Statement of the problem. To automate and optimize the technological processes of forming a protective coating of pipe metal, it is advisable to develop a digital twin of the heat treatment process of the protective coating material made of rubber mastic (caouton) on the surface of pipe metal using induction heating. Results. The developed mathematical model of the temperature field distribution in a vulcanized caouton-based coating made it possible to establish optimal modes of heat treatment of rubber mastic on the surface of pipe metal during the structuring of the protective coating material, taking into account the influence of existing external influences on the technological process. Conclusions. The use of a digital twin of the vulcanization process of the protective coating of pipe metal made it possible to retrofit the heat generating unit with a programmable thermostatic device that allows generating optimal temperature conditions for vulcanization of caouton, which made it possible to automate and regulate the technological process of introducing thermal energy into rubber mastic for structuring caouton on the surface of pipe metal. As a result, a protective coating with maximum strength and performance characteristics was obtained.

Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal, therapy-resistant brain tumor driven by glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). Despite progress in CAR-based immunotherapies in other cancers, their efficacy in GBM remains limited due to poor blood–brain barrier penetration and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In vivo immune engineering may overcome these obstacles. We propose a novel strategy to reprogram GSCs in situ into myeloid-like cells expressing a focused ultrasound (FUS)-inducible, HER2-specific CAR––enabling local, controllable fratricidal activity against HER2+GBM. FUS enables noninvasive, spatiotemporal regulation of CAR activity to minimize off-tumor toxicity. METHODS We constructed a heat/FUS-inducible HER2-CAR using SnapGene, PCR, and Gibson Assembly and confirmed its sequence by Sanger sequencing. CAR kinetics were validated in THP1 monocytes via heat shock and anti-CAR-Alexa Fluor 647 staining with flow cytometry. Separately, HER2+GSCs were transduced with the same CAR construct and verified for CAR expression. To reprogram GSCs, we co-expressed PU.1 and IKZF1––transcription factors first predicted computationally and then confirmed experimentally to drive GBM cells into dendritic and myeloid lineages––and enriched the converted cells by puromycin selection. We then quantified the conversion by flow cytometry for CD11b, CD45, CD80, CD86, MHC I, and MHC II surface myeloid-cell markers. RESULTS In THP1 cells, >50% of cells expressed the HER2-CAR 10 hours after heat induction (n=3). HER2 expression was confirmed in >70% of the cell population in three different GSCs. Reprogramming yielded 18% CD45⁺ and 33% CD86⁺ cells (n=3). Ongoing experiments are profiling additional myeloid markers across multiple GSC lines to assess platform robustness. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate the feasibility of reprogramming GSCs into controllable, CAR-expressing immune-like cells. This FUS-triggered in situ GBM fratricide approach lays the groundwork for a novel GBM immunotherapy.

Induction Heating in Super-Earths: A Thermochemical Perspective

ABSTRACT Induction quenching achieves excellent comprehensive mechanical properties of steels with hard surface and tough core. 30CrMnSi steel is ideal for key components in heavy engineering machinery, yet research on its induction quenching remains limited. This study investigates the effects of induction heating power on the hardness and wear resistance of 30CrMnSi steel through heat treatment, microstructural observation, and mechanical tests. Results show that at the induction heating power of 6.5 kW, after quenching and tempering, the surface contains tempered troostite and undissolved ferrite accounting for 4.6%. As the power increases to 7.5 kW, the surface ferrite decreases to 3.1%. At 8.5 and 9.5 kW, the undissolved ferrite disappears, and the tempered troostite with dispersed carbides forms on the surface, while the core retains undissolved ferrite. With the power rising from 6.5 kW to 9.5 kW, the soft-phase ferrite content decreases, the surface hardness increases from 403.7 HV1 to 499.0 HV1, and the wear resistance also improves significantly with the wear depth decreasing from 109 μm to 31 μm, and the mass loss reducing from 7.3 mg to 3.2 mg. Within the 6.5-9.5 kW power range, the sample exhibits the highest hardness and best wear resistance at 9.5 kW.

Abstract Due to the small size and complex structure of medium and small modulus spiral bevel gears, the current quenching technology struggles to control the temperature uniformity of their tooth shape, which impacts the surface hardening quality of the gear. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model of induction heating is established by using the finite element method of multi-physical field coupling. It is found that when equidistant coil induction heating is applied to the gear, the temperature at the large end of the gear is significantly higher than that at the small end. Therefore, this paper proposes a gap distribution method with unequal spacing between the coil and the workpiece by adjusting the coil cone angle. With the increase of the coil cone angle, the region with the highest magnetic field intensity shifts toward the small end, and the temperature uniformity is improved. When the coil cone angle reaches 70°, the overall temperature qualification rate increases by 23.16%, the average temperature in the tooth width direction stabilizes between 900°C and 1000°C, the maximum temperature difference decreases by 20.57%, and the temperature dispersion coefficient decreases by 0.0296. At this point, the uniformity of the tooth surface temperature is optimal.

Line heating processes play a significant role in the fabrication of structural steel components, particularly in industries such as shipbuilding, aerospace, and automotive manufacturing, where dimensional accuracy and minimal defects are critical. Traditional methods, such as the finite element method (FEM) simulations, offer high-fidelity predictions but are hindered by prohibitive computational latency and the need for case-specific re-meshing. This study presents a physics-aware, data-driven neural network that delivers fast, high-fidelity temperature predictions across a broad operating envelope. Each spatiotemporal point is mapped to a one-dimensional feature vector. This vector encodes thermophysical properties, boundary influence factors, heatsource variables, and timing variables. All geometric features are expressed in a path-aligned local coordinate frame, and the inputs are appropriately normalized and nondimensionalized. A lightweight multilayer perceptron (MLP) is trained on FEM-generated induction heating data for steel plates with varying thickness and randomized paths. On a hold-out test set, the model achieves MAE = 0.60 °C, RMSE = 1.27 °C, and R2 = 0.995, with a narrow bootstrapped 99.7% error interval (−0.203 to −0.063 °C). Two independent experiments on an integrated heating and mechanical rolling forming (IHMRF) platform show strong agreement with thermocouple measurements and demonstrate generalization to a plate size not seen during training. Inference is approximately five orders of magnitude (~105) faster than FEM, enabling near-real-time full-field reconstructions or targeted spatiotemporal queries. The approach supports rapid parameter optimization and advances intelligent line heating operations.

Ammonia, widely regarded as the “hydrogen carrier of the future,” offers high hydrogen content, ease of production, and a well-established infrastructure for handling and transportation globally. Meanwhile, ammonia cracking requires a heat supply at high temperatures, and induction heating provides efficient, precise, and rapid heating to conductive materials of different shapes and sizes. Therefore, this work presents a proof of concept for ammonia cracking using induction heating with three different reactor configurations: (1) a 3D metal workpiece; (2) a 3D metal workpiece and Ni/Al2O3 catalyst; and (3) only Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The performance of the inductively heated reactor is also compared to an electric furnace. The results showed that the reactor with the workpiece and the catalyst required 97 W to reach 650 °C, being the most efficient in terms of power usage when compared to the workpiece alone and the electric tube furnace, which required 39% and 132% more, respectively; the least efficient configuration is with just the catalyst, needing 138 W to reach just 116 °C. Overall, the introduction of the 3D workpiece allowed for fast and uniform conversion and heating within the reactor, enabling efficient and dynamic process control when applying induction heating to chemical reactors.

Eddy current heating and thermo-mechanical response of the in-vessel control coil in the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research

Revealing the role of Fe particle size in soft magnetic geopolymer for enhancing energy conversion in airport pavement induction heating

Enhancement of laser-textured surface mechanochemical robustness via electromagnetic induction heating and water quenching

The role of induction heating in catalytic propane dehydrogenation

Single-Phase High-Frequency Resonant Direct AC–AC Converter With Constant Off-Time Pulse Coding Modulation for Fluid Water Induction Heating

Analysis of electromagnetic environment characteristics in RH with electromagnetic induction heating

Rational designation of electromagnetic interface for low-temperature CO2 reforming CH4.

The rapid growth of electric vehicles and portable electronics has led to a surge in lithium-ion battery (LIB) consumption, creating an urgent need for efficient and sustainable recycling solutions. Among the established recycling methods, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling, thermal treatment plays a critical role. However, conventional heating techniques are often energy-intensive and time-consuming due to their low heating rates. This highlights the importance of exploring advanced rapid heating technologies for recycling spent LIBs. This review examines the role of heating in various LIB recycling processes and systematically introduces emerging rapid heating technologies, such as microwave heating, joule heating, and short contact time heating. In addition, advanced approaches, including induction heating, plasma heating, and CSR heating processes, are discussed in terms of their principles, process flows, unique effects, and applications in LIB recycling. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined to support the efficient and scalable use of rapid heating technologies in spent LIB recycling, and the rapid heating process is also proposed for the efficient recycling of spent LIBs.

Water desalination using humidification / dehumidification unit integrated with waste heat and induction heating system

This study introduces Internal Induction Heating (In-IH) as an efficient method for local mold temperature control in thin-walled polypropylene (PP) injection molding. Unlike conventional systems that are slow and energy-intensive, the insert is integrated directly into the induction circuit in the In-IH system, generating eddy currents for rapid and localized heating. Numerical and experimental analyses were performed to examine the effects of insert geometry and heating parameters; it was found that thinner inserts achieved higher surface temperatures—the 0.5 mm insert reached ~550 °C, while the 2.0 mm insert reached only ~80 °C—confirming an inverse relationship between thickness and temperature. Narrower inserts (25 mm) concentrated heat more effectively, whereas wider ones yielded better temperature uniformity. The cooling conditions strongly affected the temperature gradients. Mold-filling experiments demonstrated that In-IH significantly improved the flowability of PP: at 180 °C, the 0.4 mm specimen achieved a flow length of 85.33 mm, compared with 43.66 mm for the 0.2 mm specimen. At 250–300 °C, all samples approached full filling (~100 mm). The simulation and experimental results agreed, with a maximum deviation of 10%, confirming that In-IH provides rapid, energy-efficient, and precise temperature control, thus enhancing melt flow and product quality for thin-walled PP components.

Surfacing is one of the most common and economically advantageous methods of restoring worn or damaged parts of machines and mechanisms. Due to its versatility, surfacing technology allows restoring the geometry of complex and heavily worn structural elements. A characteristic feature of this process is that after surfacing, the structure and properties of surfacing materials change significantly compared to the initial state, which is why the need for a detailed study of the structure and properties of the surfacing metal and, if necessary, the development of technologies for improving the structural and mechanical state of the metal in the surfacing zone becomes relevant every time. The work conducted a study of the microstructure of the surfacing metal of high-chromium steels containing 0.1-0.3% carbon, revealed its phase composition and determined properties. The role of δ-ferrite and austenite phases in reducing the hardness of steels after using them as surfacing materials was established. The positive effect of increasing the heating rate on the characteristics of the mechanical properties of the surfacing metal was shown. There is a range of tempering temperatures with rapid heating, after processing in which the deposited metal receives such a combination of strength and ductility indicators that cannot be achieved during traditional tempering in a furnace. The peculiarities of the influence of rapid heating on the fine structure of the deposited metal of high-chromium steels have been revealed, primarily on the size of the α-phase blocks, type II distortion, dislocation density, and also on the dispersion of the carbide phase. The prospects of using heat treatment with rapid induction heating to ensure the necessary indicators of the structural strength of heavily worn parts of machines and mechanisms restored by welding have been shown.

Additive manufacturing of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites enables the steering of individual fibre tows. This design flexibility has been successfully used to optimise carbon fibre composites for mechanical loading, but limited work has been carried out investigating how it could be used to enable processes that rely on the electrical properties. In this study, several carbon fibre samples are additively manufactured, and their induction heating behaviour is measured. The results indicate that a concentric layup pattern, made possible by tow steering, increases the maximum temperature reached by over 260%, compared to equivalent additively manufactured laminates with a traditional quasi-isotropic layup pattern. This demonstrates that tow steering of continuous carbon fibre can be used to alter electrical behaviour and enable new functionality. Induction welding is then used to demonstrate a practical application of this ability. Several additively manufactured samples are designed with their main structure consisting of unidirectional fibres for strength, and the joining area of the samples manufactured using a concentric pattern with improved inductance. The samples are then joined by induction welding. The results show that tow steering enables the manufacture of composite structures with one area designed for strength and another area designed to enable induction heating.

Due to its high-temperature resistance, high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, excellent chemical stability, and outstanding mechanical and electrochemical properties, graphite has been widely applied in various fields. However, the current production process of high-purity graphite is faced with issues such as high energy consumption and insufficient reduction degree. This study utilized COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 to couple the electromagnetic field, temperature field, velocity field, and flow field during the purification process of graphite. The dimensionless analysis method is adopted to investigate the influence of parameters such as current intensity, magnetic field frequency and concentration on the reduction degree of graphite feedstock, and the energy consumption in the furnace. Through numerical simulation, the interaction mechanism among various parameters under different parameter combinations is compared and analyzed, and the temperature change and fluid motion state of graphite feedstock during the electromagnetic induction heating process are predicted. When the current is 500 A, the average temperature inside the furnace gradually rises with the increase in the magnetic field frequency. This is because the energy input from induction coil and the energy output due to radiative heat loss gradually reach a dynamic equilibrium state. Furthermore, the average temperature inside the furnace continuously increases with the enhancement of the current, and for every increase of 50 A, the average temperature rises by approximately 200 K. Additionally, through dimensionless analysis, the optimal operating conditions for this induction furnace were determined to be a current intensity of 600 A and a magnetic field frequency of 14 kHz. Under these conditions, the reduction degree of the material reaches 99.69%, which achieves efficient purification and economical energy consumption. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of operating parameters in graphite purification process, which is of great significance for improving production efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and promoting the application of high-purity graphite.