Industrial Commodities Research Articles

Impact of Industrial Policy on the Regional Economy in Ethiopia: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

Industrial policy becomes one of the most debated issues in developing countries. Developing countries still need to advance their industries and accelerate the economic transformation through implementing proper industrial policies supporting this endeavor. This study examines the impacts of industrial policy on the regional economy in Ethiopia. The data required to construct Oromia regional Social Account matrix (SAM) come from Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED), Oromia Finance and Economic Development Bureau (OFEDB) and other organizations. The use of Oromia regional SAM provides databases for calibration of the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models used in this study to yield significant ex-ante expectations of industrial policy impacts and provide a rich set of findings. The results indicate that the industrial policy has a positive impact on the components of the regional economy. In particular, the outcomes under full capacity scenario had significant impacts on agro-processing industries demand for agricultural, agro-processed, manufactured and industrial commodities. Capital stock injections into the regional economy significantly enhance the output of other manufacturing and industries by about 63% when they work under capacity. If they worked at their full capacity, industrial policy would significantly raise the output of other manufacturing and industries by about 122%. The study found that simulation 1 and 2 would have higher impact on urban than rural households' consumption of the commodities. Of all the export commodities, the industrial policy would have the highest impact on manufactured export commodities. The study implies that industrial policy is a key for industrialization and fast economic growth in emerging economies if the industries operate at their full capacity. Industrial policy is quite important as African continent is striving for catching up and achieving job-creation through structural transformation. The study suggests a combination of incentives with a disciplined approach to develop industries and enable industries to operate at their full capacity.

Geopolitical Risk and Dynamic Connectedness between Commodity Markets

In this paper, we use the improved Diebold & Yilmaz method based on TVP-VAR-SV model to analyze dynamic connectedness between energy, precious metal, industrial metal, agriculture and livestock commodity markets. The results show that the energy, industrial metal, and precious metal commodity markets are the information transmitters in commodity markets, and the agriculture and livestock commodity markets play the roles of information receivers. Furthermore, we employ the GARCH-MIDAS model to study the influence of geopolitical risk on the dynamic connectedness between five commodity markets. We find that geopolitical risk, especially geopolitical act risk, significantly affects the overall connectedness of commodity markets. And more notably, the impacts on the net spillover of various commodity markets are different. Geopolitical risk has positive effects on the net spillover of energy, agriculture and livestock commodity markets, and negative effects on precious metal and industrial metal commodity markets.

Seven centuries of commodity co-movement: a wavelet analysis approach

ABSTRACT We examine interdependencies between agricultural, industrial, and energy commodity price indices suing data sets from more than seven centuries. To this end, we apply wavelet coherence and wavelet phase difference. There is a high coherence between prices for all three commodity-groups with energy prices now leading both agricultural and industrial commodity prices. Also, the role of energy as a leading series has increased over time.

A Comprehensive Review of Soft Computing Models for Permeability Prediction

Crude oil is a vital and valuable commodity in the energy industry. In order to maintain continuous, stable, and reasonably priced supplies, oil producers need cheaper exploration and extraction techniques. Permeability is one of the formation parameters that is a key interest to petroleum engineers in determining the economic worth and yield of crude deposits, yet permeability prediction remains a difficult problem. Many approaches have been applied to solving this important issue. Soft computing has been deployed to predict permeability. In this paper, we present an extensive review of the existing research that has been conducted on applications of soft computing for permeability prediction. This paper finds out that traditional approaches for permeability prediction are still relevant in the oil and gas industry. Soft computing methods in particular are worthy of addition to this interesting area. This extensive review is intended to be an entry point for further exploration of other approaches that have received little or no attention from researchers.

Energy commodities, precious metals and industrial metal markets: A nexus across different investment horizons and market conditions

We investigate the presence of returns integration between energy commodities, precious metal commodities, and industrial metal commodities. We sample WTI crude oil, WTI Brent oil, natural gas, gas oil, gasoline, diesel as energy commodities, gold and silver as precious metal commodities, and copper, aluminum, zinc and nickel as industrial metal commodities. The sampling period of our study is based on the daily frequency and ranges from July 31, 2000 to July 31, 2020. Our methodology comprises a novel quantile cross-spectral approach proposed by Barunık and Kley (2015), which is capable to identify varying magnitude of connectedness between any two returns under different market conditions. Furthermore, this approach provides results under a short-, medium- and long-run investment perspective. Our results highlight low to moderate level integration among three commodity classes in the short- and medium-run investment periods however coherence level increases in the long-run periods under bearish and normal market conditions. These results are important for investors in terms of the suitability of different commodities regarding different investment periods and dynamic market conditions.

Empowering Australian insecticide resistance research with genetic information: the road ahead

AbstractInsecticides are important for chemical control of arthropod pests in agricultural systems but select for resistance as an adaptive trait. Identifying the genetic mechanism(s) underpinning resistance can facilitate development of genetic markers, which can be used in monitoring programs. Moreover, understanding of genetic mechanisms in a broader population genetic context can be used to infer the origins of resistance, predict the dynamics of resistance evolution and evaluate the efficacy of different management strategies. Transitioning genetic information successfully into practical solutions requires overcoming two major hurdles. Firstly, genetic mechanisms must be identified to develop genetic markers. Secondly, routine use of genetic markers is required to build substantial spatio‐temporal data on the distribution and frequency of resistance alleles. In this study, we demonstrate large knowledge gaps on the genetic mechanisms of insecticide resistances in Australia using eight established arthropod pests important to the grains industry: Bemisia tabaci (silverleaf whitefly), Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips), Halotydeus destructor (redlegged earth mite), Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), Tetranychus urticae (two‐spotted spider mite) and Thrips tabaci (onion thrips). Many resistances have not been characterised at the genetic level in most pests, even for chemical MoA groups with a long history of use in Australia. Moreover, monitoring of resistance is spatio‐temporally patchy, which precludes examination of long‐term trends or predictive modelling. We suggest that leveraging cumulative global knowledge of resistances to develop a priori candidate genes, and incorporation of genomic approaches, can help overcome the hurdles of embracing genetic information in resistance management. We highlight the recently invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) as a case study where genetic markers and genomic approaches should prove useful in rapidly assessing the risk of this species to the Australian grains industry and other agricultural commodities. The uptake of genetic information into management can only occur once its benefit to empower insecticide resistance research is fully realised. Ultimately, the road ahead requires amalgamation of multifaceted data (genes, environment and spatio‐temporal replication) to better understand and predict the dynamics of resistance evolution.

Understanding cryptocurrency volatility: The role of oil market shocks

This study employs the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity-mixed data sample framework to examine the role of oil market shocks in determining the long-term volatility of cryptocurrencies. We analyzed three cryptocurrencies, namely, Bitcoin, Ethereum, and XRP, and six oil market shocks, namely, oil price return (OR), oil realized volatility (ORV), oil realized skewness (ORSV), oil supply shocks (OSS), and oil demand shocks [global aggregate demand for industrial commodities (OADS) and crude oil market demand shocks (OSDS)]. The empirical results of the study reveal that OR, ORV, ORSV, and the two types of oil demand shocks (OADS and OSDS) and OSS have negative and positive impacts, respectively, on the long-term volatility of cryptocurrencies. We further gained insights on the economic underpinnings and observed that the ability of the oil market shocks to signal the uncertainty of the macroeconomic environment is clearly the most important source of its negative and significant impact on the volatility of cryptocurrencies. Moreover, an adverse oil market shock increases the attractiveness of cryptocurrencies, as they could provide shelter from sovereign risk and weakness. Overall, our study highlights a clear and comprehensive understanding of the association between the oil market risk and the cryptocurrency volatility dynamic and the possibility for cryptocurrencies to act as a hedge under specific uncertain economic conditions.

(Invited) Power-to-X: Evaluating Commodities As Long-Duration Energy Storage

Achieving a net-zero emissions economy will require substantial changes to our electricity systems and to the ways that we manufacture the raw materials that become the products we use every day. These zero-carbon electricity systems will also require new, low-cost energy storage solutions to manage both daily and seasonal variability of renewable electricity resources. At the same time, we must also take steps to decarbonize resource-intensive industrial processes. While batteries are well-positioned to provide intra-daily load shifting, and intermediate fuel storage in the form of hydrogen or ammonia is possible, we have not fully investigated the role that industrial commodities, including metals, can play in a decarbonized energy system. This talk will examine the emissions benefits of converting metals refining processes to use renewable sources of electricity, and the costs associated with using the produced materials as a source for infrequent, but extreme demands for stored energy. Beyond capital costs, the analysis also considers factors like changes in labor demand necessary for manufacturing processes to adapt to renewable sources of electricity, and serve as backup reserves of stored energy, and the policy challenges of implementing embodied energy storage systems.

Ideology and Business Environment in Heilongjiang province-- Department of Investment Insurance, Harbin Institute of Finance

At present, China attaches more and more importance to the development of business environment. Heilongjiang, as an important heavy industry base and commodity grain base in China, is also an important sector. The business environment is mainly dependent on the enterprise, with the enterprise can talk about the environment. Enterprises are mainly dependent on personnel. Given the current situation in Heilongjiang province, the economy is not strong enough. This paper puts forward subjective reasons and objective reasons. And put forward relevant Suggestions, can promote the business environment in Heilongjiang region can be better and faster development.

The estimate agricultural market in the conditions of strategic development

The intensification of competition in industrial commodity markets necessitates the study of their condition with the identification of development trends and prospects. Crop production sectors are traditionally strategic in the Russian Federation, including in terms of expanding export supplies of agricultural raw materials and food. Steady growth in export supplies of grain crops and sunflower oil brought Russia to second place in the world. The development of crop industries involves the technical re-equipment of the industry. The analysis shows the negative dynamics of decline the level of technical equipment of the industry, which is explained by a number of reasons with the predominance of economic factors. In the Altai Territory, despite positive changes in the level of equipment with fixed assets, the problem of modernization and rearmament remains relevant.

PERLUNY A EVALUASI KINERJA PARASITOID PADA HAMA DAUN KELAPA : BRONTISPA LONGISSIMA GESTRO (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) DI KABUPATEN ENDE-FLORES

Brontispa longissima Gestro (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is ones of the most important pest who attack of many family palms in South East Asia. In Indonesia, Brontispa longissima has. becomes a primer pest on coconut. It was Decreasing yield result up to 30 - 40 % returns and 5% of the attacked crops will die. Ones of the failed reason of control action is a low preventive system on every territory entrance, otherwise, coconut was a needful and fast-moving commodity for people and industry. The second reason is secondary commodity assumes and low cropping system caused pest and disease uncontrolled. Three bio-control usages on-field need to monitored caused farmers incapable. The success indicator for parasitoid release was quick and easy to adapt for the parasitoid. It was related " three-generation three years," theory by Ev Clausen, the expert of integrated pest and management control from California says: a) The perfectly of Effective parasitoid/predator always quick and easy to adapt, b) The failed parasitoid/predator to adapt easily and quickly was an ineffective indicator for bio-control, c) Parasitoid release or exotic predator could be stopped for 3 years if no evidence adapt on fields. According to the experts, the key for the success of system controlling above depends on cropping agroecosystem stability.

Estimating effective rates of protection in Nigeria's protected cement industry

Trade protection for selected products is a key element of smart industrial policy in many developing countries. Understanding quantitative measures of trade protection for industrial and consumer commodities is therefore a key requisite to determining the effectiveness of export-led growth in particular, and overall industrial policy. However, accurate estimates for trade policy incentives provided to industrial products are few and comparable datasets are sparse, with the most recent published country datasets dated as far back as 2012, yet with limited sector indices. This study estimates the effective rate of protection (ERP), a key index of trade protection and industrial policy, for the cement industry, one of the largest manufacturing industries in Nigeria. Time series data for 16 years, on the actual cost of trade protection, including tariff barriers and import prohibition bans, from 2000 to 2015 is used. With the ERP, the true cost of protection of domestic manufactures from imported goods, is computed using input shares and tariff data from the United Nations COMTRADE database. The data show the basis for computation and provides a re-useable template for central planners in the computation of effective rate of protection for similar manufacturing industries and other African countries. The computed ERP for the cement industry in Nigeria show a relatively high protection rate, and the overwhelming impact of trade prohibition on the ERP after the implementation of the Federal Government's incentive-led Backward Integration Programme. The evidence is compared with earlier data on Africa. Preliminary findings and trend analysis indicate a high correlation between the ERP and value added to gross domestic product (GDP).

PERAMALAN HARGA CABAI MERAH MENGGUNAKAN MODEL VARIASI KALENDER REGARIMA DENGAN MOVING HOLIDAY EFFECT (STUDI KASUS: HARGA CABAI MERAH PERIODE JANUARI 2012 SAMPAI DENGAN DESEMBER 2019 DI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT)

Chili is one of the vegetable commodities that has high economic value, because of it’s role is large enough to supply domestic needs as an export commodity in the food industry. The price of red chilliesalways increase in the month of Eid al-Fitr. This is due to the large number of people who use Red Chili as food they consume. Shifting the moon during the Eid al-Fitr will form a seasonal system with different periods, which became known as the Moving Holiday Effect. One of the calendar variation models used to eliminate the Moving Holiday Effect and has a simple processing flow is the RegARIMA model. The RegARIMA model is a combination of linear regression with ARIMA. In the regression model the weighting matrix is used as an independent variable and the price of red chili as the dependent variable. The weight value is obtained based on the number of days that affect Eid, which is 14 days. Based on the analysis the red chili price data in West Java Province with the period of January 2012 to December 2018, the RegARIMA model (1.0,0)(0,1,1) 12 is the best model because it has the smallest AIC. Forecasting results in 2020 showed an increase in the price of red chili in West Java occurred in May to coincide with the Eid al-Fitr holiday which fell on May 24, 2020, the sMAPE value obtained by 24.96%. It means, the forecast still in the level of reasonableness.

Achegas ao exame do crecemento da acumulación industrial arxentina na posconvertibilidade (2005-2011) e a súa comparación coa fase de incremento neoliberal (1993-1998)

Varias discusiones han tenido lugar en relación a la acumulación industrial argentina desde la etapa neoliberal (denominada también como “convertibilidad”) hasta su ruptura en la etapa de posconvertibilidad. Las discusiones se ordenan en torno a si entre ambos lapsos se han manifestado cambios estructurales significativos en el perfil industrial predominante –según la preponderancia en la elaboración de commodities industriales– o si, por el contrario, existen más continuidades. En el presen-te estudio se contribuye a los mencionados debates examinando la industria, por un lado bajo la dinámica de acumulación de los sectores que la integran, y por otro, según un modelo insumo producto. A su vez, con el objetivo de estudiar las caracterís-ticas del crecimiento de las manufacturas en la posconvertibilidad y de establecer comparaciones con la convertibilidad, se diferencian las fases de incremento acumulativo de las fases de crisis y recuperación. Este estudio se incorpora desde este en-foque a las tesis que sostienen las continuidades persistentes en ambas etapas.

ANALYSIS QUALITATIVE ADDITION OF ADDITIVE SUBSTANCE TO PAPER MAKING PROCESS IN PAPER MACHINE 12 PT. X - KARAWANG ON PRODUCT QUALITY

Paper is a tangible item of thin sheets which can be torn, rolled, folded, glued and crossed out. Paper is made to meet the needs of a very diverse life. The paper industry is one of the forest products industries which has a very important role in human life. There is almost no human activity that does not utilize this industrial commodity. In the process of making paper, in addition to the availability of Raw Materials there is also the use of additives. Additives are ingredients that are added to obtain certain desired characteristics of paper products. Some factors that influence the process of making paper are raw material, machine cleanliness, machine performance, human factors and additives. Additives are the main factors that influence the success of the papermaking process. There are two types of additives used in Paper Machine 12 PT.X-Karawang, namely functional additives and controlling additives. The effect of the addition of additives on Paper Machine 12 PT.X-Karawang namely, Dry Strength can increase the strength of the paper when used in dry conditions, Sizing Agent (Internal Sizing) functions to control liquid penetration, Surface Sizing Agent (Surface Sizing) functions to level the surface of the paper, Filler as filler, Dyes can give color to paper, OBA serves to increase the brightness of paper, Biocide functions to inhibit bacterial growth, Defoamer functions to prevent foam formation and Retention Aid can increase fiber retention.Keyword: Controlling Additives, Functional Additives, Paper, Paper Machine

Porous and Nanostructured CuBr Networks for Selective Ammonia Sensing at Room-Temperature

Introduction Ammonia (NH3), a major industrial commodity (142 Mt in 2017 [1]), is toxic as well as a tracer for food spoilage detection and important breath marker for impaired kidney function [2]. As a result, there is a strong interest in selective sensors that detect NH3 concentrations over a large range: from 250 to 2900 ppb in mouth-exhaled breath down to few ppb in indoor air at high relative humidity. Also, it occurs usually in gas mixtures containing a myriad of compounds requiring also high NH3 selectivity. Most promising as a solid-state and low-cost sensor material is CuBr featuring high selectivity and sensitivity to low NH3 concentrations (e.g. 20 ppb [3]) even at room temperature. However, current fabrication methods usually result in micro-sized CuBr particles [3] and rather dense film morphologies [4] that could impede efficient NH3 diffusion in the film and interaction with the CuBr surface. Here, we introduce a novel fabrication route yielding highly porous and nanostructured CuBr films for improved NH3 sensitivity and fast response dynamics at room temperature. Methods Porous and nanostructured CuBr films are obtained by a flame-aerosol based method on interdigitated electrodes. Their sensing performance was evaluated at room temperature in gas mixtures prepared with high-resolution mass flow controllers, as described in detail elsewhere [5]. In brief, analyte gases (i.e. NH3, isoprene, ethanol, methane, acetone, hydrogen, acetic acid, methanol, formaldehyde and CO) were supplied from calibrated cylinders (10 or 50 ppm in synthetic air, PanGas) and dosed to dry synthetic air (Pangas 5.0, CnHm and NOx ≤ 100 ppb) with calibrated mass flow controllers. Humidity was added by bubbling dry synthetic air through distilled water and admixing it to the analyte flow. All transfer lines were made of inert Teflon to minimized analyte gas adsorption and heated to 55 °C to avoid water condensation. The sensor film resistance was continuously monitored with a multimeter (Keithley, Integra Series 2700, USA). Results and Conclusions The porous CuBr films were tested for sensing of 5 - 5000 ppb NH3 at 90% RH (Figure 1a). When exposed to 5000 ppb of NH3, the resistance rapidly increases from 47 kΩ to 13 MΩ corresponding to a response (S) of 276. When exposed to NH3, the Cu+ as charge carriers are immobilized by forming that results in the observed resistance increase. Remarkably, this interaction is rapid and reversible even at room temperature, as indicated by the full recovery of the initial resistance baseline (dashed line, Figure 1a) and in line with literature [3]. Most impressively, NH3 concentrations down to 5 ppb (see also inset of Figure 1a for higher magnification) are detected and can be distinguished clearly from 10 and 20 ppb. The signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR, > 70) is remarkable and should enable the detection of even lower concentrations with an extrapolated lower limit of detection (LOD) of 210 parts-per-trillion (ppt) considering a typical SNR of 3. This is superior to state-of-the-art room temperature NH3 sensors: For instance, polyaniline sensors detect 40 ppb NH3 at ≥ 90% RH [6], but these are usually for single-use only as they recover too slowly.The porous CuBr sensor was tested with isoprene, ethanol, methane, acetone, hydrogen, acetic acid, methanol, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide (CO), all at a concentration of 1 ppm and 90% RH (Figure 1b). Most remarkably, the sensor responds strongest to NH3 with selectivity > 30 with CO being the highest one (> 290). This is similar to thermally deposited CuBr films with a CeO2 overlayer [3] for some of these analytes. Other NH3 sensors feature lower selectivities to these analytes. In fact, polymer-based PEDOT:PSS nanowires [7] are quite sensitive to ethanol (NH3 selectivity ~15 vs. CuBr ~40).In conclusion, such nanostructured and porous CuBr films are quite attractive for wearable breath analyzers [8] and detectors for distributed air and food quality monitoring networks with stringent power requirements.

Potentials and constraints of the spatial and regional development perspective using regional genetic methods

Regional development is a strategy of utilizing and combining internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and challenges) that exist as potentials and opportunities that can be utilized to increase the region’s production of goods and services that are a function of the needs both internally and externally. These internal factors are in the form of natural resources, human resources and technological resources, while external factors can be opportunities and threats that arise along with their interactions with other regions. The comprehensive spatial planning and development of the region certainly needs the support of information on the potential and constraints of the region with its own genetic background as a whole, meaning that all complete information about all aspects relevant to the spatial needs are met. Information for spatial planning includes potential including physical-mechanical properties of various types of rock masses. Leles is one of the sub-districts in Garut regency which has an area of 6.5 million hectares with a large potential of mining excavation. Regional Spatial Planning Arrangement based on the potential of mineral excavation ensures mining plans in the area do not kill other potentials and shows conformity to the plan long-term. Mountain sand eruption excavated as an industrial commodity is the biggest potential in the Leles region. The existing constraints are related to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

High-value chemicals from marine diatoms: a biorefinery approach

Nowadays, we are going a step forward into the new era for the sustainable production of industrial commodity products such as energy, fine-chemicals, active compounds and materials from renewable biomass. Marine diatoms offer great potential as an untapped living factory for the generation of valuable commodity chemicals. As a photosynthetic microorganism, diatoms contain pigments, which have a high market value in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food colorant industries. Their unique metabolism to utilize the soluble silicate in seawater for their porous silica cell wall (frustule) opens an opportunity for the nano-porous material industry. Diatom’s lipids consist fatty acids, which could be catalytically upgraded into high-quality fuels like fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) or hydrocarbons (green diesel). In the analysis reported here, we present the potential of biorefinery pathways of valuable components in marine diatoms. Understanding the biochemistry of them and the application of their valuable chemicals are discussed to gain insights for the opportunities and the key barriers in the development of marine diatoms-based biorefinery.

Prospects for industrial methane production in the mine n.a. V.M.Bazhanov using vertical surface wells

The estimated methane resources in the coal stratum of Donbass are 798.5 billion m3, including 119.5 billion m3 in the Donetsk-Makeevsky area. Such significant potential implies that methane can be used not only for industrial production and energy purposes but also as a commodity for the chemical industry. However, in practice, commercial production of methane from coal seams, as is done in the fields of the USA, Canada, India, and China, is not carried out, and methane, obtained as a by-product, is utilized for ensuring the safety of the main technological processes for coal mining. The main reasons for this are the difficult mining and geological conditions of bedding, low thickness and permeability, which does not allow to separate methane production into an independent type of activity due to its low profitability, especially with the use of new technologies based on hydraulic fracturing of coal seams.The assessment of the possibility of industrial methane production in the mine n.a. V.M.Bazhanov in the Donetsk-Makeevsky area of Donbass, which reserves equal to 23.7 billion m3, showed that a significant part of the methane reserves is concentrated in coal seams and interlayers with a gas content of 18.5-20.7 m3/m3. Moreover, in the host rocks, methane is practically in a liberated state. This circumstance makes possible the commercial production of methane for its utilization from the unloaded rock mass by wells drilled from the surface, without the use of hydraulic fracturing technology.The paper discusses the technology of methane extraction by a degassing well drilled from the surface into a coal-bearing stratum unloaded from rock pressure in a mining field of the 4th eastern face of the m3 seam of the mine n.a. V.M.Bazhanov and its subsequent use as the fuel of an electric generator. It is shown that over the entire period of operation of the pilot well, the volume of actually produced methane exceeded the design value by 23 %, and the cost of the gas produced amounted to 1535 rubles per 1000 m3, which is more than 3 times lower than the market price for natural gas for consumers in the Russian Federation. This made it possible to make a conclusion about the possibility of industrial extraction of mine methane using vertical surface wells for its subsequent utilization in power plants, which does not imply the usage of hydraulic fracturing technology.

Bioelectrosynthesis of Organic and Inorganic Chemicals in Bioelectrochemical System

AbstractBioelectrochemical system (BES)–based microbial electrosynthesis is a viable production route for various industrial commodities. In the last decade, BES has emerged as a sustainable techno...