ABSTRACT The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in manufacturing is driven by the need for more personalised, efficient and adaptive production systems. However, industrial AI systems must also comply with emerging governance frameworks, particularly ISO/IEC 42001:2023, the AI management system standard. Despite its relevance, manufacturers often struggle to translate the standard’s high-level requirements into practical design and implementation decisions.This article proposes a reference architecture to support the design, deployment and governance of AI systems in manufacturing in accordance with ISO/IEC 42001:2023. The architecture defines the main system layers, functional components, and governance mechanisms required to ensure lifecycle control, traceability, operational integration, and alignment with compliance. Given the recent publication of the standard, this work provides an early contribution to operationalising AI management system requirements within industrial architectures. The architecture is applied to a real-world metal manufacturing use case focused on predictive maintenance. The implementation demonstrates its feasibility and improves system traceability and operational performance, including overall equipment effectiveness and maintenance-related downtime. Although validated in a specific context, the modular and layered design supports adaptation to other manufacturing environments, considering domain constraints, available infrastructure and legacy system integration.

This article examines industrial architecture in mid-20th-century China. It examines the mechanisms underlying the development of planning concepts, stylistic features, and cultural expression in Chinese industrial architecture in the context of Soviet technical assistance, as well as the cultural content revealed through architectural decorative details. The aim of the analysis is to identify the cultural construct linking technological transfer, ideological expression, and cultural identity in the early period of China's socialist industrialization through the example of representative industrial buildings of the time. This study provides a systematic analysis of the architectural complexes of the First Automobile Plant in Changchun, Factory 798, First Tractor Plant in Luoyang, Third State Cotton Mill in Zhengzhou, and Taiyuan Chemical Fertilizer Plant. The focus is on the general layout, architectural forms, style, and decorative details of the facades. The obtained results can be applied to provide empirical material evidence in the study of cultural exchange between China and Russia, and also serve as an important theoretical and material basis for the study of the preservation of industrial architectural heritage and cultural studies. A comparative approach is used to conduct a comparative analysis of representative architectural ensembles of Chinese industrial architecture of the mid-20th century, revealing the deep meanings of industrial architecture as a carrier of social ideology and a symbol of cultural identity. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that in this study, industrial architecture of China of the mid-20th century is introduced into scholarly discourse for the first time as a material carrier of culture. The main conclusion of the study is that the industrial architecture of China of this period does not represent a simple technological transfer. Influenced by the Soviet model, it represents a highly standardized and functional architectural system, into which elements of traditional Chinese culture and symbolic expression are simultaneously organically woven. This architectural phenomenon demonstrates a unique architectural language that combines "socialist content" with "national form." These industrial complexes serve as material evidence of the beginning of the industrialization of the new China and serve as important confirmation of the deep architectural and cultural dialogue between the PRC and the USSR.

The integration of Private 5G (P5G) networks with Edge Artificial Intelligence (Edge AI) signifies a fundamental change in industrial architecture, enabling the transfer of computational intelligence from centralized clouds to the network edge. This research paper examines how these technologies come together, focusing on their application in advanced manufacturing, predictive maintenance, and autonomous systems. By leveraging the deterministic connectivity provided by 3GPP Releases 16 and 17, specifically Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC), industrial companies can now support mission-critical AI workloads that require response times in the milliseconds range. We analyze architectural frameworks that leverage Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) for "split inference" and smart orchestration, as described by protocols such as OPC UA over 5G. Additionally, this study explores specific algorithmic enhancements in cloud robotics, including FogROS2 and OROS, which help reduce latency and energy consumption for mobile autonomous units. Case studies from John Deere, Hitachi, and Sandvik demonstrate the practical feasibility of these systems. The findings show that private wireless infrastructure serves not just as a connectivity link but also as a crucial data plane for real-time edge inference, enabling autonomous, self-optimizing factories and enhancing data sovereignty.

Performance Analysis of Efficient Microservice Architecture in the Financial Industry

This paper investigates the effectiveness of dynamic switch-off policies in flow line production systems, aiming to balance energy efficiency and operational performance. A three-machine simulation model is developed and tested under steady-state and fluctuating processing conditions. The proposed policy, based on adaptive thresholds and Statistical Process Control (SPC) logic, is compared against two benchmarks: the traditional always-on model and a fixed switch-off policy. Simulation results demonstrate that the dynamic policy reduces customer-related performance measures—specifically queue lengths and waiting times—by approximately 50–56% compared to fixed policies. Crucially, this improvement is achieved while maintaining energy savings (~11%) and work-in-process reduction (~38%) comparable to the static approach. These benefits remain consistent even under high-variability scenarios, confirming the robustness of the proposed control architecture for Industry 4.0 sustainable manufacturing.

The industrial architecture of Saratov province at the turn of the 20th century is a significant part of its historical and cultural heritage. It demonstrates a historical footprint, both technological and structural, and architectural and stylistic. At the same time, the industrial architecture of that period has been studied to a much lesser extent than the civil architecture. The typological range of this architecture is quite wide: mills, tobacco factories, iron foundries, machine-building factories, manufactories, printing houses, tanneries, and soap factories. The study reveals that the manufacturing industry was monopolized and centralized in the provincial center Saratov-Pokrovsk (now Engels). The peripheral medium-sized and small towns were confined to one city-forming enterprise. The periphery was unable to pull over industrial enterprises to itself from the center, being unable to economically support industrial diversification. At the same time, It is important to note that the architectural heritage of medium-sized and small towns experienced less change and distortion over time than in the large cities of the province.

Amid growing global concerns over employee mental health in high-demand industrial sectors, this study examines how salutogenic design strategies influence workers’ sense of meaningfulness within beverage factory environments. Anchored in Aaron Antonovsky’s Salutogenic Model, particularly the Sense of Coherence concept, the research explores how selected architectural features such as natural lighting, greenery, quiet rooms, and ergonomic furniture, affect workers’ perception of purpose and emotional engagement at work. Using a quantitative case study design across three beverage factories in Nigeria, data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics to evaluate the predictive relationship between design features and perceived meaningfulness. The results show a weak but positive relationship (R = 0.364, R 2 = 0.132), with ergonomic furniture and quiet spaces contributing the most to workers’ wellbeing, though overall effects were statistically modest. The study’s novelty lies in extending salutogenic theory into industrial architecture, a field where human-centered design has been largely overlooked. Findings emphasize that while spatial interventions can support wellbeing, meaningfulness in factory settings also depends on organisational culture and social support systems. The research contributes to the emerging discourse on health-promoting industrial environments, offering insights for architects, employers, and policymakers seeking to align workplace design with sustainable wellbeing goals.

In an era of rapidly evolving technology, traditional cloud computing struggles to meet the demands of resource-intensive smart devices. This necessitates a shift towards Edge Computing (EC), which brings computation and data storage closer to the network’s edge, enhancing efficiency and reducing latency. This is particularly crucial for the Internet of Things (IoT), where supporting mobility, location awareness, and real-time processing are paramount. However, the scalability of EC applications is significantly influenced by network parameters and the capabilities of the computing system. This paper proposes a novel system architecture for Industry 5.0 that leverages the synergy between 6G networks, autonomous vehicles, Augmented Reality (AR), IoT, and edge intelligence to revolutionize transportation systems. Our approach integrates AR for enhanced user interfaces, utilizes IoT for data acquisition and control, and employs edge computing for real-time decision-making. Our experimental results demonstrate a strong correlation between processing speed and network bandwidth. While increasing either parameter individually enhances overall system performance. The two-tier architecture, combined with the Entity Objects (EO) model, demonstrates superior scalability compared to traditional approaches. By distributing processing tasks and leveraging the resources of other edge servers, the system can handle increasing numbers of AVs and data loads without compromising performance.

This research analyses the capitalisation processes that affected two industrial plants with identical design characteristics: Manifatture Ceramiche Pozzi in Sparanise (CE, 1961) and Ferrandina (MT, 1965). Both plants, designed by Luigi Figini and Gino Pollini according to the same compositional principles, are a paradigmatic example of 20th-century industrial architecture in the context of the industrialisation policies of southern Italy. Decommissioned for different reasons by 1980, the plants now show similar processes of post-industrial transformation: partial demolition, new uses and selective heritage recognition. Through the analysis of data from the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy Development Fund) and collaboration with municipal archives, CSAC in Parma and MART in Trento and Rovereto, the research aims to define evaluation methodologies for the capitalisation of modern industrial architecture, outlining new conservation strategies.

Microservice architecture (MSA) has emerged as a significant software architecture in both industry and academia, garnering attention as a key research area. MSA offers numerous benefits, such as facilitating independent development, testing, and system deployment. However, its distributed characteristics introduce various challenges. Testing microservices presents diverse challenges derived from complex dependencies, diverse execution environments, and different development teams, which lessen the effectiveness of conventional testing methods. Through a systematic literature review, we aim to present an overview of various testing strategies, testing tools, innovative testing solutions, and associated challenges. Our research includes academic resources from IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library. From this research, we identified 76 primary studies, which we analyzed through thematic synthesis. Our analysis yielded 16 distinct testing strategies for microservices-based systems, accompanied by 19 distinct categories of proposed solutions for microservices testing. Furthermore, we compiled a total of 95 relevant tools for testing microservices. We also documented 22 distinct categories of challenges specific to testing microservices-based systems, including but not limited to automated testing, performance evaluation, and the creation of MSA-based testing environments. This study aims to serve as a resource for software engineering professionals and researchers interested in microservices testing.

The formation of Kharkiv’s image as an industrial city in the late 19th-early 20th centuries was accompanied by ups and downs, which were caused by changes in the political status of the city. The aim of this article is to trace the processes of formation, ruination, and revitalization of Kharkiv’s industrial architecture during the period of Modernism and their reflection in the authentic features of the city; to outline possible ways to rehabilitate the iconic industrial territories and structures. The method of historical and genetic analysis applied in the study showed that during the industrialization period of 1919-1934, there was a sharp change not only in the ideological program and strategy of the state, but also in the stylistics of industrial construction towards Avant-garde Constructivism, and then towards historicism, which were later replaced by the neutral features of Modernism. The analysis revealed several breakdowns in the search for authentic features of the city of Kharkiv, which are now expressed in a combination of artistic features of the Avant-garde and historical styles. With the achievement of Ukrainian independence and the restructuring of the entire industrial complex from state to private ownership in the 1990s, the process of degradation and decline of Kharkiv’s industrial infrastructure began, necessitating a reevaluation of the significance and utilization of valuable historical buildings. In addition, Russia’s military invasion in 2022-2025 makes the risk of losing modernist industrial architecture monuments in Kharkiv very real. The article discusses several strategic directions for revitalizing deteriorating industrial territories and constructions, which represent historical and cultural value and contribute to the authenticity of these districts. It develops the possibility of selecting and combining the proposed directions for revitalizing iconic industrial territories and structures.

A soft sensor net based on the symplectic decomposition-global attention reconstruction architecture for biopharmaceutical industry

The infrastructural modernization of financial services requires architectural methodologies thateffectively balance functional decomposition, service reusability, and regulatory compliance whileallowing for rapid innovation. This article examines how Domain-Driven Design principles, integrated with Banking Industry Architecture

As recommender systems become increasingly important components in online communities, studying their impact on these communities becomes ever more crucial. Facing the high costs and ethical risks of real-world social experiments, researchers construct recommendation simulators to study the interactions between recommender systems and users. However, existing simulators face challenges in providing universal, accurate, and scalable interaction modeling for various types of online communities involving millions of contents and users with diverse action types. To address these challenges, we propose RECOSIM, a simulation framework capable of offering efficient recommendation interaction simulations across a wide range of scenarios. RECOSIM decomposes the user agent into five fundamental modules: Encode Model, Decode Model, Activity Model, Scoring Model, and Generation Model, allowing for accurate and extensible modeling of user behavior and interaction dynamics. The recommender system agent adheres to established industry architectures, implementing three stages and four fundamental strategies, thereby improving generalizability across various platforms and the computational efficiency of simulation. Utilizing two real-world datasets (Weibo and Zhihu), we validate the accuracy and stability of each component and the overall framework of RECOSIM, demonstrating the reliability of RECOSIM as a simulation environment. Subsequently, we delve into analyzing the impact of the four fundamental recommendation strategies on online communities, providing design inspirations for enhancing user engagement and community growth.

Despite its growth and resilience over the last decades, the cruise industry faces significant challenges in its strategic, operational, and technology domains. The unique complexity of the industry requires cruise companies to adopt a structured approach to enterprise transformation. To address this problem, this aims to provide an Enterprise Architecture (EA) blueprint for the cruise industry. Using a case study of a leading cruise line, CruiseX, this study analyzes the operational model of the cruise line and apply two industry-leading standards: The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) and the ArchiMate modelling language. This study applies the four core phases of TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM) from the initial phase of Architecture Vision (Phase A), through the definition of Business Architecture, Information System Architecture, and Technology Architecture (Phase B to D). The ArchiMate language is utilized to visualize the core business processes, information systems, and technology architecture. By using TOGAF ADM as the technical guidelines and ArchiMate as the modeling language, the result of this study is a blueprint of core business processes, application and data that support each business processes, and the underlying technology infrastructure, that provides a structured framework and serves as an actionable tool for implementing enterprise architecture in cruise industry. This research also extends the application of TOGAF and ArchiMate to the under-research cruise industry domain. The study’s limitations include the reliance on publicly available data, the limited scope of business processes, and the lacks of practitioner validation, suggesting clear directions for future research.

As urbanization intensifies, the challenge of preserving industrial heritage while fostering authentic intergenerational connections has become increasingly salient. This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) and augmented reality (AR) technologies can be applied to enhance authenticity and promote both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being within the context of heritage tourism. Using a facility in Shanghai as a case study, we propose a cultural co-creation mechanism that transforms implicit intergenerational memories into shared cultural resources through digital interaction. The study first evaluates public awareness and participation needs in the context of industrial heritage revitalization. In response, we design an immersive platform that enables visitors of different generations to co-create meaning through historical scene reconstruction, multisensory engagement, and collaborative storytelling. A novel five-sense encoding strategy is introduced to reinterpret the enclosed spatial characteristics of industrial architecture as an experiential form of storytelling. This process fosters a deeper connection to place, contributing to authenticity and well-being. Prototype testing results suggest that this AI-AR-enabled co-creation system supports meaningful cultural attachment, improves authenticity, and facilitates the sustainable transmission of heritage. This research provides a replicable model for integrating digital technology, community participation, and authenticity in the well-being-oriented revitalization of industrial heritage sites.

The problem of the concrete durability counted in tens of years is not a frequent subject of research, despite the fact that the oldest structures made with the use of Portland cement are about 140 years old, and the large size engineered constructions (like dams,breakwaters, bridges, chambers, halls) are 110 years old. The considered tank belongs to the last group of objects.In the years 1908–1909, a drinking water treatment station was built for the city of Poznan, which was then 196. 000, taking it from theWarta River. The plan dimensions are 65.5 ×21.5 m, and the height is 9.0 m above and 5.0 underground. It is a pearl of industrial architecture of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century with the most modern technological equipment in the world at that time. In the underground part, a large-size reinforced concrete tank with a ribbed ceiling supported in the middle with reinforced concrete columns was constructed throughout the projection.Those were the times when the first bold constructions from the cement concrete were built in the world, very few of which have been preserved till the present day. In order to estimate the durability of the concrete, after several decades of influence of very high relative air humidity, it is very significant to check the changes in its microstructure, which influence its strength parameters. This year the author of the project conducted a material and structural analysis of the technical condition of the over hundred ten year old tank structure, which proved that the compressive strength of the concrete is lowered, and there are numerous cracks of the walls and the ceiling, and also some accumulations of white lines and icicles outside. The SEM, EDS and XRD analyses proved that the phase composition of the concrete in the barrier thickness is variable. In the lower layers of the concrete a calcium hydroxide concentration is observed, which outside the barrier changes into the calcium carbonate. The migration of the Portlandite in the direction of the inside of the tank with very high relative air humidity (>95%) results from the mass diffusion caused by different concentration of the porous liquid in the outer and inner layers of the barriers. Those are very slow processes, that last tens of years during the exploitation of the tank. They are beneficial in terms of the gradual alkalinity increase, which protects the steel against corrosion, but they can be harmful due to a local increase of the porosity and the decrease of the concrete strength.This phenomenon has been described in the literature as elution of calcium ions from the concrete structure. Numerous articles in this field focus on creating a sufficiently durable concrete structure by dosing appropriate mineral additives, rather than on several dozen years of observations of the objects in use. Therefore, the intention of the author of this article is not to model the Ca2+ leaching process in a laboratory, but to analyze the gradual degradation of an industrial facility subjected to direct action of water over a period of one hundred years.

In my study, I will first examine the accessibility of Western architectural knowledge in Hungary, based on the contemporary architectural press, then on archival and library sources. By exploring the possibilities of orientation in greater depth than before, I aim to illuminate the question of Eastern or Western orientation of the Hungarian architecture of the era, and to give a more nuanced assessment of the Hungarian building material post-1945, which is also significant in terms of numbers, and to understand its place in the universal history of architecture. The research clearly demonstrates that there was a continuous exchange and transfer of knowledge through study tours, design export and joint work with international organisations. The focus of my research was on access to the Western trade press, as journals convey the most up-to-date knowledge. The study showed that the libraries of the 15 most important design firms and architectural organisations subscribed to 368 different journals for a shorter or longer period between 1955 and 1968, and all subscribed to Architecture d’Aujourd and Baumeister. The architects made constant use of the architectural libraries, and their knowledge of Western trends was a key feature of their orientation. Using the example of László Csaba’s church in Hollóháza, I will show how Csaba was able to learn about the formal problems of contemporary church architecture in an industrial architecture design firm and provide a valid and exceptional response.

The destruction of architectural monuments as a result of hostilities makes the issue of preserving the identity of the architecture of Ukrainian cities increasingly relevant. The purpose of the article is to identify the semiotic aspect that is part of the concept of “identity” in architecture. The object is the artifacts of industrial architecture, which is a special layer of architectural heritage and culture for cities such as Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa, etc. The study of industrial architecture monuments of Kharkiv of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries allows us to identify images and ideas of the historical period, the identity of a particular city, and meanings that reflect the identity of their customers. The analysis of the works of world and national authors has revealed the expediency of studying identity in the semiotic aspect. The semiotic approach and its methods make it possible to consider a historical object as a “text” that has a specific meaning. It is shown that identity changes under the influence of political, economic, social and cultural concepts and is expressed in the architectural forms of the city. Based on the theoretical works of the Kharkiv Theoretical School of Architecture, it is argued that identity in architecture is reflected in the semantics of the building, which is laid down by certain design tools. Thus, semantics forms a semantic field that contains the meanings and symbols inherent in communities. It is shown that community meanings can be expressed at different urban planning levels (city, district, square, street, house). It has been determined that the representation of identity in industrial architecture in the semantic aspect is an activity of embodying certain characteristic symbols and special signs of the customer from the semantic field, which is reflected through certain procedures of architectural activity in the form of a building. The identity of the client (state, community, organization, firm, person) and the architect (his/her belonging to a community group) is the source of the artistic content of the building and represents it, emphasizes its peculiarity.

Structures of halls with curved roofs are gaining popularity in modern industrial architecture due to their unique aesthetic and functional advantages. This study presents a comparative analysis of the efficiency of steel hall structures featuring frame systems and curved roofs composed of hyperbolic paraboloid (HP) modules. Utilizing Rhinoceros 3D software along with its generative modeling and structural analysis plug-ins, a script was developed to parametrically define the structural models and preliminarily determine geometries within a specified range of variable parameters. These parameters included column heights, total frame heights, frame widths, frame spacing, and the spacing of the roof bar grid. Parametric modeling enabled the generation of numerous variants of single-nave hall structures with five frame systems. All halls were designed with a rectangular plan measuring 12 × 24 meters and a maximum height of 8 meters. Subsequently, structural analysis was conducted using Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional software, focusing on optimization in terms of mass and dimensioning. The analysis considered the feasibility of using sheet metal roofing as well as flat panels, which required adjustments of the roof bar grid topology. Variants were selected based on their efficiency and functionality. The procedure for shaping steel halls with curved roofs using genetic algorithms proved to be highly beneficial in the design process. The results of the analysis provide valuable guidelines for designing halls with HP module roofs. While the amount of structural material is a key factor in determining efficiency, technological aspects also play a significant role. Given the structural similarities, it is assumed that these aspects are consistent across all structures, making mass a useful parameter for comparison. Future research will expand to include other factors influencing structural efficiency.