Early math achievement predicts long-term academic success, yet students with math difficulties and externalizing behavioral challenges face elevated risk for persistent underachievement. This study examined how instructional contexts (whole-class, small-group, and individual work under teacher direction) and math instructional time relate to first-grade math achievement, and whether these relations differ by students' math and externalizing behavior risk profiles. Using multilevel modeling with data from over 15,000 students in the nationally representative ECLS-K: 2011, greater instructional time and teacher-directed formats were positively associated with achievement overall. However, these associations varied by risk status. Individual work under teacher direction was especially beneficial for students with math risk, whereas students with externalizing behavior risk showed weaker gains from small-group instruction and increased instructional time. Students with co-occurring math and behavioral risk demonstrated stronger gains with increased instructional time. These findings emphasize the importance of aligning instructional organization with students' academic and behavioral needs. This study shows that the amount of math instruction and the way instruction is organized in first grade are related to students' math achievement, but these relationships differ depending on students' academic and behavioral needs. Individual work with teacher guidance was especially helpful for students struggling in math, while students with behavioral challenges benefited less from additional instructional time or small-group formats unless adequate structure and support were present. Notably, students with both math and behavioral difficulties showed stronger gains when more instructional time was provided, suggesting that extended learning opportunities may be particularly important for students with multiple risks. These findings highlight the importance of aligning instructional time and grouping decisions with students' learning and behavioral profiles rather than relying on uniform instructional approaches. • Math instructional time effects vary by math and externalizing behavior risk. • Teacher-directed individual work benefits students with math difficulties. • Small-group instruction shows weaker gains for students with behavior risk. • Increased math time benefits students with co-occurring math–behavior risk. • Analyses use national ECLS-K:2011 data from over 15,000 first-grade students.

Numerous preventive measures for occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) have been evaluated, but their effectiveness varies, suggesting that contextual factors and corresponding implementation strategies are important. This scoping review aimed to identify preventive interventions for OCD and explore their implementation strategies and outcomes. We searched five databases (January 2000-May 2024) for studies on preventive interventions, scoping intervention content and implementation strategies. In total, 111 articles describing 79 interventions were included, which involved components of education, personal protective equipment, skin care, workplace adaptations and combinations. Most studies were conducted among healthcare workers, hairdressers or in mixed occupations. Implementation strategies targeted individual workers with educational sessions, individual advice or consults, organisations with participatory working groups, role models or communication tools, and facilitated clinical dermatological care. Implementation outcomes were reported for 11 programs. All reported appropriateness and 10 reported acceptability to be positive. Adoption, feasibility, fidelity (adherence), costs, penetration (reach)and sustainability of preventive intervention implementation were assessed in a limited number of programs. Overall, limited evidence precluded firm conclusions on implementation outcomes. To strengthen prevention, systematic evaluation of implementation outcomes is needed.

Job-exposure matrices (JEMs) are being used to assign (quantitative levels of) exposure to individuals based on their job history. In human observational studies, a group-based approach in which every individual with a similar job will be assigned similar exposure will not bias exposure-response associations but will result in loss of precision. However, since JEMs do not consider between-worker differences in average exposure, some individual workers' cumulative exposures will be underestimated. This may affect their chances of compensation when a minimal (cumulative) exposure threshold is applied. We analysed more than 80 000 repeated exposure measurements from a variety of industries and consequently combined variance components of location and worker (within a location within a job) to estimate the bandwidth of individual average exposures within a job. This allowed estimating percentiles one and two standard deviations (SD) above the median of workers' exposure distribution within a job (across locations/companies). The bandwidth factor appeared to be larger for exposures to particulates than for gases. It was also larger for biological agents. For exposure to particulate matter, the bandwidth factor varied slightly between industries (84BWfactor range 1-4) with a median 2.5. By applying a default bandwidth factor to an average exposure estimate resulting from a quantitative JEM, the Dutch occupational disease compensation scheme has chosen for an approach that recognises between-worker differences in exposure. This approach, in addition to considering uncertainty in exposure-response associations, addresses another important factor of uncertainty in ascertaining occupational disease based on the 'presumably plausible' principle.

ABSTRACT Digital storytelling (DST) has become a dynamic pedagogical approach that boosts learners’ communication confidence and digital literacy. Growing interest in English language education has prompted closer examination of its learning impact. This review analyzes 21 studies published from 2012 to 2022, revealing key patterns in implementation, pedagogy, and outcomes. Findings show that DST is used most extensively in primary schools, with strong potential for broader application across educational levels. Functioning as a multimodal composition, DST has been utilized both as instructional material and a pedagogical approach, with collaborative methods proving more effective than individual work. This review demonstrates that DST yields considerable benefits for students, including enhanced language acquisition, increased learning motivation, improved autonomy, heightened cognitive awareness, strengthened collaborative competence, enhanced digital literacy, and enhanced academic achievement. Pedagogical implications for future research and effective implementation of DST in English language teaching and learning are also discussed.

The study examines the use of intelligent educational technologies to support independent learning among university students. Attention is paid to what digital tools students use, how actively they use them in the learning process, and how much this contributes to their academic autonomy. The study was conducted among students from various faculties of M. Utemisov West Kazakhstan University. Data collection methods were used to determine students' preferences in using digital educational technologies and their perception of the effectiveness of these tools for independent learning. The results showed that students actively use digital technologies to search for information, complete educational assignments, and communicate with teachers and other students in a group. However, it was found that not all students are aware of the potential of digital educational tools for independent organization of the educational process, and many use them only as required by teachers. The interview results also showed that students increasingly rely on collaborative forms of work with digital technologies, such as online discussions, group projects, and collaborative editing of documents, while individual work with digital resources often remains limited. This highlights theneed not only to improve students digital literacy, but also to develop their skills in independently managing educational activities using digital tools. Thus, the study confirms that in order to improve the effectiveness of students' independent learning, it is necessary not only to expand access to digital resources, but also to develop students' skills in using them consciously and purposefully for educational purposes.

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has emerged as a transformative force reshaping how individuals work, live, and interact with their environments. Despite its rapid diffusion, research has yet to clarify the psychological mechanisms driving individual-level GenAI adoption and resistance. This study addresses this critical gap by proposing a dual-path model grounded in Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) and an extended Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) framework. UGT explains the positive, need-fulfilling motivations for GenAI use, incorporating novel gratification constructs such as serendipity, perceived diagnosticity, tangibility, curiosity fulfillment, and enjoyment. In contrast, the enhanced PMT framework captures both traditional and extended pathways of perceived threats. By including fear of losing power (FLP) and fear of missing out (FoMO) as internal psychological mechanisms, this study offers a more comprehensive account of GenAI adoption and resistance. Trait competitiveness and AI self-efficacy are introduced as moderators, delineating how individual differences shape protective responses. Using data from a two-wave longitudinal survey of 1271 ChatGPT users, the findings reveal that UGT-related factors primarily drive adoption, while traditional and extended PMT factors explain resistance behaviors. Notably, FoMO functions as a dual-pathway factor, facilitating adoption and mitigating resistance. Trait competitiveness and AI self-efficacy demonstrate partial moderating effects, underscoring the role of personal dispositions in shaping user behavior. This study contributes theoretically by integrating positive gratification and protective aversion into a unified model of GenAI use. Practically, it provides actionable insights for designing adaptive, user-centered AI systems that enhance engagement while reducing resistance. • We propose a dual-model framework combining UGT and PMT for GenAI adoption. • We introduce novel constructs like serendipity and fear of missing out in GenAI adoption. • We conduct a longitudinal study of 1271 ChatGPT users to test our hypotheses. • UGT factors drive adoption, while PMT factors influence resistance. • Trait competitiveness and AI self-efficacy partially moderate the proposed relationships.

The challenges of being "Always Online": A qualitative study on the work-life balance predicament of counselors in Chinese universities - An analysis based on NVivo15.

ABSTRACT This article presents an empirical analysis from an international project that combined in-class microblogging and jointly created ground rules for talk. The analysis resulted in a conceptual framework that highlighted three key interactional processes: (1) the intermingling of oral and written communication, (2) the traveling of ideas within classrooms, and (3) the occurrence of concurrent interactions. In this article, we argue that these processes are intensified by specific affordances of microblogging tools that are designed around short-text formats and a shared presence. We discuss how this setup creates new opportunities and challenges for teachers considering changes in participation patterns across lessons in the project. We illustrate the processes, showing the need for cognitive and social structuring to guide students’ exchange of ideas across individual, group and whole-class work to widen participation and facilitate the co-creation of an inclusive classroom culture. The article contributes to a broader discussion about how augmented dialogic spaces in classrooms can be better understood and shaped, beyond the specific microblogging tools covered in this empirical analysis.

BackgroundThe WHO calls for integrating patient safety curricula in healthcare education globally, but the limited contextual applicability of existing frameworks constrains national implementation. This work aims to describe the development of Swedish national competence goals in patient safety to establish patient safety as a distinct field summarised within a comprehensive framework of competency areas.MethodThe national competence goals were developed in a project initiated by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare that commissioned a group of academics with expertise in patient safety to work on the project. The development entailed an iterative process involving both physical and digital meetings, individual work and two rounds of questionnaires. Initially, drawing on expert knowledge and international literature, a set of competence areas based on key concepts in patient safety was proposed and defined. Within each competence area, several competence goals were developed. A modified Delphi process was then employed to collect insights from two multidisciplinary panels of experts (n=23). Finally, competence areas, key concepts and competence goals were refined based on feedback from the two Delphi panels.ResultsThe project resulted in a national framework comprising 15 competence areas and 113 competence goals, highlighting key dimensions of patient safety such as foundational concepts, professional roles, systems thinking, patient involvement, human factors, communication and teamwork, organisational culture, risk awareness, learning from adverse events, evaluation, safe practices, technology, leadership, emergency preparedness and high-risk care situations.ConclusionsThe development of national competence areas and goals marks an advancement in establishing patient safety as a distinct scientific discipline, where they collectively provide a broad and structured set of educational goals and standards. This initiative provides a foundation for integrating patient safety curricula into national healthcare education and strengthening patient safety practices, which can serve as an inspiration to others.

Objective: This study aimed This study aimed to examine the impact of role overload on nurses’ job performance and to ‎investigate the moderating role of mindfulness in mitigating its negative effects Study Design: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted. Place and duration of study: Data were collected through ‎convenience sampling from 310 nurses working in various hospitals. ‎ Material and Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed. Data were collected through ‎convenience sampling from 310 nurses working in various hospitals. Standardized instruments ‎were used, including Reilly’s Role Overload Scale (α = .87), the Mindful Attention Awareness ‎Scale (MAAS) (α = .79), and the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ, version ‎‎1.0) (α = .80). All measures demonstrated satisfactory reliability. Results: Findings revealed a significant negative relationship between role overload and job performance. ‎Regression analysis indicated that mindfulness was positively associated with improved ‎performance. Furthermore, mindfulness significantly moderated the relationship between role ‎overload and both task and contextual performance. However, its moderating effect on ‎counterproductive work behavior was not significant. Conclusion: The results suggest that mindfulness acts as a valuable psychological resource that buffers the ‎adverse effects of role overload on performance. The study highlights the importance of ‎integrating mindfulness-based interventions in high-stress work environments to enhance ‎employee well-being, resilience, and overall job performance. Keywords: Mindfulness, Job Performance, Role Overload, Healthcare Sector, Nurses ‎

ABSTRACTAimThis study was planned with a multi‐centre design to investigate the mediator role of person‐organization fit in the relationship between organizational agility and individual work performance in nurse managers.MethodThis multi‐centre, descriptive cross‐sectional study was carried out with 169 nurse managers working at four public hospitals and two university hospitals operating in two provincial centres. Data were collected face‐to‐face between January 2025 and March 2025 using a ‘Personal Information Form,’ the ‘Person‐Organization Fit Scale,’ the ‘Individual Work Performance Questionnaire,’ and the ‘Organizational Agility Scale.’ Data were analysed using the SPSS Statistics 30.0 programme and the PROCESS Macro v4.2 extension with frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation values, t‐tests, Kruskal–Wallis tests and Pearson's correlation analyses.ResultsOrganizational agility had a significant and positive effect on person‐organization fit (B = 0.811, SE = 0.068, p < 0.05). Person‐organization fit significantly predicted individual work performance (B = 0.190, SE = 0.062, p < 0.05). The indirect effect of organizational agility on individual work performance was also significant (B = 0.154, SE = 0.049, 95% CI: 0.053–0.246). Therefore, person‐organization fit mediated the relationship between organizational agility and individual work performance.ConclusionThis study demonstrated the mediator role of person‐organization fit in the relationship between organizational agility and individual work performance in nurse managers. The results of the study showed that an increase in organizational agility indirectly and positively affected individual work performance via the mediation of person‐organization fit.

Burnout, moral distress and workforce attrition continue to challenge US healthcare systems. Resilience has increasingly been framed as an individual responsibility, emphasizing adaptive capacity amid escalating demands. While adaptation is important, this framing risks obscuring leadership behaviors and system conditions that determine whether resilience becomes sustainable or extractive. This article introduces Resilience-Centered Leadership (RCL), a conceptual framework that repositions resilience as a leadership-mediated organizational outcome shaped by system design, expectation-capacity alignment and pressure regulation. This study adopts a conceptual theory-building approach. Drawing on High Reliability Organization theory, transformational leadership theory, burnout scholarship and systems thinking, the article synthesizes parallel literature to identify leadership behavior as the mediating force connecting organizational resilience and individual adaptive capacity. Five interrelated leadership functions are articulated through the ALIGN orientation: anticipating and naming pressure, load-balancing work demands, intentional calibration of expectations against perceived capacity, guarding psychological safety and nurturing resilience as an outcome. Resilience is best understood as an emergent property of leadership behavior and system alignment rather than an individual prerequisite. When leaders regulate pressure and maintain expectation-capacity alignment, resilience becomes generative and sustainable. Chronic misalignment shifts the burden of performance onto individuals, contributing to burnout and attrition. As a conceptual article, this work does not include empirical testing of the proposed framework, which limits direct claims regarding causality or generalizability. However, the framework offers important implications for healthcare leadership scholarship and organizational practice by providing a lens to examine how leadership behaviors and system design shape workforce sustainability and organizational resilience. The model also establishes a foundation for future empirical research examining leadership accountability, pressure regulation and resilience outcomes across healthcare settings. The RCL framework provides healthcare leaders with a practical lens for recognizing and regulating system-generated pressure. By emphasizing expectation-capacity alignment, load redistribution and psychological safety, the framework supports leaders in identifying early signs of workforce strain and intervening before burnout and attrition occur. RCL encourages leaders to shift from reliance on individual endurance toward intentional system design and leadership behaviors that support sustainable performance and organizational resilience. By reframing resilience as a leadership and system outcome, this framework challenges prevailing narratives that place responsibility for coping primarily on individual healthcare workers. RCL highlights the social and professional consequences of unmanaged organizational pressure, including burnout, moral distress and workforce attrition. The framework supports a more sustainable and ethically grounded approach to healthcare leadership that values workforce well-being, professional dignity and organizational accountability. This article reframes resilience as a leadership and system-level outcome and introduces the ALIGN orientation as a novel organizing logic to guide research and leadership practice in complex healthcare environments.

The role and status of female police officers in the organization have been turned on as the recruitment of female police officers expanded and female police officers performed various duties, but a police officer is a male-dominated job, and female police officer is still discriminated against in the placement of positions and promotion. The study tried to identify factors that affect the gender discrimination that female police officers perceive, because it needs to find out the cause of gender discrimination to find a solution that prevents gender discrimination against female police officers. To identify statistically significant factor that affect gender discrimination that female police officers perceive, it sets the gender discrimination that female police officers perceive in the workplace as the dependent variable, and independent variables are divided into individual factors and organizational factors to form sub-variables. Age, rank, education level, and number of children were set as individual factors, and training, promotion system, and work culture were set as organizational factors. For the analysis of the research model, a hierarchical regression was conducted using data from the ‘Investigation on the Work and Life of Female Public Officers in Jeju region’. According to the analysis results, it was found that the age, education level, and number of children did not significantly affect the perception of gender discrimination. On the other hand, the higher the rank of female police officers, the higher the perception of gender discrimination. In terms of organizational factors, it was found that the fairer the promotion system, the weaker the female police officers perceive gender discrimination, and it has shown the strongest and clearest influence relationship. In order to lower female police officers’ perception of gender discrimination, there needs to be clear standards for work evaluation and promotion to ensure fairness in the promotion system. Since the study was conducted on female police officers in Jeju, the analysis results cannot be applied to female police officers nationwide.

Situated at the intersection of art, science, and the humanities, this paper explores the emotional logic and design philosophy of bionic machinery installation art. The study constructs a multi-dimensional sample space and collects viewers’ impressionistic expressions of representative works. These textual responses are then processed and consolidated with the help of a large language model to derive kansei words. On this basis, emotion rating scales are introduced to measure these words and map them onto the PAD emotional space, thereby testing the logic and plausibility of their emotional distributions. The results are integrated into a four-dimensional mapping model that links user needs, emotional dimensions, bionic content, and artefact presentation. A marine-ecology-themed installation is used as a case study to demonstrate the value and application pathway of the model. The findings indicate that behavioural bionics shows clear clustering patterns in the emotional space. Although individual works often evoke complex, multi-component emotional profiles, their dominant emotions remain identifiable. The proposed mapping model enables designers to pre-set target emotions and to steer the emotional expression of a work towards a desired range. In doing so, it provides a reusable methodological framework for bionic-oriented installation art.

Mahua FunAge's comedy films have forged a distinctive artistic aesthetic through the "comedy +" hybrid narrative strategy, emerging as a leading exponent of Chinese domestic comedy film production. This paper first traces the origins and intrinsic characteristics of comedy and tragedy, clarifies the connotative hierarchy and logical relationship of "tragic elements", "tragicity" and "tragic core" in comedy films, and sorts out the development context of the fusion of comedy and tragedy as well as the evolution of tragic representation in Chinese domestic comedy films. Taking Mahua FunAge's classic comedy film works as the research object, the paper systematically analyzes the specific expression forms of tragic elements from four dimensions: character shaping, plot setting, theme expression and scene design, and reveals the stage characteristics of Mahua FunAge's tragic representation from human nature excavation to social issue discussion. Furthermore, from the multiple perspectives of text creation, reception aesthetics and film industry, this paper explores the creative value of integrating tragic elements into comedy films, including promoting plot development, revealing social phenomena, enhancing emotional resonance, highlighting character traits, upgrading aesthetic experience and driving industrial innovation. Finally, the paper reflects on the practical dilemmas in Mahua FunAge's creative process, such as the lack of tragic core in individual works, and points out that the deep integration of comedy and tragedy based on real life and local culture is the core path for the innovation and development of Chinese domestic comedy films. This research enriches the academic research dimension of comedy film tragedy representation, and provides practical reference for the creation of domestic comedy films with both entertainment value and artistic depth.

Current trends and prospects in the scientific world in the field of medicine dictate the requirements for high-quality training of PhDs to ensure competitiveness in the global scientific arena, both for domestic science as a whole and for the individual achievements of scientists themselves. Among these requirements, one of the key ones is the acquisition, as a result of postgraduate study, of competencies related to the basics of legal protection, presentation, use and implementation of the results of scientific activity. Objective — to substantiate the optimisation of an integrated compulsory course for medical PhD students on the basis of a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and international approaches to teaching patent studies, intellectual property and implementation of research results. Materials and methods. Publications indexed in PubMed, higher education standards, syllabi and curricu­la of medical universities in Ukraine and leading scientific countries were analysed using comparative, structural-logical and content analysis. Results and discussion. It has been established that in Ukraine a theoretically oriented model of teaching the fundamentals of patent studies, intellectual property and the implementation of research results predominates. This model ensures the stability of basic knowledge but limits the development of practical competencies and innovative thinking. A strong advantage of foreign educational programs is their substantially higher level of practical orientation, the integration of interdisciplinary approaches, the active use of simulations and project-based learning, as well as cooperation with institutions responsible for knowledge commercialisation, systemic interaction of higher medical education institutions with technology transfer structures, along with the involvement of learners in patenting processes, intellectual property management, creation of startups and participation in real innovation projects.Based on the comparative analysis results, an updated structure of the discipline «Fundamentals of Patent Studies, Intellectual Property, and Implementation of Research Results» (3 ECTS credits) has been developed. It includes three content modules — «Fundamentals of Patent Studies and Copyright», «Patent-Information Search and Scientific Publications» and «Presentation and Implementation of Research Results» — as well as an expanded range of forms of independent and individual work that are practically oriented. Conclusions. The proposed model ensures a shift in emphasis from passive theoretical acquisition to the development of applied skills that correspond to modern requirements of the innovation ecosystem, strengthens the practical orientation of PhD training and enhances the competitiveness of Ukrainian medical researchers.

This article presents the results of a validation study of the original "Island" projective drawing technique, designed for work with children and adolescents who have experienced traumatic war events resulting in adjustment disorders. The "Island" technique serves as a rapid yet sensitive tool that combines a projective approach with trauma-focused logic. It enables not only identification of distress levels but also description of psychological processes, detection of maladaptation zones, and identification of available resources. The technique is suitable for group and individual work, requires no complex conditions, and does not elicit resistance in children. The drawing serves as a metaphorical key to the child's inner world and a practical instruction for professionals, helping to identify maladaptation zones and resources and chart an optimal pathway for psycho-emotional support. Evaluation of "Island" drawings was conducted by a team of psychologists according to cluster criteria, after which results were compared with SDQ and CRIES-8 questionnaire data to determine the degree of concordance. SDQ (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) assesses emotional symptoms, behavioral problems, hyperactivity, peer relationship difficulties, and prosocial behavior. CRIES-8 identifies PTSD symptoms: intrusions, avoidance, anxiety. Interviews with psychologists were conducted for qualitative verification and clarification.

Rapid digital transformation in healthcare requires nurses to effectively use digital communication tools and apply technology safely in clinical practice. Despite this need, limited evidence exists on how nurses’ digital competency functions as a job resource that enhances work engagement and task performance, particularly in Saudi Arabia. Thus, this study examined the relationships between digital competency, work engagement, and task performance among nurses working in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling was conducted among 122 direct care nurses. Data were collected using the Digital Competence Questionnaire, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, multiple regression, and mediation analyses were performed. Most participants were female (76.2%) and aged 29 years or younger (32%). Nursing experience varied, with 32% reporting 1–5 years of experience and 28.7% reporting more than 15 years. The majority held a bachelor’s degree or lower (86.1%) and were Saudi nationals (67.2%). Nearly half worked rotating shifts (49.2%), and 43.4% were employed in public hospitals. Participants reported moderate levels of digital competency (M = 3.52, SD = 1.12) and task performance (M = 3.31, SD = 1.03), while work engagement was relatively higher (M = 4.47, SD = 1.54). Work engagement was positively associated with digital competency (r = .254, p = .005) and strongly associated with task performance (r = .481, p < .001). Digital competency was also positively related to task performance (r = .394, p < .001). Saudi nationality was the only sociodemographic variable significantly associated with work engagement, with Saudi nurses reporting higher engagement (r = .242, p = .008). Both digital competency and work engagement were significant predictors of task performance, and work engagement partially mediated the relationship between digital competency and task performance. Digital competency can enhance nurses’ task performance directly and indirectly through increased work engagement. Strengthening nurses’ digital skills may therefore promote engagement and improve performance outcomes. These findings highlight the need for organizational strategies that prioritize digital competency to support workforce effectiveness and sustain high-quality nursing care in digitally evolving healthcare systems.

Chainsaw felling and processing work is conducted in various natural conditions and requires significant physical effort from the workers, movement in severe weather and environmental conditions, and has a high risk of injury. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological workload of chainsaw operators through continuous heart rate measurement during the entire working day. The research was carried out during the summer of 2024, encompassing different parts of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Heart rate was measured using a Polar H10 Heart Rate Monitor Chest Strap with continuous data logging and storage of heart rate readings. A time study was performed based on recordings conducted simultaneously with the recording of heart rate, with the aim of determining the duration of individual work operations and identifying the work operation with the highest negative impact on the worker. The average working heart rate during productive work time for subject 1 was 104 bpm, 83 bpm for subject 2, 109 bpm for subject 3, 94 bpm for subject 4 and 129 bpm for subject 5. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in average heart rate in relation to the time study element. The heart rate reserve (%HRR) for the whole study time was estimated at 41.05 % for subject 1; 22.69% for subject 2; 44.50% for subject 3; 24.04% for subject 4, and 45.78% for subject 5. The results of the study showed that the %HRR of chainsaw operators during felling and processing exceeded the value of 40% for 3 out of 5 subjects, which corresponds to hard work and may have negative consequences for operators´ health.

Scholars of inequality generally find that lower-class individuals are more skeptical of meritocratic narratives that link economic success to individual work effort. However, past research has yielded inconclusive findings about how economic inequality affects meritocratic attitudes across different class groups. Theories of activated class conflict suggest that class matters more in high-inequality contexts, while theories of relative power suggest that these class-based differences are smaller in more unequal contexts. We argue that past studies have been unable to effectively adjudicate between these theories because they conflate the between- and within-country relationships between inequality and meritocratic attitudes, assume that the impacts of rising and falling inequality are symmetrical, and tend to focus on rich democracies thus limiting important cross-national and temporal variation in income inequality. Using multiple waves of the World Values Survey and multilevel regression models, we build on this prior research empirically by (1) disentangling the cross-country and asymmetrical temporal components of the inequality-meritocracy relationship, and (2) employing a broader sample of developing and rich countries to leverage more variation in country-level income inequality. We find that class-based cleavages in meritocratic attitudes are smaller in countries with higher average levels of inequality. Further, while declining inequality is associated with increased meritocratic beliefs across class lines, we find no evidence that rising inequality suppresses these beliefs. Our results demonstrate how contrasting theoretical frameworks can explain different components of the inequality-meritocracy relationship (i.e., cross-sectional and asymmetrical temporal components). We conclude by discussing the challenges our findings pose for partisans of egalitarian politics.