Psychological Well-being Of Individuals Research Articles

The Psychological Impact of Social Media Usage on Loneliness in China

In the age of digital interconnectedness, social media platforms have revolutionized communication, enabling people to connect, share, and interact with unprecedented ease. However, this transformation in social dynamics has given rise to concerns about the psychological well-being of individuals, particularly in the context of loneliness. This research delves into the intricate relationship between social media usage and loneliness in China. It explores the factors that contribute to loneliness, such as excessive use, superficial online interactions, social comparison, and the fear of missing out. While social media offers opportunities for connection, it also poses challenges, which this study seeks to address. The research highlights effective coping mechanisms and the role of social support in mitigating loneliness. Moreover, it underscores the importance of mental health education and a balanced, mindful approach to social media usage. By understanding the digital landscape’s influence on loneliness, this research aims to provide insights that foster healthier and more fulfilling online interactions.

Estimation of Prevalence of Misophonia Among High School Students in India.

Misophonia, an intriguing psychological disorder is characterized by intense emotional responses to specific sounds produced by others, has gained prominence for its distinct attributes and profound impact on individuals' emotional and psychological well-being. This study addresses the scarcity of research on misophonia's prevalence and severity among high school students, aiming to shed light on the unique challenges faced by this demographic in India. The study enrolled 597 high school students, including 269 females and 328 males, aged 14 to 16, with no history of psychological or otological problems or medication use. The Misophonia Assessment Questionnaire questionnaire, consisting of 21 questions with a 4-point Likert scale response, assessed emotional and behavioral reactions to sensitive sounds. Participants' scores categorized them as Sub-clinical, Mild, Moderate, or Severe misophonia. The prevalence of misophonia was 34.67% among high school students, with 52.65% categorized as Mild, 45.41% as Moderate, and 1.93% as severe misophonia. A comparison with a similar study on college students in India revealed a higher prevalence of misophonia among high school students. This discrepancy may relate to adolescents' vulnerable psychological states, marked by limited emotional regulation and significant life transitions. This study significantly contributes to the evolving understanding of misophonia by spotlighting its prevalence and severity among high school students in India. The findings underscore the necessity of recognizing and addressing misophonia's impact during adolescence, a crucial developmental phase.

A Psychosocial Intervention for Carers of Individuals Diagnosed with Dementia in Social Isolation

Introduction: Growing research has shown the negative impact of social isolation on the health and psychological well-being of individuals with dementia and their carers. This study investigated the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention for dementia carers during a lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Twenty-three family carers of individuals diagnosed with dementia living in the community were recruited and provided with an online psychoeducation toolkit that aims to improve health literacy, management of social and behavioural symptoms in dementia, carer social engagement, and coping skills. Carers were divided into “mild” or “moderate” groups based on the disease severity of the person with dementia they cared for. Outcome measures including distress and severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, carer self-efficacy and burden, social network, and feelings of loneliness were assessed at baseline and 2 weeks later. Results: Carers in the moderate group reported higher levels of distress (p = 0.001) and severity (p < 0.001) of neuropsychiatric symptoms and greater carer burden (p = 0.003) than carers in the mild group. Following the intervention, both groups reported increased social networks (p = 0.001). In addition, carers in the moderate group reported significantly reduced distress for neuropsychiatric symptoms (p = 0.013), enhanced carer self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts (p = 0.040), and decreased loneliness (p = 0.023). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that psychosocial interventions improve outcomes for carers of individuals with dementia, particularly those caring for individuals with greater disease severity. Findings from this study will inform the development of support services that meet the evolving needs of individuals with dementia and their carers in social isolation, during and in a post-pandemic context.

Identifying the impact of social isolation and loneliness on psychological well-being among the elderly in old-age homes of India: the mediating role of gender, marital status, and education

BackgroundSocial isolation and loneliness can be detrimental to the overall functioning of the older adults. The study examines the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the psychological well-being of older adults residing in various old-age homes in India and investigates the mediating role of gender, marital status, and education level in the way social isolation and loneliness affect psychological well-being.MethodsData has been collected from 320 individuals aged sixty years or above. Data were collected using standardized measures like Lubben Social Network Scale- 6, revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, and shortened version of psychological well-being scale by Ryff & Keyes (1995). Multivariate and mediation analysis were performed to understand the associations of social isolation and loneliness with psychological well-being.ResultsA statistically significant MANOVA effect was obtained for social isolation (F = 3.836, p < .01), and loneliness (F = 3.782, p < .01). Gender and education as independent factors were significantly associated with the psychological well-being of individuals. However, both gender and education did not mediate the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the psychological well-being of older adults. Further, marital status had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between social isolation, loneliness, and psychological well-being.ConclusionsThe findings of the study can be incorporated into measures aiming at alleviation of feelings of social isolation and loneliness among the elderly. Further, the findings can be used to design various intervention strategies aimed at the reduction of social isolation and loneliness among older adults and the restoration of their psychological well-being.

Shyness in Broken Home Teenagers

Introduction: Disharmony in the family ends in divorce making the child a victim, shame is an emotional experience that often affects social interactions and psychological well-being of individuals. Teenagers from broken homes face additional challenges in coping with the shame experienced. Objective: This research aims to analyze the self-esteem and feelings of shame among teenagers who come from broken home families The study will involve a sample of adolescents aged 10-19 years from broken home families. Method: Respondents will be selected using non-probability sampling techniques. The research method in this research uses correlational studies through quantitative research methods. Result and Discussion: The level of shame of divorce victims is higher than that of adolescents with harmonious families. High levels of shame result in the self-esteem of broken home teenagers declining. Conclusion: The higher the level of shame felt by teenagers from broken homes, the lower the level of self-esteem possessed by them.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hospitality and Tourism Industry: The Mediating Effect of Coping and the Moderating Role of Management Support

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted most industries, including the hospitality and tourism industry. This is one of the first studies to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological well-being of individuals in the hospitality and tourism industry. With the help of the literature and theories, a theoretical model is developed, which is later validated through structural equation modeling, using a survey of 314 usable respondents from the hospitality and tourism industry. This study finds that coping has a significant mediating effect on individuals’ psychological well-being and that management support plays a considerably significant role in hospitality and tourism employees’ psychological well-being.

Parental overcontrol is associated with dysmorphic concern severity: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundDysmorphic concern (DC) is a symptom affecting both clinical and non-clinical populations, with a severe impact on individuals' physical and psychological well-being. While Childhood Trauma (CT) has been identified as a risk factor for DC, there is a lack of research on a specific form of CT, that is, parental overcontrol. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the association between DC and parental overcontrol in a community sample of adults, controlling for other forms of CT and potential confounding variables. Method714 adults (508 females; mean age: 30.29 ± 11.67 years; age range: 18–77) participated in an online survey including the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), the Overcontrol subscale of the Measure Of Parental Style, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF). ResultsParental overcontrol was independently associated with DC symptoms (β = 0.111; p = .005; CI = [0.119;0.666]), even after controlling for other forms of CT and sociodemographic and clinical confounding variables. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design of the study, the unbalanced sex ratio, the retrospective self-reported data about parental overcontrol and CT should be considered. ConclusionsThis finding suggests that parental overcontrol may play a role in the development and maintenance of DC symptoms, remarking the urge to take more into account parental overcontrol in the assessment of CT.

Common Skin Diseases and Their Psychosocial Impact among Jazan Population, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey during 2023.

Background and Objectives: Skin problems are a widespread issue that affects people in both developing and wealthy countries, posing significant public health concerns. These disorders can profoundly impact individuals' social and psychological well-being. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of the most common skin diseases in the Jazan region of southwestern Saudi Arabia and investigate their impact on patients' quality of life and psychological and social well-being. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional survey conducted among a random sample of 940 adults ≥ 18 years in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Four standardized questionnaires were used for data collection: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Loneliness Scale (ULS-8). Results: The most prevalent skin conditions involved hair loss, which was reported by (61.1%) of the study population. These disorders significantly affected a higher percentage of females (71.9%) compared to males (46.3%) (p < 0.001). Melasma was more common in females (14.1%) than in males (4.3%) p < 0.001. The lowest prevalence was found for urticaria. Those with acne and hair loss reported higher mean scores on the PHQ-9 Scale than the group without these conditions (p < 0.05 for all). Patients with alopecia, acne, and melasma also reported significantly lower self-esteem scores compared to those without these skin conditions (p < 0.05 for all). Regarding the activity domain of QoL, participants with skin conditions reported no problems doing usual activities, compared to those without skin problems (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, research revealed that the most prevalent skin condition was hair loss. Further, an association was found between skin diseases and the mental and social well-being of those affected, resulting in a negative impact on their quality of life. The results call for improving the condition of patients with skin diseases, improving their quality of life, and providing appropriate interventions.

Self-perceived halitosis and its social impact on females: A cross-sectional study.

Halitosis refers to socially unacceptable levels of breath odors. This affects the social life and psychological well-being of individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-perceived halitosis (SPH) among females and its effect on social life. This was a cross-sectional study. A previously validated questionnaire was distributed electronically through a secure link. The questionnaire consisted of 5 different parts that collected information on sociodemographic, medical history, oral hygiene and other health habits. It also included questions related to participant's knowledge and perception of halitosis and its social impact. All females who were at least 18 years were invited to participate. Data were transferred for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program for Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26, Chicago, IL). Simple descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions and percentages were calculated for the study variables. The relationship between the variables and SPH was also evaluated using the chi-squared test of independence at 95% confidence (P ≤ .05). In total, 1089 subjects completed the questionnaire. The SPH prevalence was 62% among females. The correlation between SPH and sinusitis, gastrointestinal tract disorders, periodontal diseases were significant (P < .05). In addition, subjects with good tooth brushing habits reported no halitosis (91.6%) compared to subjects with poor tooth brushing habits who reported no halitosis (8.9%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < .001). Not using floss and tounge cleaners daily was significantly related to self-reported halitosis (P < .001). Females who reported SPH indicated that they were hesitant to talk to others (68.1%), uncomfortable around others (80.5%), did not like meeting others (44.2%), avoided by others (15%), and that halitosis affected their personal life (31.9%). This association was statistically significant for all variables of social life (P < .001). The prevalence of SPH is high and can have an incapacitating effect on females social lives. The management of halitosis includes active involvement of dental professionals and the incorporation of psychological support.

The Effect of Expressing Emotions on the Psychological Well-Being of Individuals Suffering From Chronic Musculoskeletal Diseases

Background and Objective: This study examines the effect of expressing emotions on the psychological well-being of individuals who have musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with 111 individuals suffering from musculoskeletal diseases who were undergoing treatment in a university hospital in a metropolitan city in Turkey. Personal information forms, the Emotion Expression Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scale were utilized in the research questionnaire. Results: A significant positive relationship was detected between expressing emotions and psychological well-being scores, and it was determined that expressing emotions positively influenced psychological well-being. Emotion expression accounted for 15.8 percent of psychological well-being (F=21.668, p&lt;0.001). It was also unearthed that there was a significant difference between the groups according to the variables of level of education, gender, marital status, family structure, personal history, and whether there was a history of illness in the family. The model explained 34.7% of the variance in psychological well-being (F=12.708, p&lt;0.001). In order of importance, expressing closeness (β=0.470; p&lt;0.001), a higher education level (β=0.249; p&lt;0.05), and expressing negative emotion (β=0.178, p&lt;0.05) variables positively predict psychological well-being. However, single marital status (β=-0.239, p&lt;0.05) predicts psychological well-being negatively. Conclusion: It has been observed that expressing emotions in musculoskeletal disorders contributes, albeit limited, to the level of psychological well-being. Accordingly, it is believed that encouraging individuals with musculoskeletal diseases to communicate their feelings with others or to express their feelings in various ways, providing supportive and reliable environments, and conducting therapeutic studies to increase their behaviors to express their feelings will contribute to patient care

Examination of the Correlation Between the Happiness and Psychological Well-Being Levels of the Exercisers(Diyarbakır Province)

In this study, it is aimed to determine the relationship between these two variables by examining the happiness and psychological well-being levels of individuals who exercise in terms of different variables. The sample group of the research consists of 232 individuals, 159 women and 73 men, who exercise in the sports centers in Diyarbakir. Oxford Happiness Scale and Psychological Well-Being Scale were used as data collection tools. Parametric tests were applied due to the normal distribution of the data. Post-Hoc tests were used to determine the direction of the difference. In addition, Pearson Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between happiness and psychological well-being of individuals who exercise. The significance level was determined as .05. According to the findings obtained in the study, it was determined that the happiness and psychological well-being levels of the individuals who exercised were above the medium level. It has been observed that the happiness and psychological well-being levels of the individuals who exercise do not differ according to the age and gender variable. While a difference was observed in favor of those participating in social activities in the psychological well-being levels of individuals participating in social activities, no significant difference was observed in terms of happiness levels. Among the self-defining situations of individuals who exercise in daily life, it was observed that those who were peaceful were happier than those who were stressed, while those who were calm and peaceful had higher levels of psychological well-being than those who were stressed. As a result, it has been observed that there is a moderate, positive relationship between the happiness levels of the individuals who exercise and their psychological well-being levels.

Optimism and Life Satisfaction of Poles during the Second and Fourth Waves of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly has had a negative impact on human psychological wellbeing, as confirmed by numerous studies. Positive psychology identifies optimism and life satisfaction as important factors having to do with the psychological wellbeing of individuals. This article aims to diagnose the level of optimism and life satisfaction of Poles during the 2nd and 4th waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify predictors of optimistic life orientation and life satisfaction in terms of demographic variables. The study was conducted on a group of 1,095 people using the snowball method, via social media. The results confirm a reduction in the level of optimism and life satisfaction of Poles during the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the research confirms that resources such as marriage, having children, good education and stable work enhance a person’s level of psychological wellbeing and become a guarantee for better coping during the pandemic.

Evidências sobre os Riscos Psicossociais e o Teletrabalho

Introduction Teleworking is a reality for many workers around the world, and although it has advantages, there are recent studies indicating that it can have a negative impact on workers’ mental health, increasing the risk of anxiety, depression and stress. Methodology ​​A literature search was conducted in March 2023 in the Scopus, SciELO, PePSIC, PsycInfo, PubMed, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) and Web of Science databases. Contents Telework allows the execution of work tasks without the need to physically move to the workplace. It is a practice that has advantages such as greater flexibility, autonomy, cost reduction and increased productivity, but can also have disadvantages and psychosocial risks for workers. The COVID-19 pandemic was a milestone of revolution in several aspects worldwide and, in this particular context, it marked a massive adoption of the Telework model by several companies. However, it is imperative to define strategies to prevent psychosocial risks and implement a sustainable model in order to ensure the physical and psychological well-being of individuals. The selected articles highlight as the main psychosocial risk factors the “work-family” conflict and its and demands. Discussion and Conclusions It is important that all health professionals, and in particular occupational health physicians, recognize the main psychosocial risks associated with Telework. Only through the development and implementation of preventive measures will be possible to minimize the consequences of telework and ensure a healthy working environment for all employees. Keywords: Psychosocial Risks, Telework, Occupational Health, Mental Health, Occupational Medicine, Occupational Nursing.

The impact of mood-induction on maladaptive thinking in the vulnerability for depression

Background and objectivesMind-wandering, and specifically the frequency and content of mind-wandering, plays an important role in the psychological well-being of individuals. Repetitive negative thinking has been associated with a high risk to develop and maintain Major Depressive Disorder. We here combined paradigms and techniques from cognitive sciences and experimental clinical psychology to study the transdiagnostic psychiatric phenomenon of repetitive negative thinking. This allowed us to investigate the adjustability of the content and characteristics of mind-wandering in individuals varying in their susceptibility to negative affect. MethodsParticipants high (n = 42) or low (n = 40) on their vulnerability for negative affect and depression performed a Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) after a single session of positive fantasizing and a single session of stress induction in a cross-over design. Affective states were measured before and after the interventions. ResultsAfter stress, negative affect increased, while after fantasizing both positive affect increased and negative affect decreased. Thoughts were less off-task, past-related and negative after fantasizing compared to after stress. Individuals more susceptible to negative affect showed more off-task thinking after stress than after fantasizing compared to individuals low on this. LimitationsIn this cross-over design, no baseline measurement was included, limiting comparison to ‘uninduced’ mind-wandering. Inclusion of self-related concerns in the SART could have led to negative priming. ConclusionsStress-induced negative thinking underlying vulnerability for depression could be partially countered by fantasizing in a non-clinical sample, which may inform the development of treatments for depression and other disorders characterized by maladaptive thinking.

Does extreme temperature exposure take a toll on mental health? Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

AbstractLong-term exposure to extreme temperatures could threaten individuals' mental health and psychological wellbeing. This study aims to investigate the long-term impact of cumulative exposure to extreme temperature. Differently from existing literature, we define extreme temperature exposure in relative terms based on local temperature patterns. Combining the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and environmental data from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from 2011 to 2015, this study demonstrates that heat and cold exposure days in the past year significantly increase the measured depression level of adults over age 45 by 1.75 and 3.00 per cent, respectively, controlling for the city, year, and individual fixed effects. The effect is heterogeneous across three components of depression symptoms as well as age, gender, and areas of residency, and air conditioning and heating equipment are effective in alleviating the adverse impact of heat and cold exposure. The estimation is robust and consistent across a variety of temperature measurements and model modifications. Our findings provide evidence on the long-term and accumulative cost of extreme temperature to middle-aged and elderly human capital, contributing to the understanding of the social cost of climate change and the consequent health inequality.

Economic soundness and Psychological Well-being among the Elderly

Mental Health is the overall concern for many throughout the world, it helps the individual to express their feelings and engage with others. To achieve a stable or positive mental health, one should achieve a positive well-being. Well-being could be viewed with different components, among them psychological well-being is a main factor, which is debatable. Psychological well-being of an individual depends on his interaction with himself and the society. Many researches have been carried out to find the relationship between various factors and individuals psychological well-being. Elderly termed to be the most vulnerable population in terms of mental health issues, as they face lot of problems related to health, economic stability and difficulties in coping with the modern world. Individuals over 60 years are referred to as elderly (WHO, 2019), their population is one billion and is projected to reach 2.1 billion by 2050 around the world. The Mental health services in India are not standardized to satisfy the elderly needs. India with 1.3 billion populations among which 27% are youth, in near future the elderly population is going to be high in India. It is the need of the hour to direct these youth population towards a positive elderly life. Thus, this study focuses on analysing the impact of the saving habit and the expenditure of elderly in determining their psychological well-being. For this empirical study, descriptive design using purposive sampling was adopted. The researcher has collected data from elderly population living in Tauta Nagar, Thondamuthur Road, Coimbatore and used the psychological well-being scale. The results of the study showed monthly income and savings of the elderly positively influence the psychological well-being. Whereas, monthly expenditure on the other hand doesn’t show any influence when kept as a predictor variable.&#x0D;

Portrait of psychological well-being in individuals who have coming out as gender dysphoria

Choosing to be a gender dysphoria is quite difficult to voice yourself in behavior, expression, even in dress, good and bad responses always come. In Indonesia, it is still fairly sensitive to talk about gender deviation. Individuals who have been diagnosed as gender dysphoria by psychologists / psychiatrists could propably feel unconfortable in society. Some of them who have come out in the environment but have not been fulfilled in terms of psychological well-being due to several factors. Based on the phenomenon that occurs, researchers want to examine the portrait of psychological well-being, both through dimensions and factors in individuals who have come out as gender dysphoria. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive phenomenology. The data collection process is carried out by using observations, interviews, and documents. Data analysis is performed using interactive data analysis methods. The results of this study show that in general gender dysphoria individuals who have come out have been fulfilled in the picture of psychological well-being for themselves and the surrounding environment, where it appears that participants have fulfilled the dimensions and factors of psychological well-being theory of Ryff and Keyes (1995). Researchers also found a new factor that affects psychological well-being, namely the self-love factor.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЭТИКА СФЕРЫ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ДАННЫХ В ЦИФРОВУЮ ЭПОХУ: ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The aim of the study is to study the ethical implications of the processing and use of medical data in the digital age, with particular attention to the psychological aspect, as well as understanding the impact of medical data management practices on the psychological well-being of individuals and communities. Medical digital data is an integral part of healthcare and is increasingly becoming a daily routine. The digital age has brought with it many new opportunities, such as accessing medical data in real time, storing it in vast databases and using it to inform decisions. However, these advances raise ethical questions about how data is managed and used by whom. The article explores the need for practical ethics in the processing of medical data, and sets out key principles and considerations. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ethical and psychological implications of medical data management practices in the digital age, including the potential advantages and disadvantages of these practices. By examining these issues from a psychological perspective, the study aims to provide valuable insights on how to balance the benefits of using medical data with the need to protect people's rights.

Poetry writing as a hope-building tool during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT In difficult times, people turn to poetry, reading, and writing for solace and peace. In emotionally intense and traumatic times, people use poetry to process and understand the lived eyepieces. The havoc wreaked by the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the emotional and psychological well-being of individuals all across the world. Poetry has emerged as a savior in these difficult times. A phenomenon, “lockdown poems”, came into existence as individuals all across the globe processed and shared their lived experiences of isolation, pain, and suffering through poems. In the present paper, students of a management program process and share their experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the subsequent lockdowns, and their community work experience. Poetry as a therapeutic and hope-building tool is discussed in the paper along with the original poems written by the students.

Place Attachment and Well-Being Interrelations in Traditional and New Settlements in Alanya Highlands

The psychological well-being of individuals is under the influence of many variables, and place attachment is one of the phenomena that need to be emphasized. Until now, there have been limited studies on place attachment and psychological well-being in traditional and modern second homes. From this point of view, this study was carried out with the people living on the western Mediterranean coast of Turkey in Alanya. The locals living in the center of Alanya move to the highlands on the northern slopes of the Taurus Mountains every summer. Besides many other reasons, this seasonal movement is a psychological need for the well-being of these people . The essential characteristic of the highland settlements and houses is their close relationship with nature . A natural environment surrounded homes, including many wild plants and animal species. In the area, two-story traditional houses are located in extensive gardens. The semi-open living spaces were directed to the north to get the cool winds and openly see the natural view. Today, new roads that facilitate the transportation of new building materials and the increasing income levels of the people created a new housing and settlement pattern. Gardens were divided into small parcels, and a denser housing pattern developed. Therefore, the human-nature relationship is weakening. Moreover, problems such as noise, pollution, and parking issues arose. For that reason, this study aims to measure and compare residents' well-being and place attachment levels in old and new settlements and houses in Alanya highlands. The people who lived in both locations and residences were asked to answer a questionnaire to collect the data. The researcher used a random sampling method to determine the participants and formed a sample group with people from different gender and various age groups. The findings revealed a positive relationship between place attachment and the well-being level of the occupants both in traditional and modern second homes in Alanya Highlands. Still, place attachment is a higher predictor of the psychological well-being of the people living in new settlements and houses. Keywords: well-being, place attachment, second homes, Alanya highland houses Keywords: well-being, place attachment, second homes, Alanya highland houses DOI: 10.7176/CER/15-1-03 Publication date: February 28 th 2023