Industrial Monuments Research Articles

Restoration of Historic Concrete Structures with Modern Materials - A Case Study

Today the requirements for concrete restoration are not only aspects of retrofitting or restoration of bearing capacity but increasingly aspects of preservation of historic structures, such as industrial monuments, civil engineering structures and buildings of the 60s. The Polymer modified self-compacting concrete (PSCC) is a suitable material to be applied in this field, as it not only has excellent mechanical properties (e.g. high bond strength, low Young's modulus) but it is also possible to imitate colours and textures similar to those of the original surfaces. PSCC is therefore an interesting alternative to well established materials, such as PCC, sprayable PCC (SPCC) and shotcrete.Presented in this paper are the results of the further development of PSCC for a particular scenario where due to limited accessibility, the application method and therefore the mix design had to be optimised. Characteristic fresh and hardened concrete properties were investigated and special attention was given to deviation of the fresh concrete with regard to variations in the amounts of source materials.It is shown that although PSCC is a high-performance material, dosage of its source materials, mixing and application of the material itself can be done with simple conventional building site equipment. At the same time a robust fresh concrete as well as excellent surface properties of the hardened concrete can be obtained. Purpose-made mix designs can be developed for various applications with excellent results in performance and appearance.

Watermills – a Forgotten River Valley Heritage – selected examples from the Silesian voivodeship, Poland

Abstract This study is an attempt to describe the current condition of the watermills situated in the river valleys of the Silesian voivodeship. Changes in the number and distribution of mills from the late 18th century until the 20th century have been presented (as exemplified by the Liswarta River basin in the northern part of the voivodeship). Watermills have been discussed both as industrial monuments that document the history of the milling industry and as tourist attractions. Currently, working mills that serve the local population in rural areas are a rarity, and working watermills are unique sites that should be protected as industrial monuments that constitute an important part of our cultural heritage. They are among those industrial monuments that are particularly vulnerable to destruction. Such mills increasingly attract the interest of industrial tourism promoters. Activities aimed at promoting watermills as cultural heritage sites and leading to their protection and preservation as part of the river valley landscape have also been discussed. In the Silesian voivodeship, there are many watermills that deserve attention; some of these are listed in the register of monuments maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland. Unfortunately, most disused mills are falling into disrepair and are slowly disappearing; only a few have been preserved in good condition. Many of these have long histories and they are also situated in areas attractive for tourists. There is no doubt that watermills should be preserved. Their inclusion in open-air museums is not the only solution – any form of protection in situ by putting them to different uses is also valuable. Changing the function of a mill to serve as a hotel, restaurant, cultural centre, etc. makes it possible to maintain these sites as parts of river valley landscapes.

The Industrial Monuments Route of the Silesian Voivodeship as an example of the regional tourism product enhancing tourism competitiveness of the region

Abstract The paper deals with the idea of destination competitiveness and its relations with competitiveness of spatial tourism products and competitiveness of entities catering tourism in the region. The case study method is used in the paper and the example of Industrial Monuments Route of the Silesian Province is analysed. The Route is a tourist product which presents the major and most interesting industrial facilities in the Silesian Region in terms of tourist, historic and architectonic values. The creation of the new spatial product - the Route by the regional authority - enhanced competitiveness of the Province as the image was improved, as well as a competitive advantage of operators of attractions within the Route was built. Some difficulties and challenges of such a way of enhancing destination competitiveness are discussed in the text.

My Historic Environment

For many of us, a life-long engagement with the historic environment is nurtured in childhood and has a near-spiritual dimension which transcends working life. As a child growing up in Newport in South Wales, long before the term ‘historic environment’ was in use, within an hour’s walk there were Iron Age hillforts, a Roman Legionary fortress, early Welsh religious sites, medieval castles and churches, and industrial monuments. A Ministry of Works season ticket (then 2/6d — the equivalent of 25p — for a child) enabled me to extend my horizons to the castles of North Wales, both Edwardian and Welsh. I felt the sense of landscape. Upland Wales contrasted dramatically with adjacent England, which helped to explain why the Romans struggled initially with the Silures, the scarcity of Saxon and English settlement names, and why the conquest of Wales took 200 years. History seemed alive. I knew that the Chartists had marched past the end of our road from the industrial valleys of South Wales to the riot in Newport in 1839. In the town, the development of streets and houses could be traced from the medieval period, through massive expansion generated by the industries of iron, steel, and coal, to the local authority estates of the 1950s. To a child, all evidence from the past seemed part of a common narrative. Later, when I started working with the historic environment, I found that archaeology and historic buildings were distinct in terms of management, documentation, and discipline. Archaeologists did not always interact with art or architectural history. Many buildings historians did not use aerial photographs or geographical information systems regularly, often reflecting a focus on individual buildings and structures. It has taken longer than a generation for the more holistic concept of the historic environment to be adopted, partly fuelled by multi-disciplinary programmes and projects looking at broader contexts which target evidence from all sources. This was difficult in the early days of information systems seemingly designed more for the inputting of data than for its use, beyond a priestly few. More sophisticated and interactive technologies and networks which engage specialist and general audiences help to demonstrate the power of more integrated access. 1 When we define the elements of the historic environment which require protection and management, we must include resources such as local historic environment records and the national collections of information and archives. These are often

Industriedenkmalpflege und Industriekultur im Saarland

In June 2012, the coal mine Saar was closed down. It had been the last working coal mine of the RAG Deutsche Steinkohle AG im Saarland. For over 200 years, coal mining has strongly influenced the history of the Saarland. However, the coal mining industry increasingly lacked local support and acceptance because of subsidence damages and constantly detoriating employment data, and it eventually lost its symbolic meaning among the population. The preservation of industrial monuments and industrial heritage is nowadays confronted with the challenge of raising historical awareness of the important role that mining and steel producing industries have played until recently in the region. The history of the preservation of industrial monuments in the Saarland and the latest measures undertaken to integrate monuments of mining and steel producing industries into sustainable concepts represent the focus of this article.

KOCAELİ SEKA I. KAĞIT FABRİKASI'NIN MİMARİ ANALİZİ VE YENİDEN KULLANIM ÖNERİLERİ

Kocaeli, a city where the industrial plants which produced textiles for the Ottoman palace and army were estab­lished in the 19 th century, continued its industrial character during the Republican Period as many plants were established both by the government and the private sector. Industry has become a significant part of the urban identity of Kocaeli in the 20 th century. Established in 1936 in Kocaeli during the Early Republican Period, the SEKA Cellulose and Paper Complex was one of the pioneering plants. The SEKA Complex became a modernization model for the city, such as other industrial plants that have been established within the frame of statecraft concept during early Republican Peri­od. However, the complex had to be shut down in 2005 due to its inadequate technology. Various investigations and studies have since been carried out on the integration of the complex into the urban life. Production equipments/activities belonging to the past and the architectural complexes which include these equip­ments/activities are described as industrial monuments within the framework of their historical, architectural and technological importance. Within this context, the units added to the Kocaeli SEKA complex between 1936 and 1960 were placed under the auspices of the Turkish Culture and Nature Conservation Board in 2005 and have since become protected. This study details the architectural analysis and the industrial signs of the I. Paper Factory (1936) of the SEKA Com­plex in order to investigate how this complex could best be integrated into the current urban life of the city. On the scope of this study, work following scheme, general architectural characteristics and conservation problems of the factory, which consists of paper pulp unit, production unit, supply unit have been determined. Preliminary archi­tectural project proposals have been developed for the building in accordance with appropriate new function.

A New Corporate Paradigm:: The CEO and CFO – A Partnership of Equals

I t is generally understood that the role of the CEO (chief executive officer) is that of the visionary leader – charismatic, transactional, or transformational – the heart of the business. Historically, the CEO has been considered the architect of success, fortune and global recognition. In some cases, that fame has lived well beyond the life of the CEO. Rockefeller and Vanderbilt left industrial monuments to their ambition and vision. More recently Bill Gates and Sam Walton have assumed the mantle ‘‘Captains of Industry.’’ Businesses such as IBM Corp., Standard Oil Co., General Motors Corp. and General Electric Co. are synonymous with the long line of CEOs who led them to greatness. Even the most recent: Volkswagen AG, Toyota Motor Co., Citibank, Microsoft Corp., Apple Computer Inc., Boeing Co., and Google, have been added to the list of global players. They are all a testament to the CEOswho led them to their greatness. At the same time, lost in the mist of business history is the chief financial officer – the CFO, the person who toiled in obscurity for generations in the shadow of these CEOs. The person in this under-valued and largely invisible position has been the custodian of the corporate treasury, the protector of the margin, and the pillar of the corporate conscience. While the CEO looked over the horizon in search of the next great idea, the CFO was obliged to look at the next footfall, whether the next quarterly report to the shareholders, or to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), to the courts or to a U.S. Senate investigation committee. In many boardrooms, the group around the table consists less of a team than of two camps with totally divergent views of the vision and mission of the business. One faction is led by the increasingly empowered CFO, the other by the CEO. However, rather than viewing these as two irreconcilable camps, an alternative view is to see these often-conflicting roles as one team with two faces: similar to the two-faced Roman god, Janus. One face is the eternal optimist pushing ahead at full speed, sometimes with rose-colored glasses; the other, the face of the realist, urging caution andwary of risk. However, both faces are inmanyways still a team, partly dysfunctional perhaps, but two parts of a whole, with the same ultimate intent. It is the premise of this article that although those two roles are separately in the process of a transformation, increasingly, both are drawing closer to a point of intersection with respect to their corporate roles and operations management.

Obszary pogórnicze w postindustrialnej transformacji Górnego Śląska

In a few last decades the mining industry is gradually becoming a thing of the past. Mines are being closed down one by one and the whole mining regions are liquidated. More than two hundred years of history of the Silesian mining industry has left a great number of industrial monuments. The obsolete post-industrial infrastructure is nowadays becoming one of the sights of the region, attracting many visitors. It can co-create the multifunctionality of the Silesian region as a tourist attraction and take part in its restructuring. In Silesia, as in many European regions, mainly local communities and organizations deal with preservation and protection of the historic industrial structures. This article shows the examples of such activities and presents the historic mines, which are accessible to the tourists in the Silesian region. It also illustrates some other possibilities of using the mining structures, apart from tourism.

Industrial Monuments: A Protection Programme

Abstract This article considers the Monuments Protection Programme, initiated by English Heritage in 1986, in relation to policies concerning industrial monuments. Particular reference is made to recent work aimed to achieve stronger protection of sites relating to the non-ferrous metals industry, and especially upland lead mines and smelters. Occasional reference is made to the wordlists compiled in the tin and copper industries. Through the Ironbridge Institute, the writer (working jointly with Barrie Trinder) has been involved in consultancy work for the MPP to compile wordlists and databases. He is a member of a small working party, established by the Industrial Archaeology Sub-Committee of English Heritage, to consider the remains of the lead mining industry.

Industrial Archaeology in New Zealand

Notwithstanding its isolation and very small population New Zealand has a remarkably interesting legacy of industrial archaeology. Early industries were stimulated by a rugged colonial self-reliance and in spite of the temporary nature of many structures there is a reasonable measure of visual evidence remaining. Fanning and gold-mining generated other industries, in particular the manufacture of agricultural equipment and mining machinery. In addition to shipbuilding, refrigeration of meat and dairy produce, timber milling, flaxmilling and coalmining there were many service industries leaving industrial monuments and relics. Unlike Britain there is only a very small number of people committed to the study, recording and preservation of industrial archaeology.

Industrial Archaeology in Britain

A new interdisciplinary field of study came into being in Britain in the mid-1950s under the rather clumsy name of‘industrial archaeology, ’ after a gestation period of nearly a century. A small number of energetic men, most of them with a fair knowledge of either technology or architecture, assisted in its birth, urging the crying need of investigating, recording, and, if possible, preserving the remains of industrial sites which were in imminent danger of deterioration, if not demolition. Although academic circles in general regarded it with indifference, amateurs, partly out of patriotism and partly out of curiosity, were not hesitant in responding to the appeal made by the pioneers, either individually or as members of local groups, by devoting their leisure time to voluntary research in field evidences left by industrial activities during the Industrial Revolution.Industrial archaeology grew rapidly in Britain, bringing about in the 1960s the publication of a national periodical, not to speak of many books and pamphlets on the subject, as well as the establishment of a national system of surveying and recording industrial monuments and the holding of annual meetings of professional industrial archaeologists on a national scale. It was in 1973 that the Association for Industrial Archaeology was founded in Britain“to promote the study of Industrial Archaeology and encourage improved standards of recording, research, publication and conservation.” Industrial archaeology in Britain then may be regarded as having come of age in the space of about twenty years after its birth, with the result that it became impossible for established disciplines to ignore it.The vigorous growth of industrial archaeology in Britain could not fail to produce a deep impression on fellow researchers overseas. Not only in Europe but also in the Americas, Australia, India and Japan, an enhanced interest in the industrial heritage is noted, even though the number of those concerned with it is smaller than in Britain, and the unsatisfactory term, ‘industrial archaeology, ’has spread all over the world, having been translated verbatim into the respective languages of other nations. In Japan, ‘Sangyo-Kokogakukai (Industrial Archaeology Society)’was established in 1977, its membership totalling 485 as of September, 1984.It may not be amiss to say that industrial archaeology has developed in Britain as the study of the remains of manufacturing, mining, engineering and transport in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with special attention focused on their preservation in situ, through the cooperation of innumerable unpaid amateurs. But not a few specialists argue that it must remove the limitations of time and scope, and take up the centuries prior to the two centuries mentioned above, and also the twentieth century in particular, including agricultural and social monuments in addition to those already familiar to industrial archaeologists in general. The present reporter cannot help entertaining apprehensions that, in an age of economic recession, industrial archaeology in Britain will lose its two well-known characteristics, i.e., the cooperation of an enormous number of amateurs and the priority given to the preservation in situ of industrial monuments, if such an extention of time should prove to be absolutely necessary.

The Industrial Heritage: The Third International Conference on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments

The Industrial Heritage: The Third International Conference on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments

Second International Congress on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments: Transactions

Second International Congress on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments: Transactions

紙・パルプの産業遺産とそのリスト作り

It should be kept in mind of those who engage in pulp and paper industry, why Mr. I. Nishi, President of Japan TAPPI, intended to write technical history of Japanese pulp and paper industry and how had late Mr. K. Narita, the originator of Paper Museum, devoted himself to collect a number of pulp and paper industrial monuments.Mr. T. Noguchi, Manager of Paper Museum, has been appointed to organize and manage a survey group for pulp and paper industrial monument, by the preservation and investigation subcommittee of Japan Industrial Archeology Society. In order to accomplish this work successfully, he has a policy that concurrence and cooperation for the survey should be established throughout the industry. And for the above purpose, unfamiliar terminology of “industrial monument” must be defined to be more visible and easy to be understood. Preliminary preparation of a model list of pulp and paper industrial monument has also started in Paper Museum.The author illustrates a tentative classification system of pulp and paper industrial monuments, showing tangible examples selected from the collection of Paper Museum. He also presents some other problems which are to be discussed and solved in early stage, prior to the nation-wide survey will be started in the in the industry.

Industrial Archeology and Japanese Pulp and Paper Industry

Industrial archeology, like archeology in general, depends largely upon material evidence or so called “industrial monument” in its approach. Historical studies on industries and their technology may hardly be successful without industrial monuments.Japan Industrial Archeology Society, established in 1977, has proposed a nation-wide survey of industrial monuments of various industries.The Japanese pulp and paper industry, except the traditional hand-made papermaking, started in 1870 s by introducing western technology, and has made a remarkable progress and expansion. But at the same time a great number of valuable industrial monuments might have been lost.Taking a few typical books of the history of Japanese pulp and paper industry as a reference, and also some papers regarding the economic and technical history of the industry, the author emphasizes that the industrial monuments are inevitably essential for these works. As a conclusion, it is recommended that the above mentioned survey and preparation of the list of these industrial monuments should urgently be carried out by those who are working in the field.

The Industrial Heritage in Japan

Although Japan had begun to learn Western technology from the mid-sixteenth century, it was immediately before the Meiji Restoration in 1868 that the imminent necessity of industrialization was realized by a few farsighted leaders of some feudal clans. Thereafter, her industrialization made rapid progress down to the time of World War II, when much industrial equipment was lost in the massive air-raids.The loss of her pre-war plants was further aggravated by the extensive renewal of old-fashioned buildings and machines, carried out during the period of her economic growth in the 1960s. This paper attemps to describe how the surviving industrial monuments from several representative sections of industry are preserved either on site or in museums, and how their study has recently been taken up in Japan.

The Industrial Heritage in Japan

AbstractAlthough Japan had begun to learn Western technology from the mid-sixteenth century, it was immediately before the Meiji Restoration in 1868 that the imminent necessity of industrialization was realized by a few farsighted leaders of some feudal clans. Thereafter, her industrialization made rapid progress down to the time of World War II, when much industrial equipment was lost in the massive air-raids.The loss of her pre-war plants was further aggravated by the extensive renewal of old-fashioned buildings and machines, carried out during the period of her economic growth in the 1960s. This paper attemps to describe how the surviving industrial monuments from several representative sections of industry are preserved either on site or in museums, and how their study has recently been taken up in Japan.

Second International Congress on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments: Bergbau-Museum, Bochum, Germany, September 3-9, 1975

Second International Congress on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments: Bergbau-Museum, Bochum, Germany, September 3-9, 1975

Industrial Archaeology: Retrospect and Prospect

There is no agreed definition of industrial archaeology. My own preference is that it is a field of study concerned with investigating, surveying, recording, and, in some cases, with preserving industrial monuments. An ‘industrial monument’ in this context iis any relic of an obsolete phase of an industry or transport system, but in practice it is useful to confine attention to the monuments of the last 200 years, both because earlier periods are dealt with by more conventional archaeological or historical techniques, and because of the sheer mass of material dating from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

The Use of Documentary Source Material in the Northern Ireland Survey of Industrial Archaeology

The recent emergence and general recognition of industrial archaeology as a subject of respectable academic status is a development of considerable significance, not only in the field of research and scholarship but also, through its application, in influencing the general approach, at both national and regional level, towards the problems of recording and preserving sites and structures of particular interest and importance in the industrial history of the British Isles. In the paper which follows an attempt is made to define and analyse an individual approach to the subject, with particular reference to the use of documentary source material in the survey of industrial archaeology at present being carried out in Northern Ireland. As defined by the Council for British Archaeology, industrial archaeology is 'the study of industrial monuments or other fixed structures especially of the period of the Industrial Revolution which either alone or in association with plant and equipment illustrate or are significantly associated with the beginnings and evolution of industrial and technical processes. These may be concerned with either production or communications.' Very broadly the new field of inquiry involves the study and interpretation of a wide range of material remains resulting from the efforts of man to control and exploit his environment, and to amass wealth, during a relatively short period of time, from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. It combines elements which in the past have been the subject of attention of economic historians, civil and mechanical engineers, historical geographers, architects, local historians and antiquaries, railway and canal historians, as well as of archaeologists in the generally accepted sense. In the new field of industrial archaeology 1 Northern Ireland occupies a unique position. As early as I956 Dr E. R. R. Green of Manchester University, a member of the Ancient Monuments Advisory Council of Northern Ireland, and, later, Secretary of the Research Committee on Industrial Archaeology of the Council for British Archaeology, undertook a survey of the industrial archaeology of County Down, the results of which were subsequently published. This was intended to form a companion volume to the wider archaeological survey of the county, in course of preparation, and was the first regional survey of industrial archaeology to be completed and published.2