Industrial Composition Research Articles

THE ROLE OF PRIVATE SECURITY GUARD COMPANIESON CRIME PREVENTION

Private security guard Companies are becoming key players in the provision of security, especially in the urban centres of the Nigerian society and Kano State in particular. As security demands gradually grow out of increasing household domestication, industrial composition, street exposed markets, the expansion of business networks, financial/commercial units, educational and health institutes, security challenges are tied to socio-economic and political drives across the human and the growth of the society. This implies that the activities of the private security guard require more supervision and monitoring from the Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC). On the contrary, Okumagba argued that the NSCDC is facing a problem of “dearth of manpower” because the United Nations stipulated a ratio of 1:40, which is one security agent attached to 40 citizens. This shortage of workforce may pose a threat to the supervision and monitoring of the private security guard company in Nigeria. Kano State contains up to 67 registered private security bodies up to 10,000 staff regulated by the NSCDC. Lack of adequate personnel for supervision and monitoring may affect the level of the conformity of the private security guard company, which in turn can be a barrier to crime prevention in the society. The paper explores the role of the private security company in view of the management, regulations and challenges in Kano State, Nigeria.

Effort-reward imbalance and problem drinking among workers: Differences in gender and the gender composition of industries and main job activities in a prospective cohort study from Sweden.

Effort-reward imbalance and problem drinking among workers: Differences in gender and the gender composition of industries and main job activities in a prospective cohort study from Sweden.

The Effects of Employment Center Characteristics on Commuting Time: A Case Study of the Seoul Metropolitan Area

The ongoing debate over whether polycentric urban structures reduce commuting times has yielded conflicting conclusions, highlighting the need for empirical findings in diverse urban contexts and analyses that consider a range of influencing factors. This study analyzed the effects of employment center characteristics on commuting times, using the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) as a case study. A cutoff method identified employment centers within the SMA. Differences in commuting behavior, including average commuting time and mode share, were observed among workers at different employment centers. A multilevel regression model estimated the effect of employment center characteristics, such as industry composition and nearby housing prices, on workers’ commuting time. Key findings include a positive relationship between public transportation (PT) density and commuting time, suggesting that well-designed PT systems may encourage longer commutes. Manufacturing and finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE) industries negatively impacted commuting times, with manufacturing being associated with the geographic location of centers and FIRE industries being associated with high-income workers, which likely contributed to shorter commutes. On the other hand, the positive relationship between housing prices and commuting times highlights the need for affordable housing near employment centers to reduce commuting times. These findings underscore the complex interactions between each employment center’s characteristics and workers’ socioeconomic factors in shaping commuting behavior.

City-level emergy metabolism accounts for China’s 281 cities from 2000 to 2020

Cities exhibit diverse urban metabolism patterns in terms of the natural environment, industrial composition, energy, and material consumption. A chronicled city-level quantification of emergy metabolic flows over time can significantly enhance the understanding of the temporal dynamics and urban metabolism patterns, which provides critical insights for the transitions to sustainability. However, there exists no city-level urban emergy metabolism dataset in China that can support detailed spatial-temporal analysis. In this study, we present a city-level urban emergy metabolism dataset of China’s 281 cities between 2000 and 2020. This dataset meticulously describes the production and import of 41 resource types that sustain metabolic activities in 281 Chinese cities over a span of 21 years. This database, for the first time, provides insights into the historical metabolic changes of China’s cities by detailing emergy flows including production, consumption, and import of resources. Furthermore, these emergy flow inventories serve as valuable resources for studying urban metabolic characteristics, evaluating policy impacts, and formulating sustainable development strategies for China’s cities.

Analyzing the influence of structural changes on CO2 emissions in OECD countries: Employing panel cointegration techniques

Structural transformations in OECD countries significantly influence carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, affecting economic and social dimensions. These transformations encompass changes in industrial composition, technological progress, energy consumption patterns, and policy frameworks. This research investigates the impact of such structural shifts on CO2 emissions across a panel of 38 OECD countries between 2000 and 2021, using panel cointegration techniques to ensure robust analysis. The study confirms the presence of cross-sectional dependence among countries and establishes long-run cointegration relationships. Results from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) models indicate that renewable energy, advancements in information and communication technology, and structural changes significantly reduce CO2 emissions. In contrast, economic growth, reliance on non-renewable energy, and institutional quality are linked to higher emissions. However, estimates derived from Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) and Mean Group Panel (MGP) methods differ from those of FMOLS and DOLS, underscoring potential methodological variances in evaluating these relationships. This study highlights the pivotal role of structural changes in emission reduction strategies, while also emphasizing the importance of methodological choices in policy analysis. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers aiming to align economic growth with environmental sustainability within OECD countries. Moreover, the research stresses the necessity of incorporating structural changes into long-term climate strategies to ensure their effectiveness. Future studies could expand the analysis by integrating more recent data and exploring non-linear relationships to refine policy recommendations further.

Location, Location, Location

We use linked employer–employee data to study the causal effects of location on earnings in the United States. We estimate a model with employer and employee effects, then aggregate to the commuting zone (CZ) level. Sorting across firms biases traditional “movers” designs. Our model accurately predicts earnings changes for CZ movers after accounting for firm sorting. Worker skills explain half of observed earnings differences across CZs; observable characteristics understate this. Industry composition explains little of average place effects. Costs at least offset CZ earnings premia on average; workers who move to higher-wage CZs have equal or lower real consumption. (JEL J24, J31, R23, R32)

Exploring the dynamic synergistic effect of combined factors on urban energy efficiency: A set-theoretic configurational approach

Exploring the dynamic synergistic effect of combined factors on urban energy efficiency: A set-theoretic configurational approach

Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Conservation: Assessing Supportive Policies in Resources-Based Cities in China

This study investigates the impact of comprehensive reforms on the economic development and environmental protection of resource-based cities in China within the context of the ‘National Sustainable Development Plan for Resource-based Cities (2013–2020)’. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, we find that these reforms not only bolster economic stability but also significantly enhance urban ecological environment, resulting in a win–win outcome for economic prosperity and environmental preservation. Our analysis reveals that the reforms drive sustained economic growth and ecological enhancement by downsizing industries, adopting green technologies, and optimizing industrial composition. Moreover, we identify that these impacts are more pronounced in mature and declining cities and in regions with robust official promotion strategies and stringent environmental regulations. These findings provide valuable insights for addressing the “resource curse” within social systems and for formulating policies that balance stable economic growth and environmental protection in resource-based cities.

Effect of ruthenium microadditives on the structure and corrosion resistance of titanium α-, pseudo-α-alloys

The paper examines electrochemical studies of forgings made of α, pseudo-α titanium alloys of industrial compositions and with the addition of ruthenium. Comparative dependences of the current density on time were constructed at various potentials in 3.5% NaCl for titanium alloys of industrial composition and with the addition of ruthenium. The breakdown potential of the titanium alloys under study was determined. Microstructural studies of titanium alloys of various compositions were carried out after determining the breakdown potential.

Rule of law, economic structure and development

AbstractIf rule of law encourages relationship‐specific investments, then industries that use intermediates which require relationship‐specific investments should have a disproportionately low share of output or labour in countries where rule of law is weak. We find robust support for this prediction using data on industry composition for 189 countries. Using a standard preference framework to construct model‐implied income values from the estimated coefficients, we find that the interaction between relationship specificity and rule of law may be an economically significant determinant of aggregate outcomes through its influence on productivity and economic structure.

Prevalence of problem drinking in the Swedish workforce: differences between labour market industries based on gender composition and main job activity

BackgroundIdentifying problem drinking patterns across industries is essential for addressing drinking problems in the workforce. Still, it is not well understood how problem drinking differs across industries and whether it is associated with industry gender composition. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of problem drinking (PPD) across Swedish industries and investigate possible associations between gender-typed industries and problem drinking.Methods9,155 current workers were selected from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) data collected in 2020. Participants’ work industries were identified through the Swedish Standard Industrial Classification (SNI) codes. Seven gender-typed industry categories were created based on gender composition and main job activity in each industry. Self-reported problem drinking was measured using a slightly modified Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye-opener (CAGE) questionnaire and a cut-off score 2 was used to determine problem drinking. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to investigate the association between gender-typed industries and problem drinking.ResultsPPD in the workforce was 6.6%. Men (8.5%) had a higher prevalence than women (5.3%). Across industries, PPD varied from 2.3% in Water supply and waste management to 15.4% in Mining and quarrying. The highest prevalence for men was in Mining and quarrying (18.2%), whereas for women it was in Construction (11.1%). Within gender-typed industries, the highest PPD was in male-dominated Goods and Energy Production (7.7%), and the lowest was in female-dominated Health and Social Care (4.7%). In the regression analysis, both Education (aPR: 1.39, p = 0.03) and Labour-intensive Services (aPR: 1.39, p = 0.02) had higher adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) compared with Health and Social Care. However, there was no significant difference in aPR among gender-typed industries when considering the gender composition of industries only.ConclusionsPPD in the Swedish workforce varied significantly across industries, with differences observed between men and women. Problem drinking differed between industries when categorized by gender composition and main job activity, but not when categorized by gender composition only. Future research should investigate how industry-specific psychosocial factors influence individual alcohol consumption.

The green trade benefits and horizontal ecological compensation from the perspective of embodied carbon emissions: A case study of the Yellow River Basin, China

The green trade benefits and horizontal ecological compensation from the perspective of embodied carbon emissions: A case study of the Yellow River Basin, China

Functional Variability of Tools at Epipaleolithic Sites of the Elbrus Region

The goal of this paper is to report results of research of the influence that economic specifics of the Epipalaeolithic sites in the Elbrus region had on the composition of lithic industry. The traceological analysis made it possible to determine a functional variability of tools in sites dated from different age. Based on the correlation of the habitation activity index and technical, typological and traceological analyses, the sites dating after the Last Glacial maximum and to the beginning of the Holocene were preliminarily divided into three groups. At these sites, not only the percentage of retouched tools differs, but also their functional use is different. The determination of functional specificity of assemblages and economic specialization of the site is an important component of inter-assemblage comparison, especially those assemblages that existed simultaneously within a chronological cycle and were located on the same territory.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics Effects of Green Space and Socioeconomic Factors on Urban Agglomeration in Central Yunnan

In the current context of urbanization, urban agglomerations face complex challenges in maintaining an ecological balance. This study uses remote sensing images of the Central Yunnan urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2020, along with socioeconomic data, to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the green space evolution. Utilizing dynamic geographically weighted regression analysis based on principal components (PCA-GWR), we identify the key socioeconomic factors influencing these changes and quantitatively analyze the driving forces in each stage. Our findings reveal a continuing trend of decreasing total green space alongside increasing individual forest types and pronounced regional disparities in green space dynamics. The results indicate that socioeconomic factors exert both positive facilitative effects and negative pressures, with evident spatial and temporal variability. Urbanization and economic development promote forest expansion in certain areas, while contributing to the reduction in farmland and shrub–grass lands. Significant variations are influenced by factors such as the urbanization rate, the agricultural population, the industrial composition, and fiscal revenue. This study enhances the in-depth understanding of the relationship between the spatiotemporal dynamics of green spaces and socially driven mechanisms, offering significant insights for sustainable urban planning and landscape management and harmonizing urban agglomeration development.

We're not in dreamland anymore: The consequences of community opioid use on local industrial composition

AbstractWe estimate the effect of opioid use rates on local economic resilience through changes in industrial composition. We find regional opioid use rates adversely affect firm growth in general, with the greatest impact on small firms. Our results are robust to several identification strategies (Difference in Differences, Propensity Score Matching, and Instrumental Variables) and alternative empirical specifications. Our findings establish that local industrial composition and long‐term resilience are each adversely affected by the opioid public health crisis.

Industrial Composition of Syndicated Loans and Banks’ Climate Commitments

In the past two decades, a number of banks joined global initiatives aimed to mitigate climate change by “greening” their asset portfolios. We study whether banks that made such commitments have a different emission exposure of their portfolios of syndicated loans than banks that did not. We rely on loan-level information with global coverage combined with country-industry information on emissions. We find that all banks have reduced their loan-emission exposures over the last 8 years. However, we do not find differences between banks that did and those that did not signal their sustainability goals, with the exception of early signers of Principles of Responsible Investments (PRI), who already had lower exposure to emissions through their syndicated lending. In addition, banks that signed PRI shortened the maturity of the loans extended to highly-emitting industries but only temporarily. Thus, we conclude that banks reduced their exposure to climate transition risks on average, but voluntary climate commitments did not contribute to syndicated loan reallocation away from highly-emitting sectors.

Co‐working office spaces in Sydney: Spatiotemporal dynamics and industry patterns

AbstractCo‐working spaces have emerged as cost‐effective office space management solutions for workers from diverse industries who share space, which generates cost savings and facilitates networking opportunities. Past studies have mainly focused on needs for and benefits of co‐working spaces and range in emphasis from design preferences to potential social and economic impacts. However, limited attention has been given to the temporal clustering and geographical distribution patterns of co‐working spaces. This study examines the spatial distribution patterns of co‐working spaces establishments in terms of building floor plans. We discern the subcategory of ‘co‐working office space’ from the floor space and employment survey data, spanning 2007, 2012, and 2017 as collected by the City of Sydney, a municipal government in Australia. Both co‐working offices offered by conventional enterprises and co‐working providers are identified, and the spatial associations between co‐working spaces and their relationships with industry composition are analysed. Using establishment analysis, three co‐working spaces are identified: (1) dedicated co‐working enterprises providing office service and well‐design spaces; (2) conventional office rental enterprises diversifying into co‐working style office; and (3) standard enterprises converting fixed office spaces to co‐working office configurations. The spatial analysis reveals an outward diffusion of co‐working spaces from the centre of Sydney CBD, which is of importance in geographical research focused on urban, social, and economic change.

From sectoral industrial composition to employment and reverse. The Italian Case

From sectoral industrial composition to employment and reverse. The Italian Case

Industry diversity in entrepreneurial ecosystems – A longitudinal study of industrial composition and firm locations in Tel Aviv, Israel

Industry diversity in entrepreneurial ecosystems – A longitudinal study of industrial composition and firm locations in Tel Aviv, Israel

County-level industrial composition of the labor force and drug overdose mortality rates in the United States in 2018-2021.

Drug mortality risks vary among industries, creating distinctive geographic patterns across US counties. However, less is known about how local labor market structure relates to drug overdose mortality amid the synthetic opioid era in the United States. This study investigates the relationship between industry-specific job composition and drug overdose mortality at the county level while exploring how fentanyl's presence in illicit drug supplies may moderate the relationship. Data were derived from the National Center for Health Statistics' Multiple Cause of Death files for the rates of drug overdose mortality of any intent, linked with four other sources on industry-specific job shares, drug supply, and county-level sociodemographic characteristics and opioid prescribing rates from the US Census Bureau, the CDC, and the Drug Enforcement Administration. Negative binomial regression models were employed to examine associations between county industry-specific job composition and drug overdose mortality, with tests for moderating effects of state-level fentanyl seizure rates. Our models indicate negative associations between job shares of manufacturing, retail trade, and educational services industries and drug overdose mortality. Positive associations were found for arts/entertainment/recreation and public administration. State-level fentanyl seizure rates had moderating effects on administrative/support/waste management/remediation (A/S/WM/R) and educational services. Counties with a higher concentration of arts/entertainment/recreation and public administration jobs need targeted efforts to mitigate drug-related overdose risks. Additionally, areas with higher concentrations of A/S/WM/R service jobs, particularly where fentanyl seizure rates are higher, may require proactive harm reduction strategies for reducing overdose risks.