This article undertakes an extensive examination of the concept of transcendence within the philosophical framework of Arthur Schopenhauer. While Schopenhauer is renowned for his immanent metaphysics, which posits the world as the self-objectification of a blind, striving Will, this paper argues that his system contains a unique and profound form of “immanent transcend- ence”. The analysis begins by establishing Schopenhauer’s explicit and trench- ant critique of traditional, theistic notions of a transcendent Creator-God, which he dismisses as “popular metaphysics” incompatible with his Kantian- inspired epistemology. The core of the article then pivots to explore the three primary pathways through which Schopenhauer offers an escape, or a tran- scendence, from the suffering inherent in the phenomenal world governed by the Will and the principium individuationis. These pathways are: (1) aesthetic contemplation, where the subject becomes a “pure, will-less subject of knowl- edge,” momentarily transcending individuality to grasp the eternal Platonic Ideas; (2) ethical action rooted in compassion (Mitleid), which pierces the “veil of Maya” to recognize the shared suffering and fundamental unity of all beings; and (3) asceticism, the ultimate denial of the Will-to-live, which represents the final and most complete form of self-transcendence, leading to a state of noth- ingness or Nirvana. By analyzing these avenues, the article demonstrates that Schopenhauer does not merely negate transcendence but rather re-conceptual- izes it, shifting its locus from an external, divine realm to an internal, experi- ential liberation from the deterministic chains of the Will. This secularized soteriology provides a powerful, albeit pessimistic, response to the fundamen- tal human need to find meaning and relief from the existential condition.

This article investigates the centrality of the concept of individuality in the young Friedrich Meinecke’s theory of history, positing it as a fundamental element shaping Meinecke’s historical conception. To elucidate this position, an analysis is conducted to discern the significance attributed to the principium individuationis at two critical junctures in Meinecke’s early intellectual development: firstly, in his response to the positivist assault on the German historical school, and secondly, in his endeavor to reconceptualize the underpinnings of a revitalized history of ideas between the late 1800s and the initial decade of the twentieth century. By expounding upon these aspects and contextualizing the intellectual evolution in which these ideas emerged, it is argued that the concept of individuality functioned as a theoretical refuge against what Meinecke perceived as the doctrinaire nature of worldviews incompatible with notions of freedom and spontaneity — principles he considered intrinsic to the historical mode of thought.

The article provides insight into the psychological socialization of the individual, which is not only one of the state priorities, but also a determining factor in many aspects of socio-economic and political life of the country. The purpose of the article: a theoretical study of the psychological socialization of the individual in the young age. The main approaches to the definition of socialization are considered. The socio-demographic group of the youth and its features, social status and socio-psychological qualities are analyzed. It is observed that young people are a dynamic, energetic and critically thinking part of society, which has an enormous social and creative potential. It is specified that in a transitional society the socialization process in the social group of youth is characterized by high uncertainty, it dissolves the boundaries of status and social stratum limits, as well as the normative context and cultural forms. The individual’s behavior in such conditions, the attempt to take control of an unstable situation shall originate from a certain strategy, namely that of building a chain of rational actions according to young people’s mindset, which is aimed at adapting to uncertainty and life challenges. The further prospects for the country’s development are potentially inherent not only in the current general trends present not only in the socio-economic and political spheres, however in the value-based orientations and awareness of young people. Drawing on the findings of the conducted research we can lay special emphasis on the salient changes in youth regarding various life spheres: disengagement with the state and political power; the younger generation shows a particularly acute awareness of social tensions and social insecurity; the intellectual capacity decreases dramatically; loss of morals, hard drinking and despiritualization flourish. Family is an integral part of society and accordingly undergoes transformations through the constant changes taking place in it. The social group of young people has certain features of both its age and social status, underlying specific socio-psychological properties are developed. The features of socio-psychological and social status that are present in this social group are underpinned by the social system, culture and socialization patterns characteristic of the entire society to which young people belong.Key words: youth; psychological socialization; policy; values, socialization of a social group, psychology.

The Phenomenological Study on the Individuation Process of the Middle Aged Women Experienced Severe Depression

Received: 20.03.2020. Accepted: 7.09.2020.

이 글은 스피노자의 개체화 이론이 어떻게 스피노자 철학의 전체 체계와 모순 없이 조 화될 수 있는지를 들뢰즈의 스피노자론을 통해서 해명하는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 왜냐하 면 스피노자의 개체화 이론은 표면적으로 모순들을 가지고 있는 것처럼 보이기 때문이다. 그것은 양태의 본질의 실존과 양태의 실존 사이의 구분에 관한 문제이다. 국내의 몇몇 스 피노자 연구자들은 양태의 본질의 실존과 양태의 실존 사이의 구별은 스피노자를 오해한 것이라고 비판한다. 그들이 보기에 양태의 본질의 실존과 양태의 실존을 구분하는 것은 스 피노자의 철학을 플라톤주의화하는 것이기 때문이다. 즉 양태의 본질의 실존을 양태의 실 존 외부에 두는 것은 플라톤이 그러했던 것처럼 세계를 두 세계로 나누는 것을 의미하기 때문이다. 그러나 양태의 본질의 실존과 양태의 실존의 구분은 스피노자가 명시적이지는 않지만 많은 곳에서 드러내고 있는 구분이다. 그리고 이 구분과 함께 내재성은 유지될 수 있다. 왜냐하면 양태의 본질과 실존의 구분은 실재적 구분이 아니기 때문이다. 실존 양태 는 더 이상 실체 또는 속성 안에 담겨만 있지는 않다. 이 담겨만 있지 않다는 스피노자의 표현이 중요하다. 즉 그 구분은 실체적이 아니라 양태적 구분이라는 것이다. 이를 통해 스 피노자의 철학은 내재성이 모순 없이 유지될 수 있다. 들뢰즈는 이것을 강도량과 외연량의 구분을 통해서 설명해낸다. 스피노자의 개체화 이론의 두 계열 즉 합성과 본질은 강도량과 외연량의 구분을 통해서 화해하게 된다.

The article examines the existence, development and historical fate of the famous Nietzschean antithesis “Apollonian and Dionysian” in Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century. The author considers reasons for the true triumph of Nietzsche in Russia during the Silver Age and the peculiarities of the reception of his ideas by the Russian intelligentsia. The emphasis in the work is on the ideas of V. Ivanov - the main guide, herald and living embodiment of the idea of Dionysianism in Russia (the works of almost all other authors who addressed this topic were written under his influence). The main stages of the formation of his original concept of the cult of Dionysus, perceived by Ivanov as a primarily a religious phenomenon, are analyzed (the thinker refuses to use the concepts “Apollonian” and “Dionysian” as metaphors to describe a particular cultural reality). Ivanov's most important idea was the presentation of the cult of Dionysus and the “religion of the suffering god” as a “preparation” for Christianity. In the "restoration" of the Dionysian cult, Ivanov sees the way to overcome the crisis of the modern world, based on the principium individuationis.

Most theories of the count/mass distinction analyse concrete nouns (denoting physical entities or stuff), and so, implicitly or explicitly, set abstract nouns to one side. We build on a growing number of recent works that address this gap with our analysis of a class of abstract nouns, Informational Object Nouns (IONs), such as information, evidence, belief, and statement. We argue that by incorporating recent work done by Schmitt (2013, 2017) on the development of a domain general mereological sum operation, we can modify theories of the mass/count distinction for concrete nouns and extend their coverage to the set of IONs. As we also argue, an important factor in extending such theories is that they are grounded in the notion that count nouns are interpreted under individuation schemas, relative to a context (Sutton and Filip 2016b; Filip and Sutton 2017, amongst others).

이 연구는 베르그손의 『창조적 진화』로부터 새로운 개체화 이론을 구성해내는 것을 목표로 한다. 우선 우리는『창조적 진화』 내에서 개체화의 문제가 생명체에서 발견되는 정교한 형태 구조의 해명과 관련 있음을 지적할 것이다. 그런데 베르그손은 이 형태 구조의 발생을 설명하기 위해 물질과 생명에 대한 과도하게 형이상학적인 개념화에 의존하는 한계를 보여준다. 하지만『창조적 진화』에는 이와는 다른 방식으로 생명체의 형태 발생을 설명하는 도식이 존재한다. 그것은 1장에 등장하는 쇳가루 더미를 가로지르는 보이지 않는 손의 이미지인데 우리는 이 이미지로부터 물질의 자기 부정으로서의 생명이라는 독특한 관념을 이끌어낼 것이다. 이 새로운 관념에 경험적 타당성을 부여하기 위해서 우리는 베르그손을 떠나 세포 자살 이론과 대칭 깨짐 이론이라는 현대의 몇몇 과학 이론들을 검토할 것이다. 이러한 검토를 통해 우리는 베르그손의 개체화 이론이 최소 생명주의라는 하나의 명확한 철학적 기획으로 현재화될 수 있음을 보여주고자 한다.

Introduction: Children who love to pay attention and are loved by their parents have no fear of associating with others, children are more expressive, creative, not afraid to try new things so that the development of children under 5 years old will be maximal. Because one of the main factors in the success of education is parenting, therefore parenting is very opposed to the child's development. Purpose: The purpose of this scoping review is to map available evidence related to parent support training for young mothers. Methods: In this scoping review, the authors identify studies that explain the effect of parent support training for young mothers from two databases (PubMed, and Science Direct). Searches are limited to studies published in English and present data for the period 2010-2020. The identified study was reviewed using the PRISMA Flowchart. Studies with quantitative designs related to the effect of parent support training are then selected for review. Results: From the articles that have been reviewed, it can be found that parent support training is needed especially for young mothers, has a positive impact if done on young mothers, can be done by providing interventions, and can influence the mindset of mothers in providing care. Conclusion: the individuation of young mothers from their families is one of the processes that can make a difference in the care of mothers and, thus, the subsequent functioning of their children. For this reason, parent support training for young mothers is needed so that young mothers can get through the early stages of being a mother well and the growth and development of children can go well.

Fodor argues that perceptual representations are a subset of iconic representations, which are distinguished from symbolic/discursive representations. Iconic representations are nonconceptual (NCC) and they do not support the abilities afforded by concepts. Iconic representations, for example, cannot support object individuation. If someone thinks that perception or some of its parts has imagistic NCC, they face the following dilemma. Either they will have to accept that this NCC does not allow for object individuation, but it represents instead conglomerations of properties and at some stage of visual processing it must interface with cognition and its conceptual capacities for the visual objects to be individuated. Or, they will have to hold that the imagistic, NCC of (or, a stage of) perception, allows for object individuation. I opt for the second thesis because I think there is strong empirical evidence that objects are individuated during early vision. I also think that early vision individuates objects by means of, what I had previously called nonconceptual perceptual demonstrative reference. I argue, first, why Fodor’s view that iconic NCC does not enable object individuation is false. I also argue, contra Fodor, that early vision allows the perception of the cardinality of sets of objects.

Since the beginning of the new millennium, a great variety of experiences of monetary innovation has taken place worldwide. Actually, very assorted types of social agents, at very different levels of interaction and with very diverse purposes and results, are creating a plethora of global, macro-regional, local or deterritorialized currencies seriously defying both the hegemonic role of the US dollar, and the traditional agents, methods and criteria related to money's creation and circulation. Given such a picture, the main aim of this essay is to characterize and valuate the principle features of the ongoing process of monetary innovation, in light of its modern and contemporary history. We adopt an interdisciplinary theoretical frame, based on the ground of the political sociology and the world system theory, and a genealogical method focused on the monetary history of the United States. The main result here presented is the centrality of the dialectic between innovation and regulation, and of their social and institutional forces. Actually, it can help the comprehension about where, when and why new forms of money appear, as well as the individuation of the main traits characterizing the current stage of global crisis and of its risky implications.

As Vetter says, we are at the “beginning of the debate, not the end” (2015: 300) when it comes to evaluating her potentiality-based account of metaphysical modality. This paper contributes to this developing debate by highlighting three problems for Vetter’s account. Specifically, I begin (§1) by articulating some relevant details of Vetter’s potentiality-based view. This leads to the first issue (§2), concerning unclarity in the idea of degrees of potentiality. Similarly, the second issue (§3) raises trouble for Vetter’s proposed individuation conditions for potentialities. Finally, the third issue (§4) is about apparently unmanifestable intrinsic potentialities, and suggests that there might be some deeper problems with anchoring metaphysical possibilities in concrete objects. More generally, though the issues detailed here are problematic, I do not take them to be fatal. However, they do show that, at minimum, further clarification of Vetter’s potentiality view is required.

Process and Individuation Mark Hansen (bio) Individuation in Light of Notations of Form and Information Gilbert Simondon Taylor Adkins, trans. University of Minnesota Press www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/individuation-in-light-of-notions-of-form-and 444 Pages; Print, $27.50 I have been reading and writing about Gilbert Simondon for more than two decades and have, no doubt like many others, more than occasionally wondered when translations of his two major works would finally appear. Over the years, I had heard tell of disputes among publishers, of a certain reticence on the part of Simondon's heirs to move forward, and other, related bits of unverified information, and still I wondered why such fundamentally important and original texts continued to be inaccessible to English readers and writers. With others, I watched and waited as English language discussions of Simondon, from Brian Massumi's engagements in several essays during the 1990s to translations of key secondary texts like Muriel Combes's Gilbert Simondon and the Philosophy of the Transindividual (2013, originally published in French in 1999) appeared in English; as conferences and journal issues were dedicated to Simondon; and as evidence continued to mount that this was, indeed, a major thinker with whom English language scholars were eager to engage. That time of our collective wonder has now arrived. Supplementing the 2017 English version of On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects (from the boutique press Univocal), an excellent translation by Cécile Malaspina and John Rogove, the publication of the English version of Simondon's philosophical masterpiece, Individuation in Light of the Notions of Form and Information, means that English speakers will finally have access to the entirety of Simondon's two theses, still by any standard the fundament of his philosophical contribution. One can only applaud the publisher's decision to issue Simondon's masterpiece in two volumes, with volume 2 dedicated to the important supplementary texts associated with the project over the years and including Simondon's revolutionary discussion of information ("Form, Information, and Potentials"). The translator, Taylor Adkins, should be thanked for taking on this massive project and rendering Simondon's sometimes cumbersome prose in readable and lively English. Now that total access has been assured, the key question will be what such access—at this point in time—will bring. How will English readers and writers engage Simondon now that they can do so with full knowledge of the vast scope of his philosophical interrogation of individuation? Before speculating on this question, let me mention some incidental details of the longer publication history of Simondon's work which have already exercised a decisive impact on his reception in France and beyond, and which can help us understand, by example, how such details can be consequential, and also can help guide our own contemporary turn (or return) to Simondon. Two details stand out in particular. First, Simondon's study of technical objects (METO) was published in 1958 and caused quite a stir in French intellectual circles at the time. When, subsequently, the first half of his major thesis (the thesis on individuation) was published in 1964, its concerns (physical and vital individuation) seemed out of sync with METO's exhuberant call for a new social contract between humans and machines. Other than the occasion for a few weighty though piecemeal appropriations (largely in the form of footnotes) by Gilles Deleuze in his own theses from the late 1960s, Simondon's ontogenesis of individuation largely fell on deaf ears. This situation remained the case until 1989, when the second half of Simondon's major thesis, the portion devoted to social and collective individuation, was finally published. This second publication event set off a new wave of interest in Simondon's philosophy, including an international conference in 1992 and the inauguration of the critical effort to think together, and perhaps indeed to reconcile, the two theses and the two lines of thinking they each inaugurate: on the one hand, a thinking of ontogenesis as individuation across levels from the physical to the collective (and including the technical); on the other, a thinking of human-technical cooperation that, while acknowledging...

This study investigates the relationship between workplace democracy and employee resilience in Nigerian hospitality industry using cross-sectional survey. Accessible population of one hundred (100) managers, supervisors and employees were sampled from twenty selected hospitality firms operating in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the twenty hospitality firms. Sample size of eighty (80) was ascertained from the accessible population with Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination table. Closed ended structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Eighty (80) copies of questionnaire were administered to respondents but sixty three (63) copies were correctly filled and found useful for analysis. Face validity was used to ascertain the validity of the instrument, while Cronbach α was used to ascertain the reliability of the instrument. Respondents’ demographic characteristics were analysed with descriptive statistics (frequencies). Kendall Coefficient of Concordance was used to analyse the hypotheses with IBM SPSS Statistics (20.0). The study found that workplace democracy dimensions are positively associated with measures of employee resilience in Nigerian hospitality industry. This study concludes that workplace democracy that is measured in terms of organisational justice and individuation predicts employee resilience in Nigerian hospitality industry.

This article offers a new interpretation of “The Turn of the Screw”. The reader is not asked to choose between ghosts and hallucinations, but rather to understand that James’ intention was to include a ghost story in a story of hallucinations. These two stories intertwine and transform into one another. Nonetheless, the mental dimension remains prevalent: “The Turn of the Screw” is a tale of identity or rather of the dissolution of the principium individuationis and the consequent establishment of a “confusive regime”. The rise in personal pronouns is the detail that points to and confirms this interpretation.

들뢰즈는 현대 서양철학자 중에서 새로운 형이상학(존재론)을 구축하려 시도한 보기 드문 철학자 중 한 사람이다. 들뢰즈 존재론 즉 ‘초월론적 경험론’에 대한 연구는, 들뢰즈 자신이 ‘철학을 만드는’ 시도를 한 첫 저서이자 이후의 자신의 모든 작업이 이 책과 연결되어 있다고 강조한, 『차이와 반복』을 그 중심에 놓아야 할 것이다. 본 논문은 들뢰즈의 존재론을 『차이와 반복』에 있어서 ‘개체화’ 이론을 중심으로 분석한 것이다. 개체화 이론은 『차이와 반복』의 중요한 존재론적 주제들과 교차하고 있는 핵심적인 개념이며, 그렇기 때문에 차이와 반복의 전체적인 구조 및 들뢰즈 철학체계의 개념배치를 밝히기 위해서는 피할 수 없는 논의 지점이다. 따라서 본 논문은 개체화의 ‘전체적인 기초개념’으로서 제시된 ‘개체-미/분화(indi-différent/ciation)와 개체-극(劇)-미/분화’(indi-drama-différent/ciation)에 초점을 맞추고, 『차이와 반복』의 여러 곳에 분산되어 기술(記述)되어 있어서 용이하게 그 전체상을 간파하기 어렵게 개체화와 복잡하게 연관되어 있는 극화(드라마화), 차이화=미분화, 분화=현실화의 관계들을 가능한 한 명확하게 규명하려는 것을 목적으로 한다. 하지만 이를 위해서는 들뢰즈의 논의를 단지 해석하고 그 내용을 정리하는 것만으로는 불충분하며, 우리의 분석을 이끌 하나의 보조적인 논점을 내세움으로써 문제의 소재를 분명히 하면서 검토를 진전시켜 갈 필요가 있다. 그것은 『차이와 반복』의 들뢰즈 존재론이 도대체 어떤 철학적 문제에 대응하기 위해 제시된 것인가 하는 것인데, 본 논문에서는 그것이 ‘칸트의 초월론철학’과의 대비 혹은 대결에서 나온 것이라는 기본 전제하에, 들뢰즈 존재론을 형성하고 있는 주요 개념들의 내용을 체계적으로 분석하려고 한다.

The history of how the nonviolent proposal of Mahatma Gandhi resonates with Chinese intellectuals is a history of variability. In the late Forties, it seems appealing to some Chinese politicians who actually apply non-cooperative means, whereas during the Twenties, even if it is not at all a dominant idea, it resonates well with some Chinese intellectuals. However, during the Thirties, after Gandhi refused to compromise with Stalin, and while the Marxist proposal disseminated worldwide, the nonviolent leanings were paling. In Hu Yuzhi we find an example of this track toward nonviolence: he was a strong supporter during the Twenties, becoming an opponent in the Thirties. Copious are the difficulties in combining other political proposal with Gandhism, itself a comprehensive proposal, and not just a political one. Some perceived Gandhism as a competitor in the supremacy over the masses. Others disagreed about the possibility to use violent means. Another leading theme of objection concerned the industrialization, strongly opposed by Gandhi because of its deadly effects over the Indian population. Generally, an intense opposition came from the misunderstanding of the nonviolent path as a passive one. Moreover, the consideration of Gandhi’s experiments changed from it being perceived as “native” (because it came from an Asian country, and in opposition to Marxism coming from Europe) to a perception as an external one when Marxism was “sinicised.” Anyway, the main reason of the difficulty in implementing Gandhism is that it does not aim to triumph over the opponents, but it is rather a way to individuate and assert the Truth ( satyagraha ), with both side winning. When this intent is absent, it is impossible to realize it.

Detailed multiscale structural analyses and mapping (1:20 scale) integrated with petrological investigation were used to study a portion of the Zermatt-Saas serpentinites that crop out in upper Valtournanche (north-western Italy). Results are synthesized in a foliation trajectory map that displays the transposed original lithostratigraphy of a serpentinite body exposed at Creton. The serpentinite body comprises magnetite sheets and rare, decimetre-thick, diopsidite layers and lenses. Moreover, veins and aggregates of Ti-chondrodite and Ti-clinohumite, olivine-rich layers and lenses, veinlets of olivine, and layers of dark pyroxenite are embedded in the serpentinites. Serpentinites and associated rocks record three relative age groups of ductile structures: D1 consists of rare folds and S1 foliation; D2 is a group of isoclinal folds and a very pervasive foliation (S2), which is the dominant structure; D3 includes a crenulation and shear zones affecting S2. The detailed meso-structural and microstructural analyses allowed individuating the metamorphic environment of successive deformation stages and correlating the resulting tectono-metamorphic investigation with those already inferred in surrounding areas. In addition, metre- to submillimetre-sized pre-D2 structural, mineralogical, and textural relics have been clearly identified in spite of the strong transposition imposed during the development of S2 high pressure - ultra-high pressure foliation.

The Milanese church Santa Maria presso San Satiro documents an experimental integration between perspective and architecture in which the accelerated perspective of the choir simulates a distance comparable to that in the transept. The effectiveness of perspective deception demonstrates the quality of local perspective science and justifies the perspective variables examination, comparing the previous hypotheses in light of a proper survey of choir inserted in the real architecture. The research is based on the interior space three-dimensional reconstruction of the virtual architecture designed by Bramante. Starting from a survey campaign, which integrated direct methodologies with laser scanning, it was identified the privileged point of view, reconstructed through the illusory space digital simulation of Bramante’s architecture. The mounting of 24 point clouds and the subsequent transformation in mesh surfaces allowed us to verify the construction accuracy and to individuate some unknown anomalies hidden by the ornamental apparatus which make difficult to set the point of view in a unambiguous location. The virtual reconstruction highlights a theoretical point of view, different from those already hypothesized and explains the design that identifies the solid perspective of San Satiro as the first model of modern theatrical scenography .