: humus content — 1.3—2.5%; pH 4.8—5.2; mobile compounds Р2О5 — 130—180 mg/kg and К2О — 8.9—9.2 mg/kg (by Chirikov method). The measures for care of the experimental site — loosening a soil in the stem strips during the growing period, an application of organic and mineral fertilizers, a pruning, a splaying of grass between the rows (row spacing), a protection from pests and diseases. The technical effectiveness of applications was determined in different rates against blood-red aphids and their impact on yields in commercial apple orchards. Calculations were made according to generally accepted methods in in horticulture, plant protection and entomology.&#x0D; Results. The use of insecticides Aktelik 500 ЕС, Calypso 480 SС), Proclaim 50 SG, Movento 100 SC Exirel, СЕ against cherry fruit fly helped to decrease number of pests on 91.4—98.9% — 93.7—97.6% accordingly. It allowed to obtain a high — grade cherries product with a yield of 1.7—1.9 times and 1.4—2.1 times higher comparing to control. The outcome of non-standard products did not exceed 0.4—0.6% compared to 34.9—44.3% in the control (water treatment). The efficacy of bio products was 32.9—40.4%. It confirms their low efficacy against this pest.&#x0D; Conclusions. The use of insecticides Aktelik 500 ЕС, Calypso 480 SС, Proclaim 50 SG, Movento 100 SC, Exirel, СЕ allows to achieve high efficacy of cherry fruit fly control in industrial plantations, to manage it number and population during whole month (the period of larva development). A limitation of pest number in cherry orchard by using the studied treatments provided a yield increase and a marketable quality of the obtained fruit products.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Palm Oil (Elaesis Guineensis Jacq) Production in Central Kalimantan Region

Oil palm is an industrial plantation crop that produces palm oil which can add value to the production of oil palm companies. The palm oil commodity is a commodity that can add to the country's foreign exchange because the value of palm oil has a high value. Palm oil production in Indonesia continues to grow every year. This study aims to find out about what factors affect the palm oil production variable in the Central Kalimantan region. This study uses panel data regression tools with data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Central Kalimantan Plantation Office. The results of the analysis of this study explain the factors of land area and labor have a positive and significant effect on oil palm production.

Differentiating oil palm plantations from natural forest to improve land cover mapping in Ghana

Tree crops like oil palm present a unique challenge in land cover mapping, as they are often misclassified as natural forest. The area cultivated with oil palm in Ghana has rapidly expanded since 2000, and production is expected to continue to increase. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data was used as inputs to a random forest classifier in Google Earth Engine to map mature, closed-canopy oil palm extent in 2019 of a Ghana study area that includes both industrial plantations and smallholders. The combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 bands and derived indices outperformed either satellite alone for mapping industrial oil palm (90.3% overall accuracy). A separate accuracy assessment for this combined input approach demonstrated high accuracy mapping smallholders as well (80.4% overall accuracy), a key challenge in the West African context. To validate these findings, results were compared with available production information and a global oil palm remote sensing product. The resulting map can inform sustainable oil palm efforts in Ghana, which is understudied in current oil palm remote sensing literature, and the methodology provides an example for future studies of oil palm sourcing areas using only publicly available data.

Mobilenet-based Transfer Learning for Detection of Eucalyptus Pellita Diseases

Currently, the pulp industry in Indonesia is ranked eighth in the world and the paper industry is ranked sixth in the world. One of the advantages in supporting the industry is that Indonesia has a large Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) where the plants for pulp and paper raw materials originate. Eucalyptus pellita species belonging to the Myrtaceae family is one of the priority species for Industrial Plantation Forests (HTI) because of its adaptability and its wood can be used as raw material for pulp. Industrial Plantation Forests of this type can be found mainly in Kalimantan and Sumatra. This species shows good growth in stem shape, growth speed and good wood quality and has high germination and has a shorter cutting cycle of about 7-8 years so that it is quickly harvested. Prevention and treatment of leaf disease is one of the main processes of planting. Early diagnosis and accurate recognition of Eucalyptus Pellita disease can control the spread of the disease and reduce production costs and treatment costs. Disease detection on Eucalyptus pellita leaves can be done automatically faster by utilizing digital image processing and artificial intelligence. In this study, we propose a detection method with Deep Learning architecture. Our proposed method is based on pre-trained transfer learning using MobileNet. Image datasets from PT. Surya Hutani Jaya's land in East Kalimantan were used to train the model. The dataset is divided into three classes where 1 class is healthy leaves and 2 classes are sick leaves, namely Xanthomonas Bacteria and Cylindrocladium Fungi. With a dataset ratio of 70: 20: 10 the number of training datasets is 2370, validation is 591, and Testing is 177. Hyperparameter scenarios were carried out on the MobileNet model to optimize performance on the Eucalyptus Pellita leaf dataset. The experimental results show a fairly good accuracy, reaching 98%.

Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) sebagai Alternatif Bahan Irigasi Saluran Akar terhadap Streptococcus viridans

Streptococcus viridans is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe that most commonly found in infected root canals. The biomechanical preparation of root canal treatment requires root canal irrigation as it functions not only used to cleanser but also antibacterial agent. NaOCl 2,5% is the most commonly used Endodontic irrigant, however it is still considered to have several disadvantages. Cocoa pod shell (Theobroma cacao L.) are industrial plantation waste which has a source of antibacterial compounds that expected to be an alternative to substitute NaOCl’s drawbacks. This study aim to examine the antibacterial effectiveness of cocoa pod shell extract against S.viridans. The research is posttest only group control design and the method use broth dilution to examine the antibacterial effectiveness. The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Levene's test showed that data set which exhibited both non-normally distributed and non-homogeneous, continued with the nonparametric test using the Kruskal-wallis test, it was found that p &lt;0.5 meant there were significantly differences between all study groups. 25%; 12,5%; 6,25%; 3,125%; 1,56%; 0,78% concentration of cocoa pod shell extract has antibacterial activity against S.viridans. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration to against S.viridans is cocoa pod shell extract concentration 0,78%. Cocoa pod shell extract concentration 12,5% and 25% equal to NaOCL 2,5%.

Developing neural-based hardware and soft ware complex with a mobile application for monitoring apple fruits on tree canopy

The paper presents a soft ware and hardware complex with a mobile application based on a neural network, designed to identify apple fruits on tree canopy, to count their number, to determine the quantity of fruits affected by diseases, as well as to estimate the growth rate of apple fruits and, thus, to calculate the total yield during the growing season. The developed soft ware and hardware complex consists of a photo (image) collection unit with client soft ware (a mobile application, a digital camera), a unit for processing the obtained images, which includes a database and a neural network, and a unit for interpretation of the obtained data. A neural network based on VGG-16 and SSD architecture was developed to identify apple fruits on the tree canopy for evaluating apple fruits and distinguishing sound fruits and those affected by disease. Training of the neural network was based on the selected classes of sound red and green apple fruits, and apple fruits affected by diseases – scab, powdery mildew, fruit rot, as well as mechanical damage. The soft ware runs and operates on Ubuntu operating system, a mobile application – on Android. The soft ware package and mobile application are capable of processing incoming photos (images) online, as well as to use previously captured photos. The generated database collects structured information about all field measurements and calculations of the number of apple fruits on the planting rows under study. The experiments conducted on an industrial apple plantation showed that the accuracy of estimating the total number of fruits on the tree canopy compared to the true value was 94.7%, the accuracy of calculating the number of affected fruits was 90.4%. When technical requirements for the server and requirements for images are met, the average recognition rate does not exceed 0.6 seconds per image, the average segmentation rate of the apple fruits from the background does not exceed 0.8 seconds per image, the average speed of analyzing one image and obtaining the recognition result does not exceed 1.5 seconds.

BIOCONVERSION OF SEA BUCKTHORN MEAL INTO PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

This article shows the main directions of industrial processing of sea buckthorn fruits: obtaining oil and oil extracts, juice and its concentrates, dry and thick extracts. The article presents information about sea buckthorn, which grows throughout the Siberian region and is an insurance raw material for the region's economy. A description of the properties of this shrub depending on the geographical location and soil and climatic conditions is given, which served as the basis for compiling the characteristics of intensive varieties of Siberian sea buckthorn and considering the directions of processing depending on the composition. It has been established that a large-tonnage waste - defatted meal containing a significant amount of biologically active substances, is not subjected to deep processing, having a good industrial potential. The chemical composition of the sea buckthorn meal of the Altai selection, the extractive substances of which contain organic acids, sugars, vitamins, phenolic, pectin and mineral substances, has been studied. The role of bioflavonoids as the largest group of natural phenolic substances for maintaining human health is noted in view of their high and multidirectional biological activity. The aim of the work was to find an effective way to utilize defatted sea buckthorn meal into a complex of phenolic substances with the possibility of implementation in the conditions of industrial production in Siberia. It has been established in the experiment that the intensification of the technological process for obtaining a complex of bioflavonoids using enzymatic lysis of raw materials and ultrasonic treatment at the stage of extraction of fermented sea buckthorn meal makes it possible to reduce the extraction time from 1.5 h to 15 min with an increase in the yield of the target product by 27%. The possibility of industrial application of the developed technology is determined, the cost price of the complex of bioflavonoids is predicted. Directions for the use of individual flavonoids, which are part of the complex, as physiologically active ingredients have been established. It is shown that the application of the developed technology is possible not only in Siberia, but also in those regions of the Russian Federation where there are industrial plantations and natural thickets of sea buckthorn bushes.

Viability and reproducibility of acclimatized shrubby plants in the conditions of Akmola region

This article considers the issues of increasing the stability and durability of spaces, as well as optimizing and expanding the range of industrial plantings by improving the esthetic properties of industrial plantations and the introduction of shrubs into the culture to enrich the visual environment. In introduced plants, in the process of restructuring the cycle of seasonal development, the start and end times of phenological phases change, and their duration decreases. At the same time, the flowering period is characterized by its elongation and duration no less than the most favorable climatic conditions. In general, the growing season of introduced plants in the Akmola region is much shorter than in their homeland and other geographical areas.

Pengaruh Pemberdayaan Masyarakat terhadap Kualitas Lingkungan di Sekitar Areal Hutan Tanaman Industri

The high number of forest and land fires that occur every year can damage the quality of the environment. Serious and continuous efforts are needed to reduce, prevent and control forest and land fires that occur. It is important to do this so that the number of forest and peatland fires caused by humans can be suppressed. One of the efforts that can be done is through community empowerment programs. This study aims to analyze the business and the role and influence of community empowerment on the quality of the environment around the PT Wirakarya Sakti Industrial Plantation Forest Area. This study uses a mixed method approach by combining quantitative research and qualitative research. Based on the results of data analysis, it is known that the environmental quality, including the air quality index, is in the good category (IKU=32,4), the water quality index is good (IKA=0.989) and the soil quality index is in the bad category (IKT=33,5). In addition, it is known that the level of community understanding of forest and peatland knowledge is in the medium category (65.3%), community understanding of forest and land fires is in the medium category (67.1%) and community understanding of community empowerment is in the high (78.2%). The results of the regression analysis prove that the significance value obtained is 0.389&gt;0.05, meaning that community empowerment has no significant effect on environmental quality in the area around industrial plants.

Improvement of Falcataria moluccana Root Growth by Giving Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches (EFB) Biochar in Growing Media

Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) is a fast-growing species widely planted in Industrial Plantation Forests (IPF/HTI) and has high economic value. The provision of planting material must be well prepared and planned to get the appropriate nursery planting media composition. The Empty Palm Oil Bunches (EFB) biochar application improves soil's chemical and physical properties to provide nutrients for plants. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of EFB biochar on the growth of sengon roots. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) by applying four treatment levels and 20 repetitions. The treatments were (A) 100% soil (control), (B) 5% EFB biochar, (C) 10% EFB biochar, and (D) 15% EFB biochar. The data were then analyzed by analysis of variance to see the effect of the treatment on the observed root growth parameters, followed by the 5% Least Significant Difference (LSD) further test to determine differences between treatments. The parameters observed were root length, root volume, root wet weight, and root dry weight. The result showed that the application of EFB biochar increased the growth of sengon roots compared to the control. The greater the dose of the addition of EFB biochar given to the growing media, the more it showed a positive response in improving the growth of sengon roots. In this study, the 15% dose showed the best results compared to other treatments.

USING MACHINE LEARNING CLASSIFIERS AND REGRESSION MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE STAND AGES OF FALCATA PLANTATIONS FROM SENTINEL DATA

Abstract. Falcata is a widely planted Industrial Tree Plantation (ITP) species in the Caraga Region, Mindanao, Philippines, significantly contributing to more than 80% of the country's Falcata log production in recent years. Currently, Falcata plantations face several challenges, especially regarding plantation monitoring and management. The information on stand age is essential for the efficient monitoring and sustainable management of ITPs. With advances in technology and freely available satellite data, primarily from the Sentinel satellites, remote sensing has provided an alternative approach to determining stand age information. In this context, this study used multivariate regression models and machine learning classifiers, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) to estimate Falcata stand ages from single-date and multitemporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images and vegetation indices (VIs). The eleven multivariate regression models have R2 values ranging from 0.23 and 0.81 and with estimation errors of 1.72 to 3.58 years. The best multivariate regression model developed is an exponential model that relates Falcata stand age with the year 2021 Sentinel-2 surface reflectance bands and year 2021 Sentinel-1 VV and VH polarization bands. The model has training and validation data R2 of 0.61 and 0.55, which are the most consistent among the 11 regression models developed. When used for stand age estimation, this model may underestimate, or overestimate stand age by 1.72 years. When a machine learning approach is to be employed, the RF classifier performed better than SVM, particularly when estimating stand ages using multitemporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data and VIs. The classifier has an overall accuracy of 84.69%, the highest among the eight classification results generated by the study.

Conserving Potential and Endangered Species of Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites in Indonesia

Indonesia has around 4000 wood species, and 10% (400) of species are categorized as commercial wood. One species is kayu kuku (Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites), native to Southeast Sulawesi. This species is considered a fancy wood used for sawn timber, veneer, plywood, carving, and furniture. The high demand for wood caused excessive logging and threatened its sustainability. In addition, planting P. mooniana has presented several challenges, including seedling production, viability and germination rate, nursery technology, and silviculture techniques. As a result, the genera of Pericopsis, including P. elata (Europe), P. mooniana (Sri Lanka), and P. angolenses (Africa), have been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix. Based on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, P. mooniana is categorized as Vulnerable (A1cd). This conservation status has raised issues regarding its biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability in the near future. This paper aims to review the conservation of potential and endangered species of P. mooniana and highlight some efforts for its species conservation and sustainable use in Indonesia. The method used is a systematic literature review based on P. mooniana’s publication derived from various reputable journal sources and additional literature sources. The results revealed that the future demand for P. mooniana still increases significantly due to its excellent wood characteristics. This high demand should be balanced with both silviculture techniques and conservation efforts. The silviculture of P. mooniana has been improved through seed storage technology, improved viability and germination rates, proper micro and macro propagation, applying hormones, in vitro seed storage, improved nursery technology, and harvesting techniques. P. mooniana conservation can be conducted with both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. In situ conservation is carried out by protecting its mother trees in natural conditions (i.e., Lamedae Nature Reserve) for producing good quality seeds and seedlings. Ex situ conservation is realized by planting seeds and seedlings to produce more wood through rehabilitating and restoring critical forests and lands due to its ability to adapt to marginal land and mitigate climate change. Other actions required for supporting ex situ conservation are preventing illegal logging, regeneration, conservation education, reforestation, agroforestry system applied in private and community lands, and industrial forest plantations.

“Taken-left” dynamics? Rethink the livelihood changes of affected villagers in the era of the global land rush

When large-scale common land is taken from villagers by investors with little compensation, their labour unneeded, villagers’ livelihoods tend to be largely destroyed. This implies a tendency to focus on what has been taken from villagers during the land-based change, which has valid and has far-reaching social relevance. But as the rise of the industrial tree plantation (ITP) sector in Guangxi shows, some villagers are capable of having their livelihoods maintained and even expanded when big investors come and acquire massive amounts of land. This seems to be an anomaly at a first glance, considering what has been taken from villagers, but these unexpected and positive livelihood changes can be explained when one closely examines the dynamic of what is taken and what has been left to villagers. During this ITP boom, although large-scale collectively owned forestland is taken by investors and few work opportunities are created to incorporate those affected, villagers’ control over farmland plots and their access to off-farm work opportunities remain (including the land system and labour dynamics). This paper highlights the importance of analysing “taken-left” dynamics to more fully capture diverse livelihood changes.

Habitat heterogeneity supports day-flying Lepidoptera in oil palm plantations

Abstract Oil palm is one of Southeast Asia’s most common crops, and its expansion has caused substantial modification of natural habitats and put increasing pressure on biodiversity. Rising global demand for vegetable oil, coupled with oil palm’s high yield per unit area and the versatility of the palm oil product, has driven the expansion of oil palm agriculture in the region. Therefore, it is critical to identify management practices that can support biodiversity in plantations without exacerbating negative impacts on the environment. This study focuses on day-flying Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), which contribute to the ecosystem functioning as pollinators, prey, and herbivore species. We assessed whether density and behaviours of day-flying Lepidoptera varied between different habitats within oil palm plantations and across seasons. We surveyed the density and behaviours of Lepidoptera communities in mature industrial oil palm plantations within the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture (BEFTA) Programme sites, in Riau, Indonesia. We surveyed two distinct habitats within the plantations in March and September 2013: Edge habitats, which were bordered by plantation roads on one side, and Core habitats in the centre of oil palm planting blocks. We conducted analyses on the effect of habitat type and season on both the overall density and behaviour of Lepidoptera communities and, independently, on the most common species. In our surveys, we observed 1464 individuals across 41 species, with a significantly higher density in Edge than in Core habitats. While there was no significant difference between overall density in March and September surveys, there was an interaction between season and habitat, with density increasing more markedly in Edge than Core areas in September. There was also a significant effect of habitat and season on behavioural time budget for the community as a whole, with more active behaviours, such as foraging and mating, being recorded more frequently in Edge than Core habitats, and more commonly in September than March. The effect of habitat type, season, and their interaction differed between the six most common species. Our findings indicate that Lepidoptera abundance is affected by habitat characteristics in a plantation and can therefore be influenced by plantation management practices. In particular, our study highlights the value of road edges and paths in plantations for day-flying Lepidoptera. We suggest that increased non-crop vegetation in these areas, achieved through reduced clearing practices or planting of flowering plants, could foster abundant and active butterfly communities in plantations. These practices could form part of sustainability management recommendations for oil palm, such as those of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil.