Induced Lattice Defects Research Articles

Synthesis and Ionic Conductivity of Lanthanum-based Ceria Ce1−xLaxO2−δ Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

In advanced low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC) technology, we present a comprehensive study on the effects of lanthanum co-substitution in ceria electrolyte. Using a co-precipitation synthesis approach, we successfully incorporated trivalent La ions into the ceria matrix to improve its structural and functional properties. This study investigates La3+ doped CeO2 solid electrolytes (LDC) synthesis and characterization at varying concentrations (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5). The materials were characterized using a suite of analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that all samples maintained a cubic fluorite-type structure with evident changes in peak intensity and broadening as La3+ ion concentration increased, indicative of induced lattice defects FT-IR spectra indicated minor modifications in the Ce-O bond vibrational modes. Optical studies demonstrated enhanced absorption in the UV region and a consistent band gap of 3.15 eV across all samples, underscoring the doping's influence on electronic transitions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images highlighted increased grain sizes and improved interparticle connectivity, which is essential for material performance. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy verified the existence of cerium and lanthanum, proving the successful addition of dopants. Raman spectroscopy also confirmed changes in the structure, indicating alterations in the characteristic vibrational frequencies and a decrease in their intensity as the dopant concentration increased. The conductivity of the material was tested at low temperatures ranging from 573 K to 873 K for use in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, with the highest conductivity recorded at 0.21 mS/cm at 873 K.

The Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Hydrogen Storage Properties of Metal Hydrides

Solid-state hydrogen storage in various metal hydrides is among the most promising and clean way of storing energy, however, some problems, such as sluggish kinetics and high dehydrogenation temperature should be dealt with. In the present paper the advances of severe plastic deformation on the hydrogenation performance of metal hydrides will be reviewed. Techniques, like high-pressure torsion, equal-channel angular pressing, cold rolling, fast forging and surface modification have been widely applied to induce lattice defects, nanocrystallization and the formation of abundant grain boundaries in bulk samples and they have the potential to up-scale material production. These plastically deformed materials exhibit not only better H-sorption properties than their undeformed counterparts, but they possess better cycling performance, especially when catalysts are mixed with the host alloy promoting potential future applications.

Tailoring Black TiO2 Thin Films: Insights from Hollow Cathode Hydrogen Plasma Treatment Duration

In this study, we report the use of a radiofrequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (RF-CVD) system with a hollow cathode geometry to hydrogenate anatase TiO2 thin films. The goal was to create black TiO2 films with improved light absorption capabilities. The initial TiO2 was developed through magnetron sputtering, and this study specifically investigated the impact of hollow cathode hydrogen plasma (HCHP) treatment duration on the crucial characteristics of the resulting black TiO2 films. The HCHP treatment effectively created in-bandgap states in the TiO2 structure, leading to enhanced light absorption and improved conductivity. Morphological analysis showed a 24% surface area increase after 15 min of treatment. Wettability and surface energy results displayed nonlinear behavior, highlighting the influence of morphology on hydrophilicity improvement. The anatase TiO2 phase remained consistent, as confirmed by diffractograms. Raman analysis revealed structural alterations and induced lattice defects. Treated samples exhibited outstanding photodegradation performance, removing over 45% of methylene blue dye compared to ~25% by the pristine TiO2 film. The study emphasized the significant impact of 15-min hydrogenation on the HCHP treatment. The research provided valuable insights into the role of hydrogenation time using the HCHP treatment route on anatase TiO2 thin films and demonstrated the potential of the produced black TiO2 thin films for photocatalytic applications.

Temperature Dependence of the Hyperfine Magnetic Field at Fe Sites in Ba-Doped BiFeO3 Thin Films Studied by Emission Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Emission 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy (eMS), following the implantation of radioactive 57Mn+ ions, has been used to study the temperature dependence of the hyperfine magnetic field at Fe sites in Ba-doped BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films. 57Mn β decays (t1/2 = 90 s) to the 14.4 keV Mössbauer state of 57Fe, thus allowing online eMS measurements at a selection of sample temperatures during Mn implantation. The eMS measurements were performed on two thin film BFO samples, 88 nm and 300 nm thick, and doped to 15% with Ba ions. The samples were prepared by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3 substrates. X-ray diffraction analyses of the samples showed that the films grew in a tetragonal distorted structure. The Mössbauer spectra of the two films, measured at absorber temperatures in the range 301 K–700 K, comprised a central pair of paramagnetic doublets and a magnetic sextet feature in the wings. The magnetic component was resolved into (i) a component attributed to hyperfine interactions at Fe3+ ions located in octahedral sites (Bhf); and (ii) to Fe3+ ions in implantation induced lattice defects, which were characterized by a distribution of the magnetic field BDistr. The hyperfine magnetic field at the Fe probes in the octahedral site has a room temperature value of Bhf = 44.5(9) T. At higher sample temperatures, the Bhf becomes much weaker, with the Fe3+ hyperfine magnetic contribution disappearing above 700 K. Simultaneous analysis of the Ba–BFO eMS spectra shows that the variation of the hyperfine field with temperature follows the Brillouin curve for S = 5/2.

Magnetism Engineering in Antiferromagnetic β-FeOOH Nanostructures via Chemically Induced Lattice Defects

Elongated akaganéite (β-FeOOH) nanostructures were synthesized through a simple hydrothermal route, in which a careful selection of the experimental conditions allows for a tunable length and aspect ratio and concomitantly predetermines the magnetic response. An in-depth structural characterization using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, jointly with DC magnetic measurements, reveals a complex scenario where the interstitial Cl– content dictates the β-FeOOH thermal stability and leads to the formation of bulk uncompensated spins along the inner channels. The coexistence of different magnetic contributions is observed to result in a non-monotonic dependence of the coercivity and exchange bias field on both temperature and size, posing major limitations for the archetypical magnetic core–shell model generally assumed for nanostructured antiferromagnets. As a proof of concept, we further show how the β-FeOOH internal microstructure can be chemically manipulated through Cl– anion exchange, giving rise to a superparamagnetic component that comes along with an almost 20-fold increase in the coercivity at low temperature. The evaluation of these results reveals the potential of controlling the interplay between the crystal and magnetic structure via intercalation chemistry in antiferromagnets, expanding fundamental science knowledge and supporting practical applications, given their huge role in the technological fields of spintronics and magnonics.

Heterojunction bipolar transistor featuring a stressed implanted collector: Defects formation and impact on functionality

Optimization of Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors is crucial for improving RF capabilities of modern BiCMOS technologies. Fully-implanted collectors are meant to reduce fabrication complexity and Super Shallow Trench Isolation (SSTI) structures are used to reduce the consequent high base–collector capacitance. Ion implantation can induce lattice defects in silicon and carbon plus phosphorus co-implantation helps reducing them, even if it cannot avoid formation of dislocations generated by bad recrystallization of the implantation-induced amorphous silicon layer. Defects within the device are known to impact functionality and must be avoided. Understanding of the interaction between implantation-induced amorphization and substrate stress due to isolation structures is required for ensuring a reliable integration. Amorphous layer positioning with respect to substrate surface is investigated as the main defect-generation mechanism. Incomplete surface amorphization is shown to induce multiple types of dislocations affecting device functionality. Total surface amorphization ensures almost ideal current characteristics. Silicon clusters appear at high phosphorus/carbon ratios with no impact on functionality. Stress induced by isolation structures is not responsible for dislocations generation but modulates speed of the recrystallization fronts, impacting defects placement.

Characterization of microstructure and microhardness of Neutron irradiated Inconel X-750

In this study, we characterized the microstructure evolution and hardness of Inconel X-750 samples that were irradiated in-reactor at several different dose rates and temperatures and at doses up to 84 dpa. The irradiation induced lattice defects, the stability of γ’ precipitates, and the formation of helium bubbles were studied. Detailed statistics regarding the size and density of those features were obtained. The combined effects from irradiation dose, dose rate, and temperature on the disordering and dissolution of precipitates and the formation of bubbles were discussed. The isolated contributions of those microstructural features to the total material strength were calculated based on the Dispersed Barrier Hardening (DBH) model. The spatial distribution of He bubbles, especially the visible large ones (>2 nm), were also found to either correlate or anti-correlate with the spatial distribution of solute elements, e.g., Ti, Fe, and Cr, at doses higher than 75 dpa.

The use of lattice defects in quartz to determine provenance and conditions for the formation of sedimentary deposits (using the example of quartz from sedimentary rocks of the Central Kyzylkum)

Research subject. The composition and distribution patterns of lattice defects in the clastic quartz of sedimentary rocks.Material and methods. Quartz collected from the core of two wells uncovering the Neogene, Paleogene and Cretaceous deposits in the rocks of the Central Kyzylkum. The registration and determination of the concentrations of lattice defects in detrital quartz were carried out by the EPR spectroscopy. Their stability in quartz under natural conditions was evaluated by comparing the concentrations of lattice defects in the near-surface and deep zones of quartz grains. The etching of quartz grains in HF was used to study the spatial location of lattice defects in the mineral. The genetic analysis of detrital quartz was carried out using the methods tested in the study of quartz from crystalline rocks.Results. The presence of substitutional Al, Ti, and Ge impurities, radiation induced E1-, Al–O−- and Ti-centers, as well as other paramagnetic centers possessing genetic information was found in quartz. The distribution of substitutional impurities in clastic quartz is close to their original distribution formed at the time of the mineral formation. This creates the prerequisites for identifying genetically similar quartz samples and attributing them to the certain provenance. The formation of sedimentary rocks of the Central Kyzylkum occurred due to two main provenance sources of terrigenous material. The expediency of using radiation induced centers with different thermal stability for studying the radiation prehistory of quartz and the conditions for the formation of uranium deposits is demonstrated.Conclusion. The clastic quartz of sedimentary deposits retains the main part of the genetically significant lattice defects formed during crystallisation. The most important of them are Al, Ti, and Ge isomorphic impurities. The regularities of their distribution, along with the distribution of radiation induced lattice defects in quartz, are able to carry information about the provenance of detrital material and the conditions of sedimentation and associated formation of mineral deposits.

Ge Ion Implanted Photonic Devices and Annealing for Emerging Applications.

Germanium (Ge) ion implantation into silicon waveguides will induce lattice defects in the silicon, which can eventually change the crystal silicon into amorphous silicon and increase the refractive index from 3.48 to 3.96. A subsequent annealing process, either by using an external laser or integrated thermal heaters can partially or completely remove those lattice defects and gradually change the amorphous silicon back into the crystalline form and, therefore, reduce the material’s refractive index. Utilising this change in optical properties, we successfully demonstrated various erasable photonic devices. Those devices can be used to implement a flexible and commercially viable wafer-scale testing method for a silicon photonics fabrication line, which is a key technology to reduce the cost and increase the yield in production. In addition, Ge ion implantation and annealing are also demonstrated to enable post-fabrication trimming of ring resonators and Mach–Zehnder interferometers and to implement nonvolatile programmable photonic circuits.

Fe implantation induced lattice defects and their recovery in GaN

Fe implantation induced lattice defects and their recovery in GaN

Substantially boosted photocatalytic detoxification activity of TiO2 benefited from Eu doping

ABSTRACT The wide energy band and high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers severely limit the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. It has been demonstrated that ion doping can induce lattice defects, change the energy band structure, optimize the separation efficiency of photogenerated carrier, thus promoting the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst. In this work, Eu-doped TiO2 was synthesized by a sol–gel method, and the composition and photogenerated carrier separation efficiency of the samples were analysed by various characterization methods. The results show that Eu-TiO2 was successfully prepared and Eu-TiO2 exhibits higher photogenerated carrier separation efficiency and generates more superoxide radicals compared to the bare TiO2. Photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), and the results show that Eu doping improves the photocatalytic activity of the samples, the sample with Eu/Ti molar ratio of 0.2% displays 2.3-fold increase in photocatalytic activity compared to the blank TiO2. The improved photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the fact that Eu doping facilitates the effective separation of photogenerated carriers.

Multifunctional Ni-Mn-Ga and Ni-Mn-Cu-Ga Heusler particles towards the nanoscale by ball-milling technique

This work presents a top-down method, based on ball-milling techniques, for the preparation of Ni50Mn30Ga20 and Ni50Mn18.5Cu6.5Ga25 micro-meter and sub-micro-meter sized particles. The structural, morphological, and magnetic features of the as-milled and annealed particles are investigated. First, we observe a detrimental effect on the magnetic properties and magneto-structural phase transitions of the induced lattice defects and atomic disorder, and second, we demonstrate the possibility to recover the original configuration by subsequent annealing. The optimization of the latter is strongly dependent on the initial milling energy, but, generally, a fast recovery of the Heusler and martensitic phases is observed. Further, we can tune the transformation temperatures or even improve the magnetic properties, in terms of increase of phase homogeneity, decrease of thermal hysteresis and increase of saturation magnetization, by decreasing the particles’ size of the examined compounds.

Effects of F3+ ion implantation on the properties of W and W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 for depth marker-based plasma erosion analysis

The irradiation resistance of tungsten (W) and a high-entropy alloy-based material W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 was analysed using depth marker implantation (F3+ ions irradiation). Mirror-polished W and W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 samples were exposed to 5.0 MeV and 4.2 MeV, respectively, F3+ ions up to a maximum fluence of 3.2x1012 ions/cm2. The scanning electron and atomic force microscopy of implanted W showed nanostructured features and pinholes, respectively, whereas the surface of implanted W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 remained fairly smooth. The nanoindentation hardness of W and W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 increased from 6.6 GPa to 8.5 GPa and from 13.9 GPa to 16.3 GPa, respectively, due to implantation. The ion implantation induced lattice defects and compressive stress, as a result, the BCC peaks of W and W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 moved to higher Bragg angles. The irradiation induced strain in W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 (4.4x10-4) remained lower than that in pure W (8.5x10-4). The comparison of W and W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 suggested the higher resistance of W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 to high energy ion implantation.

Cretaceous/Palaeogene boundary transition induced lattice defects in illite and kaolinite associated with the Um-Sohryngkew river section, Meghalaya, India

Cetaceous-Palaeogene Boundary (KPB) transition records restricted to a unique, continuous, late Maastrichtian-early Danian, shallow marine Um Sohryngkew river succession (bearing planktonic foraminifers' CF4 to P1a biozones) have not been studied in detail. Earlier studies sub-divided it into lower, middle and upper parts, defined by the dominance of illite> illite/smectite; illite>kaolinite> montmorillonite and kaolinite > montmorillonite assemblages, respectively. However, limited studies were carried out on the KPB transition events, particularly for those reproduced in the illite (C2/m) and kaolinite (P1) lattice structures. Thus, illite and kaolinite cell parameters and interatomic distances have been studied to understand KPB transition events. For this purpose, layer-wise clay (0.2–2 μm) separates were analyzed by X-ray diffraction method and subjected to Rietveld refinement. Obtained data show substantial expansion in the c-axis of the kaolinite grains associated with the shaly marlite (P0 biozone) layer. Also, b- and c- axes of the kaolinite associated with the yellowish brown (CF3 biozone) layer indicate expansion and contraction, respectively. Moreover, Al–O bond in the kaolinite reflects contraction. Obtained cell parametric data and interatomic distances when plotted across the stratigraphic succession show notable contraction along b- and c- axes of the illite associated with the yellowish brown and shaly marlite layers of the CF3 and P0 biozones, respectively. The illite containing 26 atoms, linked to 38 and 34 bonds present in the intensely weathered lower and middle parts of the CF4 biozone, respectively. The illite in the moderately weathered upper part of the CF4 – CF1 biozones bearing 32 atoms and 44 bonds, represent Si–K and Al–K bond distortions together with the loss of Si4+ and K+. The coprolite-bearing shaly marlite layer (between the CF1 and P0 biozones) shows drastic changes in the illite structure, containing 48 atoms and 44 bonds, characterized by K–O, Si–K and Al–O bond contractions along with the retention of K+ and Al3+. Moreover, Al–O, Si–K, Al–K and Al–Al bonds connected strongly due to reinforcement of Al ions. A very low degree of alteration is noticed in case of preceding yellowish brown (CF3 biozone) layer. Owing to the weakening of the Al–O and Si–O bonds in the intensely weathered illite lattices of this layer show distortion as well as Al3+ and Si4+ losses, suggest incidence of thermal high. Sudden degeneration of illite lattices noticed in the shaly marlite layer is also marked with the planktonic foraminifers’ extinction, signifying biostratigraphic boundary. Thus, contraction in the c- axis as well as notable decrease in the bond lengths of illite (in this layer) is linked to KPB transition which includes major tectonic events, sea level changes and global-climatic changes caused environmental stress in the sea shelf. The substantial distortion in the illite lattices of the biozone CF2 corresponds to the most vigorous second phase of the Deccan volcanic eruption that occurred during 65.4–65.2 Ma.

Bacterial-cellulose-derived carbonaceous electrode materials for water desalination via capacitive method: The crucial role of defect sites

Electrosorptive desalination is a very simple and appealing approach to satisfy the increasing demand for drinking water. The large-scale application of this technology calls for the development of easy-to-produce, cheap and highly performing electrode materials and for the identification and tailoring of their most influential properties, as well. Here, biosynthesised bacterial cellulose is used as a carbon precursor for the production of three-dimensional nanostructures endowed with hierarchically porous architecture and different density and type of intrinsic and hetero-atom induced lattice defects. The produced materials exhibit unprecedented desalination capacities for carbon-based electrodes. At an initial concentration of 585 mg L−1 (10 mmol L−1), they are able to remove from 55 to 79 mg g−1 of salt; as the initial concentration rises to 11.7 g L−1 (200 mmol L−1), their salt adsorption capacity reaches values ranging between 1.03 and 1.35 g g−1. The results of the thorough material characterisation by complementary techniques evidence that the relative amount of oxygenated surface functional species enhancing the electrode wettability play a crucial role at lower NaCl concentrations, whereas the availability of active non-sp2 defect sites for adsorption is mainly influential at higher salt concentrations.

In-situ study of heavy ion irradiation induced lattice defects and phase instability in β-Zr of a Zr–Nb alloy

In-situ heavy ion (1 MeV Kr2+) irradiation was carried out to investigate the evolution of irradiation induced lattice defects at room temperature and the stability of β-Zr under irradiation at temperatures ranging from 150 to 350 °C. It was found that the irradiation induced defects started to appear at a dose between 0.5 dpa and 0.75 dpa, which is relatively high compared to the case for α-Zr. The number density of dislocation loops increased exponentially with fluence, with an exponential index ∼3.52. The statistical results show that the electron beam with which in-situ observation was carried out had an influence on the size of the dislocation loops. The g·b analysis shows that dislocation loops with Burgers vector ½<1¯11> and <100> are both present in the sample after irradiation to 1.5 dpa. ω phase particles precipitate out during irradiation at 250 and 350 °C, as a result of the combination of the thermal treatment and irradiation enhanced concentration of point defects.

Facilitation of quasi-reversible effect with rapid diffusion kinetics on Mg0.9-xTi0.1Nix high energy ball milled powders for Ni-MH batteries

In this research work, Mg-Ti-Ni alloys had been processed through mechanical alloying route. The X-ray diffraction profile of 30 h ball milled Mg0.875Ti0.1Ni0.025 and 20 h milled Mg0.825Ti0.1Ni0.075 powders reveal the partial solid solution of Ti in Mg with induced lattice defects. Especially the 15 h milled Mg0.875Ti0.1Ni0.025 and 30 h milled Mg0.85Ti0.1Ni0.05 powders reveal that their particles are uniformly and intimately mixed with better polydispersity (%) during milling. They consists of fine crystallites (i.e. 21–40 nm in size) with more incorporated micro-strain (i.e. 0.13–0.23%). The ultra violet visible spectra reveal that the band gap energies of Mg0.9-xTi0.1Nix powders have been increased with reduction in crystallite size, increased surface area, surface energy and structural defects. The 30 h milled Mg0.85Ti0.1Ni0.05 powder transmits 46.65% of photons with increased band gap energy of 1.263 eV. The tuned bandgap energy (i.e. 1.0 eV–1.3 eV) materials with photonic transmittance (i.e. approximately 40–60%) behaviour have been attributed to the quasi reversibility of hydrogen ions with rapid diffusion kinetics. The effect of quasi-reversible has been well perceived in the cyclic voltammogram and the cyclic discharge curve with high desorption specific capacity of 531 & 424 mAh g−1 respectively for the 30 h milled Mg0.85Ti0.1Ni0.05 powder. The electrochemical impedance spectrum has been revealed an exchange ion current density of 2380 mA g−1 and low polarization resistance 36 mΩ for the 30 h milled Mg0.85Ti0.1Ni0.05 powder. The poor internal impedance leads to poor polarization and enhances the quasi-reversible behaviour.

Extreme radiation hard thin film CZTSSe solar cell

In this work, we have demonstrated the extreme radiation hardness of thin film CZTSSe solar cells. Thin film solar cells with CZTSSe, CZTS and CIGS absorber layers were irradiated with 3 MeV protons. No degradation in device parameters was observed until a displacement damage dose of 2 × 1010 MeV/g for CZTS and CZTSSe. CIGS solar cells degraded by 13% at the same dose. For the highest proton dose both the CZTSSe and CZTS degraded by 16% while CIGS suffered from 34% degradation in efficiency. The degradation in efficiency maybe attributed to the reduction in the minority carrier lifetime due to radiation induced lattice defects. Comparisons with previously available literature show that our CZTS technology has superior radiation hardness by about two orders of magnitude compared to existing state of the art Si and GaAs technology.

The impact of kaolin dehydroxylation on the porosity and mechanical integrity of kaolin based ceramics using different pore formers

Thermally induced lattice defects in kaolin play a key role in the mechanical integrity of kaolin based ceramics during heat treatment due to their phase transformations. The effects of three types of pore formers (sawdust, styrofoam and powdery high density polyethylene) on the porosity and mechanical integrity of kaolin based ceramics have been studied based on their batch formulations. The porosity of the ceramic bodies was experimentally determined, while the structure and chemistry of the materials were elucidated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, DSC/TG/DTA, and zeta potential. The kaolin-based porous samples sintered at 1150°C exhibited mullite phase transformation attributed to recrystallization effects. Morphologically, open pores were distributed on the sample surfaces due to larger pathways and available channels of eviction of the pore formers. Compressive strength decreased linearly as apparent porosity increased signifying its correlation. The compressive strength showed to be much more sensitive to defects created by dehydroxylation as micro cracks were observed on the sample with HDPE as pore former which could be as a result of large volume change accompanying phase transformations and sensitivity to the dehydroxylation phase. It is noted that the new pore former (HDPE) used in this study produced ceramic bodies with porosity as high as 67% and hence the least compressive strength.

Understanding lattice defects to influence ferromagnetic order of ZnO nanoparticles by Ni, Cu, Ce ions

Future spintronics technologies based on diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) will rely heavily on a sound understanding of the microscopic origins of ferromagnetism in such materials. It remains unclear, however, whether the ferromagnetism in DMS is intrinsic - a precondition for spintronics - or due to dopant clustering. For this, we include a simultaneous doping from transition metal (Ni, Cu) and rare earth (Ce) ions in ZnO nanoparticles that increase the antiferromagnetic ordering to achieve high-Tc ferromagnetism. Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns indicate that the dopant ions in ZnO had a wurtzite structure and the dopants, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ce3+ ions, are highly influenced the lattice constants to induce lattice defects. The Ni, Cu, Ce ions in ZnO have nanoparticles formation than nanorods was observed in pure sample. FTIR involve some organic groups to induce lattice defects and the metal-oxygen bonding of Zn, Ni, Cu, Ce and O atoms to confirm wurtzite structure. Raman analysis evaluates the crystalline quality, structural disorder and defects in ZnO lattice with doping. Photoluminescence spectra have strong near-band-edge emission and visible emission bands responsible for defects due to oxygen vacancies. The energy band gap is calculated using Tauc relation. Room temperature ferromagnetism has been described due to bound magnetic polarons formation with Ni2+, Cu2+, Ce3+ ions in ZnO via oxygen vacancies. The zero field and field cooling SQUID measurement confirm the strength of antiferromagnetism in ZnO. The field cooling magnetization is studied by Curie-Weiss law that include antiferromagnetic interactions up to low temperature. The XPS spectra have involve +3/+4 oxidation states of Ce ions to influence the observed ferromagnetism.