Summary Spectral induced polarization (SIP) is a promising technique for detecting microbial activity in porous media, yet its interpretation remains limited by the absence of mechanistic models that account for microbial cell structure. In this study, we present a new semi-analytical model for the electrical polarization of microbial cells that treats both the cell plasma and the surrounding medium as electrolytes, and accounts for the cell membrane as well as the influence of the charged surface structures of the cell. We validate our model through numerical simulations based on the Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations. The model builds upon the membrane capacitance model by Sun and Morgan and integrates surface conductivity effects via the O’Konski model and low-frequency polarization using an adapted Dukhin–Shilov approach. The agreement between the numerical results and our new semi-analytical model is good. The model accounts for three dominant polarization mechanisms: (1) diffuse layer polarization at low frequencies (102–104 Hz), (2) membrane-related capacitive effects at intermediate frequencies (105–107 Hz), and (3) Maxwell-Wagner-type polarization at high frequencies (107–109 Hz). In experimental studies, polarization of bacteria typically appears at frequencies around 0.05 and 20 Hz. As the characteristic frequency of polarization processes usually decreases with increasing polarization length scales, the remaining discrepancy between model and experimental observations suggests that measured signals may be influenced by cell aggregates, biofilms, or metabolic byproducts. Our findings provide a foundation for a mechanistic understanding of microbial polarization and highlight the need for future work to extend the model to conglomerates of microbial cells.

The identification and delineation of concealed mineralized zones in settings with weak or overlapping anomalies remains a critical challenge. Conventional geophysical methods provide limited resolution and reliability in such conditions. To overcome this limitation, this study introduces a systematic framework that integrates fractal clustering and geophysical inversion to enhance the accuracy of mineral exploration. Induced polarization (IP) chargeability data, acquired using a rectangular array at the Kabudan gold prospect in northeastern Iran-an area characterized by the Lack of outcrops and surface indications of mineralization-were analyzed using four well-established fractal models: Concentration-Area (C-A), Concentration-Perimeter (C-P), Concentration-Number (C-N), and Number-Size (N-S). To quantitatively evaluate the performance of each model, four statistical validation indices were employed: Silhouette, Davies-Bouldin, Calinski-Harabasz, and cluster stability. Among these models, The C-P fractal model exhibited the highest clustering quality, with the highest Silhouette index (closest to 1 among the models), the lowest Davies-Bouldin index, the highest Calinski-Harabasz index, and the lowest Silhouette index standard deviation (highest cluster stability). To verify the subsurface continuity of the identified anomalies, Four geoelectrical profiles were acquired over the anomalous zones, and two-dimensional (2D) inversion of the induced polarization (IP) and resistivity data was performed. The data were subsequently modeled, and the corresponding cross-sections were generated to illustrate the subsurface variations. The inverted sections revealed coherent chargeable structures that closely corresponded to the clusters derived from the fractal models. The results were further assessed and validated using borehole data, where the correspondence between a high-grade gold-bearing sulfide zone and the anomalies delineated in the profiles confirmed the reliability and accuracy of the interpretations. Overall, the proposed integration of fractal clustering, geophysical inversion, and statistical validation not only enhances the interpretability of subsurface data under complex geological conditions but also provides a scalable and transferable framework for next-generation mineral exploration.

Summary This paper is the second part of a series examining the effects of ground polarization in airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data collected with fixed-wing platforms. Induced polarization (IP) effects can be detected using airborne electromagnetic methods; however, most geophysical studies have focused on helicopter-borne systems whose sensitivity to subsurface polarizable features is well established. In contrast, the potential of fixed-wing AEM systems for IP detection remains largely unexplored, and their effects have not yet been modelled. Building on Part A of this series, which examined the sensitivity of TEMPEST™ system to ground chargeability with numerical analysis and dataspace inspection, we extend the study using field survey data to model subsurface IP effects in inversion. This study is defined at three different exploration scales: deposit scale, survey-line and regional scale. The first experiment focuses on a comparative modelling analysis between the TEMPEST™ and SkyTEM312FAST helicopter-borne system along two overlapping survey lines. The results show highly comparable chargeability and resistivity distributions, with consistent outcomes across the TEMPEST™ measured components (X and Z) and with geological interpretation of the area. These findings demonstrate that fixed-wing AEM can effectively resolve IP anomalies with resolution and depth penetration similar to helicopter-borne systems, despite differences in acquisition geometry and system design. Then, to assess regional-scale applicability, the entire Musgrave Province in South Australia was inverted incorporating IP effects and comparing the results with the non-IP modelling of the area. The IP modelling shown a systematically reduction of inversion misfit, when compared with non-AIP modelling with differences between the resistivity models higher than 100%. To conclude, the ground truthing of regional modelling has been carried over the well-characterized Nemo-Babel mineralization. This confirmed that TEMPEST™ derived chargeability anomalies align closely with known mineralized zones, validating both spatial accuracy and correspondence with mineralization of the modelled resistivity and chargeability. Overall, this study demonstrates that fixed-wing AEM platforms, such as TEMPEST™, can detect and quantify ground chargeability from regional to deposit scale, providing a valuable tool to target exploration and to characterize mineralized bodies.

A pivotal strategy in immuno-oncology is the initiation and modulation of adaptive immune responses. Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), known for its role in protein homeostasis and functionality, is implicated in tumorigenesis. However, its part in the antitumor immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is not yet clear. We harnessed bioinformatics to evaluate the clinical relevance of UCHL1 in LUAD, performed IHC to detect the expression of UCHL1 in LUAD tissue, and utilised qPCR to assess UCHL1 levels in LUAD cells, exploring its correlation with the presence of CD8+ T cells. The effects of UCHL1 on CD8+ T cell vigour have been investigated using lactate dehydrogenase and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, as well as flow cytometry. The contribution of UCHL1 to ferroptosis was examined with ferrous ion and manganese dioxide assay kits, alongside western blot. Furthermore, we utilised bioinformatics software UbiBrowser and Hdock, in conjunction with co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), immunofluorescence, and IP methods, to dissect the interaction between UCHL1 and FHL2. Rescue experiments further clarified the mechanism by which UCHL1 modulates FHL2 in tumour immunity. Invivo experiments confirmed the promoting effect of UCHL1 on tumour growth. Elevated UCHL1 levels in LUAD tissues and cells were observed. Dampening UCHL1 triggered ferroptosis in LUAD cells, which in turn ramped up CD8+ T cell activity and enhanced their tumour-killing potential. Mechanistically, UCHL1 was shown to deubiquitinate the downstream factor FHL2, and knocking down FHL2 could counteract the immunosuppressive effects induced by high UCHL1 levels on CD8+ T cells. UCHL1 inhibitor LDN57444 significantly inhibited tumour growth in mice. Therapies aimed at the UCHL1/FHL2 axis could be effectively paired with immunotherapies, opening new avenues in cancer treatment strategies.

Summary Revil asserted in the comment that none of Macnae’s paper is novel. The paper however introduced a novel method of chargeability prediction as the fraction of pores blocked by metallic particles rather than the prediction using limiting Maxwell effective medium estimates based on volume fractions. This reply presents an analysis of two cases where the novel chargeability prediction proves to be significantly better than earlier methods when applied to laboratory pyrite-clay mixtures and to published petrophysical data from a Co-Cu disseminated mineral deposit. Another item of novelty in the paper was emphasis that the resistivity and conductivity time-constants can differ by orders of magnitude for the high chargeabilities of economic sulphide deposits, a fact not commonly recognised in the literature. Revil asserts in the comment that the term Induced Polarization (IP) should explicitly exclude dielectric effects and analogies as discussed in the paper, an assertion inconsistent with the early literature on IP and the fact that both diffusive and dielectric effects can affect low-frequency data. The reply provides detail on the physical nature of equivalent circuits, and how they can mechanistically model the IP phenomenon and the topology of conductive paths in materials, an issue that I did not emphasize in the paper as I thought it would have been obvious to most readers.

Geoelectrical imaging and cluster analysis for leachate mapping in a municipal solid waste landfill: A case study in Brazil.

This study presents a geophysical investigation of subsurface structures within the metaigneous terrains of selected area located in Jeli, Kelantan using integrated Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) methods. The study area is located within Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, Jeli District, Kelantan, and lies within the Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. Geological mapping at this area revealed the presence of metaigneous rocks, offering critical insights into the lithological distribution and structural deformation history of the region. Geophysical surveys along selected profiles delineated variations in resistivity and chargeability, identifying key features such as fractured zones, weathered layers, and compact bedrock. High resistivity and moderate-to-high chargeability values correspond to intact metaigneous rock bodies, while lower values indicate weathered or altered zones. The integration of ERI and IP data with surface geological observations provides a comprehensive model of the subsurface, offering insights valuable for Rare Earth Element (REE) mineral exploration.

Tayan Hilir District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, is characterized by the presence of economically valuable mineral resources, particularly bauxite deposits. This study aims to delineate the distribution of bauxite deposits in Sebemban Village, Tayan Hilir District, using integrated geophysical approaches. The investigation employed the induced polarization (IP) and electrical resistivity methods with a dipole–dipole electrode configuration. Resistivity and chargeability measurements were conducted along three survey lines, each 156 m in length with an electrode spacing of 4 m. The results show that the resistivity values range from 45.36 to 367.177 Ω·m, while the chargeability values vary between 16.9 and 878.80 ms. The subsurface stratigraphy of the study area comprises latosol, bauxite, saprolite, and bedrock units, including granodiorite and quartz diorite. Bauxite mineralization was identified at shallow depths, commencing at approximately 0.6 m below the ground surface. These results indicate that the combined application of resistivity and induced polarization methods is effective for identifying and characterizing near-surface bauxite deposits in the study area.

Abstract This study focuses on geological mapping and geophysical surveys to explore gold and associated mineral resources in the Atshan area, situated southwest of Marsa Alam city in the Red Sea region, Egypt. Gold occurrences and disseminated sulfides are localized within a shear zone that spans the area’s western, central, and south-eastern parts, predominantly composed of metavolcanic rocks such as metabasalts and metaandesites. Chemical analyses of rock samples collected from various locations identified multiple gold anomalies, with concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 2.3 ppm. Magnetic, electrical resistivity (Rho), and induced polarization (IP) surveys were conducted to investigate the shear zone’s structural trends, mineralization patterns, and subsurface extensions. Magnetic data were processed and interpreted using advanced techniques, including Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI), First Vertical Derivative (FVD), Horizontal Derivative (HDR), Radially Averaged Power Spectrum, and Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) maps, analyzed via Geosoft Oasis Montaj. Results revealed significant magnetic anomalies in the southwestern, south-eastern, and central parts, with high-amplitude values exceeding 41,440 nanoTesla (nT.) and depths ranging from 5 to 40 m. The resistivity and induced polarization surveys identified zones of low resistivity and high chargeability, corresponding to altered and sheared intermediate metavolcanic rocks. These zones are associated with sulfide mineralization containing encapsulated gold and other minerals, likely controlled by structural features. The primary structural trends determined from both surface geological observations and geophysical data are oriented in NE-SW, E-W, and NW-SE directions, reflecting the influence of the regional tectonic framework on mineralization processes.

We present an integrated methodology for three-dimensional inversion of large-scale airborne electromagnetic (AEM) and magnetic survey data that simultaneously recovers electrical conductivity, chargeability, and both induced and remanent magnetizations. A central feature of the AEM component is the explicit incorporation of induced polarization (IP) effects. Neglecting IP responses can lead to biased conductivity models, particularly in mineralized systems where disseminated sulfides contribute strongly to chargeability. Using the Generalized Effective-Medium Theory of Induced Polarization (GEMTIP), the inversion produces physically consistent 3D distributions of conductivity and chargeability. To enhance magnetic interpretation, we also implement a vector magnetic inversion that resolves both induced and remanent magnetization from Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) data, enabling geologically realistic magnetization models in terranes with significant remanence. This integrated workflow was applied to airborne AEM and TMI datasets collected over the Asankrangwa Gold Belt in central Ghana. The inversion results delineate a key exploration target defined by coincident magnetic low and elevated chargeability, interpreted as sulfide-rich gold mineralization and subsequently confirmed by drilling. These results demonstrate that jointly accounting for IP and remanent magnetization in 3D inversion substantially improves subsurface characterization and provides a powerful tool for mineral exploration in structurally and lithologically complex environments.

Summary Induced polarization (IP) effects in airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys have commonly been investigated in helicopter-borne systems, leaving both a bibliographic and application gap for fixed-wing configurations. This gap partly reflects the large relative number of helicopter compared to fixed wing AEM systems, but also the geometric complexity of fixed wing platforms. In these platforms, nine geometric parameters come into play: the pitch, roll, and yaw of both transmitter and receiver, plus the three-axis offsets between the coils. Shifts in these factors can distort the measured data in ways that aren’t uniquely attributable, making it hard to pinpoint whether negative recordings truly arise from IP or from geometry-related effects. The non-fixed geometry also complicates removal of the primary field, often requiring iterative processing steps that may suppress or alter spectral content linked to IP. With advances in airborne IP understanding from helicopter-borne systems, revisiting fixed-wing platforms is both timely and necessary. Part A of this two-part study addresses this issue using the TEMPEST™ fixed-wing system connecting numerical modelling with field evidence. A suite of synthetic two-layer models with variable resistivity and chargeability parameters was developed to evaluate the system’s sensitivity to polarizable structures. The experiments demonstrate that IP effects, including negative secondary field responses, can be reliably detected in fixed-wing AEM data, both in X and Z magnetic field components. The capacity of these systems to detect IP phenomena is, however, strongly dependent on the electrical conductance of the environment. For instance, both fixed-wing and helicopter-borne systems, elevated near-surface conductance enhances the amplitude of purely electromagnetic induction currents, which in turn can dominate the recorded response and obscure the comparatively weaker polarization currents. More in general, IP detectability depends on the strength of the EM response generated by induction currents flowing elsewhere, which can dominate the small reverse current flow from a polarizable target. This highlights the critical role of near-surface conductivity in controlling the expression of IP responses and underscores the need to carefully account for these factors when interpreting survey data. The synthetic results are then connected with field-scale observations from a subset of the AusAEM dataset, over 470 000 line-km of TEMPESTTM data, where negative responses align with areas of low shallow conductance, confirming the simulation results. These finding open the way to the Part B of this study, where TEMPESTTM data are inverted taking into account IP and compared with helicopter-borne results and geological information.

Most high-temperature geothermal areas have a similar resistivity signature, reflecting the alteration state of the system, as is the case for the Reykjanes high temperature system. A geothermal system has an intermediate resistivity core (30–100 Ωm), overlain by a low resistivity cap (1–10 Ωm); at Reykjanes this cap reaches the surface. Hence, the study of the shallow subsurface can provide insights into the state of the system and deeper processes. Traditionally, geothermal systems are studied using electromagnetic methods, which have a large penetration depth but a low resolution. This is sufficient to characterize the system, but capturing dynamics requires sufficiently large changes and careful survey design. In this study, we explore the potential of the combined use of three geo-electric methods: electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP), and self-potential (SP), to characterize the shallow (<50 m) subsurface at Reykjanes and interpret it in a dynamic context, without the need for repeated measurements. The observed resistivity signature reflects the typical resistivity distribution known at the site. The addition of SP allows for the identification of active geothermal processes, which are highly variable and localized. The IP signal revealed a shallow (<20 m) sealing structure, prohibiting fluid and gas migration, causing the absence of hydrothermal surface expressions. Such a seal can be potentially hazardous due to over-pressurization and could not be identified from resistivity imaging alone. Here we demonstrate that shallow structures can act as a proxy for deep processes. Furthermore, we show that the combination of the tree methods is invaluable in studying these complex systems and recommend this for future studies.

Methods of induced polarization in the frequency domain are used to solve geological and engineering-geological problems. In polarizing rocks, with an increase in the current frequency, a decrease in electrical resistance is observed – a frequency effect by which the induced polarization (IP) of the medium is estimated. The frequency effect is determined by measuring the amplitude-frequency characteristic of electrical resistance. Symmetrical, dipole and median gradient installations are usually used. The main disadvantage of IP methods using alternating current is the mutual induction of wires and the electromagnetic induction arising from a grounded power line. The results of the influence of induction effects on measurements of IP in the frequency domain are considered. The research was carried out on an earth dam enclosing the reservoir. Earlier, IP anomalies in the earth material of the embankment at hydraulic structure were detected. The method of vertical electrical soundings with a symmetrical four-electrode installation was used. An electromagnetic field of different frequencies was excited at each spacing, and the frequency characteristic of electrical resistance was measured. At low frequency, apparent resistances were determined. The induced polarization of the medium was estimated using the apparent frequency effect fa. This sounding method allows obtaining information about electrical resistance and IP in the section. The influence of induction can be reduced by removing the supply line from the receiving line. At one of the sounding points measurements were performed at different positions of the supply line. It is shown that induction effects depend on the wire lengths of the supply and receiving lines, as well as the distance between them. The proposed measurement method, which reduces the induction influence, made it possible to identify an induced polarization anomaly at the dam base.

ABSTRACT The Bhima basin in Karnataka, India, has emerged as a key target for uranium exploration due to its structural complexity and potential for high-grade uranium deposits. The E-W trending KG Fault, characterised by intense fracturing and brecciation along the basin’s southern margin, hosts the structurally favourable locales for epigenetic, hydrothermal vein-type uranium mineralisation, associated with sulphides and carbonaceous matter as reductants. Extensive exploration by the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) underscores its significance. Mapping the sympathetic fault zones and delineating the continuity of the KG fault zone is essential for planning subsurface exploration along the Halbhavi-Madnal tract, east of Kanchankayi and Hulkal village. This study employs an integrated geophysical approach, including magnetic and Induced Polarisation (IP)/ Resistivity surveys, for mapping and/or modelling key subsurface structures and potential mineralised zones, providing critical insights for optimising uranium exploration strategies along the Halbhavi-Madnal tract. The magnetic observations and 3D inverted low magnetic susceptibility confirm that the WNW-ESE trending Kurlagere-Gogi (KG) fault, along with its associated splays (FF’, F1F1’ and F4F4’), and the WNW-ESE trending fault (F5F5’) within the Bhima sediments, serve as primary conduits for uranium-bearing hydrothermal fluids. Induced Polarisation (IP)/Resistivity data identify key resistivity trends (LRT1 to LRT7). A spatial correlation between 3D inverted low magnetic susceptibility with the geospatial XZ planar surface of low resistivity trends identifies the KG fault (F3 - F3’) along with its associated splays (FF’ and F1F1’) as LRT1, LRT2, and LRT3, while the WNW-ESE trending fault (F5 - F5’) corresponds to LRT6. The insights of the spatial correlation study of low resistivity trends with high chargeability suggest the presence of disseminated sulphides, a favourable indicator for uranium deposits. The high-chargeability 3D wireframed zones (HChZ1 to HChZ4) of 5 mV/V-13.9 mV/V, along with the low resistivity and 3D inverted low magnetic susceptibility trends, highlight the potential zones for uranium mineralisation along the Halbhavi-Madnal tract. The findings enhance the structural understanding of the Halbhavi-Madnal tract, refining the geological model for uranium exploration. The insights gained from this research are crucial for prioritising drilling targets, as these insights highlight zones with high mineralisation potential.

Development and evaluation of CD45-conjugated magnetic particles-based host cell depletion for enhanced metagenomic next-generation sequencing in bloodstream infection.

Cavity detection and characterization using 2D ERT and IP methods at Owerre-Ezukala, Southeast Nigeria

Introduction: Manual therapists routinely evaluate changes in pain, movement, and function through clinical tests that support clinical reasoning. The Prone Hip Extension Test (PHET) is commonly used as a self-perturbation task to assess lumbopelvic control and hip motion patterns related to gait. Performing the PHET actively and passively may reveal how voluntary activation and passive structures influence joint kinematics and contribute to force production. This study aimed to compare active and passive PHET execution and investigate how initial (IP) and final hip positions (FP) correlate with lower-limb neuromuscular function. Methods: Seven healthy volunteers (24.3 ± 3.4 years; 173.1 ± 7.5 cm; 72.1 ± 9.5 kg) without musculoskeletal conditions participated. Hip kinematics were recorded using a 12-camera Qualisys Oqus system (200 Hz) with 22 reflective markers, processed in Qualisys Track Manager 2.13 and exported to Visual3D. Participants performed three PHET trials in both IP and FP, with mean an-gles considered for analysis. Knee isokinetic performance was assessed on a Biodex System 4 at 180°/s and 300°/s for flexion and extension. Results: Significant differences between active and passive PHET emerged in the FP for rotational movements bilaterally (p = 0.02) and in IP adduction/abduction for both hips (right p = 0.03; left p = 0.02). No side-to-side differences were observed. Passive FP of the right hip showed multiple significant correlations with isokinetic flexion and extension parameters at 180°/s and 300°/s, particularly with torque/body weight, acceleration and deceleration times, and agonist/antagonist ratios (ρ ranging from −0.86 to 0.90). Conclusions: Meaningful differences exist between active and passive PHET performance, especially in frontal-plane IP and rotational FP measures. Additionally, passive FP strongly correlates with several neuromuscular variables, suggesting that PHET kinematics may reflect lower-limb isokinetic function.

SUMMARY Direct current electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a widely used geophysical method for near-surface investigations, offering high-resolution imaging for geological, engineering and environmental applications. While traditional ERT surveys typically target depths of 0–200 m, technological advancements have enabled deeper investigations, commonly referred to as Deep ERT. In this study, we explore the practical challenges and methodological improvements associated with Deep ERT, particularly when combined with induced polarization (IP) measurements. Rather than other electromagnetic methods, ERT offers a more straightforward framework for analysing IP effects, which can potentially correlate with the volume fraction of ore minerals. Nevertheless, deep IP investigations are often challenged by weak signal strength and various sources of electromagnetic interference. To address these challenges, we evaluated key strategies including survey planning, high-power current injection, unconventional electrode configurations and advanced signal processing techniques. The adoption of nodal geophysical recording systems eliminates the logistical constraints of cabled multi-electrode setups, improving flexibility and data acquisition efficiency. Additionally, continuous full time-series recording allows for enhanced noise filtering and signal stacking, ultimately increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and extending the effective exploration depth. We demonstrate this methodology through a comprehensive case study conducted at the Koillismaa Linear Intrusion Complex in Finland, where a 3-D Deep ERT-IP survey successfully delineated conductive and chargeable anomalies at depths exceeding 1.5 km. These anomalies closely align with independent gravity and borehole logging data, consistent with the mafic-ultramafic intrusion structures. Our results emphasize the importance of balancing data quality, survey efficiency and spatial resolution in survey design. This work not only provides a robust workflow for the implementation of Deep ERT-IP surveys but also represents the first documented successful acquisition of high-quality IP data at these substantial depths, significantly advancing the state of deep geoelectrical exploration.

Transient electromagnetics (TEM) is a geophysical method well suited for hydrogeological investigations, offering extensive spatial coverage and the ability to resolve hydrogeological units in the order of tens of meters across diverse terrains. However, in certain environments – such as sulfide mineral deposits, clay-rich materials or permafrost - the TEM signal can be affected by Induced Polarization (IP), a phenomenon that introduces perturbations and limits the reliability of traditional inversion workflows. TEM data affected by Induced Polarization (IP), collected using a towed TEM system across four Sub-Saharan African countries, illustrate the challenges associated with IP effects. Inversion of the TEM data using the Maximum Phase Angle (MPA) re-parameterization reveals low convergence rates during inversion, with strong dependence on the choice of starting model. The resulting models show limited sensitivity to MPA parameters (ϕ_max,τ_φ,C), in contrast to resistivity, which exhibits comparatively lower uncertainty. Integration of borehole or other ground-truthing data proved essential for reducing ambiguity in IP-affected TEM data interpretation. These findings underscore the limitations of current inversion approaches under IP conditions and highlight the need for improved parameterizations that yield reliable constraints on IP behavior.

ABSTRACT Given the need to reduce the proliferation of abortive mines, delineate the frontiers of the mineralised zone, and prioritise the presiding structural attributes of the sulphide ore deposits within the Benue Trough, this study integrated electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarisation (IP) and ground magnetic methods to characterise the litho‐structural attributes significant for precise delineation of the lead‐zinc deposits hosted by the fractured sedimentary rocks. The magnetic result delineated the major structural framework constituting NE–SW, NW–SE, N–S and E–W with the dominance of NE–SW and NW‐SE structures dipping easterly and westerly, respectively. Their interpolation with the active‐productive mines designated NW‐SE structures trending ≥ 300° N with a high dip of up to 60°, and a few N–S structures to be mineralised. High magnetic anomaly closures predominantly trending in the NE–SW direction corresponded with mapped basic‐intermediate intrusive rocks in the area. These structural trends guided the layout of the ERT and IP profiles in the E–W direction. In the mineralised zones, the ERT and IP signals indicated significantly low resistivity and high chargeability values, whereas the host rock exhibited high resistivity and poor chargeability responses. The ERT and IP signatures further characterised two main ore horizons and zoning: the shallow and deep emplaced lodes with average depths of 35 and 60 m, respectively. The 2D and 3D models revealed subsurface inhomogeneity and conduit‐like geometry of the orebody corresponding to NW‐SE trending structures. The mineral zoning and complex structural framework observed in the area suggest variable thermal regimes, micro‐alteration in hydrothermal fluid composition and polyphase tectonic‐magmatic activities in the Benue Trough.