Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains a major obstetric concern, yet the optimal screening strategy and the prognostic value of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) parameters remain debated. We aimed to compare the diagnostic yield and clinical outcomes of a two-step OGTT strategy (50 g glucose challenge followed by 100 g OGTT) versus a one-step 75 g OGTT approach, and to evaluate the predictive performance of individual OGTT time points for pregnancy complications and treatment requirement. Methods In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 1,439 pregnant women undergoing routine screening at 24–28 weeks of gestation were randomized to either a two-step OGTT strategy (n=719) or a one-step 75 g OGTT strategy (n=720). GDM was classified as diet-controlled or insulin-requiring. Maternal risk factors, obstetric outcomes, and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses assessed the predictive ability of OGTT parameters for polyhydramnios and insulin requirement. Results Overall GDM prevalence was 12.3%, including 8.4% diet-controlled and 3.9% insulin-requiring cases. The one-step strategy identified a numerically higher proportion of GDM without significant differences in maternal or neonatal outcomes compared with the two-step approach. Rates of polyhydramnios, hypertensive disorders, macrosomia, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, neonatal intensive care admission, small for gestational age (7.4%), and intrauterine growth restriction (4.2%) were comparable between groups. ROC analyses demonstrated that 2-hour OGTT values showed the strongest predictive performance for polyhydramnios (AUC up to 0.816) and insulin requirement (AUC up to 0.808), whereas the 50 g screening test showed only moderate discrimination. Conclusion The one-step 75 g OGTT increases diagnostic labeling without improving short-term clinical outcomes. Post-load OGTT values—particularly 2-hour glucose levels—provide the most clinically meaningful prognostic information and may support a risk-stratified approach to GDM management rather than expansion of diagnostic thresholds alone.

Temporal transcriptomic changes during neurodevelopment in a mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Spatio-temporal features are crucial for maritime trajectory forecasting, especially in scenarios involving curved waterways or abrupt changes in ship motion patterns. Although Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, which are widely used for trajectory prediction, inherently include temporal and spatial information, effectively strengthening these features and integrating them into prediction models remains challenging. To address this challenge, we propose a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-Series-cOre Fused Time Series forecaster (SOFTS)-based framework that explicitly couples spatial and temporal features to achieve high-fidelity maritime trajectory forecasting, especially in scenarios with complex spatial patterns. We first employ a CNN-based spatial encoder to hierarchically abstract spatial density distributions through convolution and pooling operations, thereby learning global spatial structure patterns of ship movements. This encoder emphasizes overall spatial morphology rather than precise individual trajectory points. Second, we employ the SOFTS model to incorporate angular velocity, acceleration, and angular acceleration as input features to characterize ship motion states, which can capture the temporal dependencies of ship motion states from multivariate time series. Finally, the spatial embedding features extracted by the CNN are concatenated with the temporal feature representations learned by SOFTS along the feature dimension to form a joint spatiotemporal representation. This representation is then fed into a fusion regression module composed of fully connected layers to predict future ship trajectories. Experimental results on the validation dataset show that the proposed method achieves an MSE of 0.020 and an MAE of 0.060, outperforming several advanced time series forecasting models in prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. The introduction of angular velocity, acceleration, and angular acceleration features reduces the MSE and MAE by approximately 10.22% and 9.49%, respectively, validating the effectiveness of the introduced dynamic features in improving trajectory prediction performance. These results underscore the proposed method's potential for intelligent navigation and traffic management systems by effectively enhancing inland river navigation safety and strengthening waterborne traffic monitoring capabilities.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy, in addition to standard antiemetic therapy, in reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting among patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial studyPlace and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the DHQ Hospital Sheikhupura, Pakistan, between February and July 2024. Methods: The sample size used was 70 adult patients who had undergone laparotomy with general anesthesia, experienced nausea or vomiting in 24 hours after surgery and were enrolled and randomized to either intervention (n=35) or control (n=35) group. Both groups were treated with standard antiemetics, and the experimental one was also treated with lavender aromatherapy according to the validated protocols. The levels of nausea and vomiting were evaluated on levels at baseline and after 15 and 40 minutes of intervention. Analysis of data involved comparison of within and between group changes at individual time point. Results: Baseline nausea and vomiting rates were comparable between groups. At 40 minutes, nausea was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to controls (2.9% vs. 17.1%, p=0.04). Vomiting showed amarked reduction at 15 minutes (8.6% vs. 48.6%, p=0.001) and was completely absent in the intervention group at 40 minutes (0% vs. 14.3%, p=0.02). Both groups showed within-group improvement over time, but reductions were more pronounced in the lavender group. Conclusion: When lavender aromatherapy was applied together with the conventional antiemetic treatment, nausea as well as vomiting after exploratory laparotomy was greatly reduced. It is safe, not invasive, and cost-effective, which makes it appropriate to be incorporated as a postoperative supportive strategy.

The ever-increasing dam heights and the enormous number of existing dams pose significant challenges to dam safety construction and management. For earth and rockfill dams, the deformation control problem becomes more and more prominent. Compared with the study based on monitoring data of single monitoring point, the constructed plane deformation based on the monitoring data can reflect the deformation and mechanical characteristics of the dam more effectively. Therefore, this paper proposes an approach for dam crest plane deformation construction and crack analysis considering monitoring points weights, using the PBG high core wall rockfill dam as a case study. First, the individual monitoring point Hydrostatic–Season–Time (HST) model of dam crest settlement was analyzed based on statistical method. Then, evaluated the quality of monitoring data using outlier rate, maximum deformation magnitude, and deformation trend consistency, and assigns weights to each monitoring point accordingly. Finally, by considering each monitoring point weights, the mapping relationship between monitoring point coordinates and HST model parameters is fitted, and dam crest plane settlement HST model was established, and the deformation characteristics and crack analysis are conducted. This article proposes a new method for expanding independent monitoring point deformation data to plane deformation, improving the utilization rate and reliability of monitoring data and providing technical support for enhancing the long-term safety and stability of dams.

Temporomandibular Dysfunction (TMD) is a term that encompasses clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and its associated structures. In the management of TMD, the number of occlusal contact points in individuals has been investigated as a way to complement the diagnosis, since the limited evidence suggests that this condition influences contact points. This study aims to evaluate the contact area of ​​teeth in patients with muscular temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) using digital scanning and electronic occlusal analysis, both with and without myofascial pain. This research is a quantitative and longitudinal study, where the population consisted of 15 individuals that were evaluated using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Those diagnosed with muscular TMD (local myalgia, myofascial pain with or without referral) were included in the study. For data collection, after analyzing pain intensity using the visual analog scale (VAS), the patients' dental arches were scanned while the patient was seated, following the Frankfurt plane parallel to the ground, using a support to ensure parallelism (T1). At a second time point (T2), up to 7 days after the painful episode, the patients underwent further scans. The scanning was performed using a 3shape scanner. The results obtained in phases T1 and T2 were tabulated and evaluated. When comparing the number of contact points, a significant difference was found between the two study time points, with averages of 19.5 and 21.9 in T1 and T2 respectively (p<0.0001). The Visual Analog Scale showed an average score of 8 in T1, while in T2 the average reported by the patients was 0. When comparing the VAS scores at the two study time points, a significant difference was detected between them (p<0.0001). It can be concluded that the contact surface of the posterior teeth increased significantly in patients during the pain-free period when compared to the pain period.

Abstract: In 2021, the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) in conjunction with the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) increased premium subsidies to support the purchase of Marketplace coverage until the end of 2025. The ARPA/IRA enhanced subsidies substantially reduced the net-of-subsidy cost of Marketplace coverage. Using regression analysis of respondents to the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC) over the 2018–22 period, we assessed how Marketplace coverage changed after the implementation of the ARPA/IRA enhanced subsidies and which subgroups were particularly affected. We found a 6.7 percentage point increase in the proportion of Marketplace-eligible individuals who took up coverage after ARPA/IRA. Further, the proportion who took up coverage increased by 20.7 percentage points for non-Hispanic Black individuals and by 10.1 percentage points for Hispanic enrollees. These results strongly suggest that if Congress does not reauthorize the enhanced subsidies, a decline in Marketplace enrollment, especially among some minority groups, is likely to occur.

To investigate the ultrastructure of inner limiting membrane (ILM) pores in whole-retina specimens, and to compare with surgically excised specimens from eyes with vitreo-maculopathies. Ultrastructural analysis included 1) three-dimensional serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (3D SBF-SEM) of inner retinal layers from macular area of two human donor eyes and 2) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ILM specimens obtained from 25 eyes with tractional vitreo-maculopathies that tested positive for the presence of ILM pores. SBF-SEM analysis revealed circumscribed areas of ILM thinning and multiple retinal cell processes protruding into the ILM with or without ILM breakthrough. In the peri-pore regions, the ILM was thin and bulged toward the vitreous. Müller cells had finger-like extensions through the ILM forming small individual breakthrough points. Surgically removed ILM specimens also showed regions with ILM thinning and protruding retinal cell fragments in the ILM but with no preexisting ILM breakthroughs. Epiretinal cells were found on the vitreal side of the ILM pore regions. There is evidence that ILM pores are newly formed by retinal Müller cells, growing their processes through the ILM toward its vitreal side in health and disease. These pore regions may contribute to the formation of epiretinal membranes.

Global microplastic contamination in freshwater lakes: Spatial patterns, environmental drivers, and methodological challenges.

Accelerating dataset generation for machine learning using large language models: a pharmaceutical additive manufacturing case.

IPB D1 chickens have been shown to exhibit superior growth and reproductive performance in comparison to kampong chickens, as demonstrated in previous studies. The selection of IPB D1 chickensresulted in the generation of IPB D2 and IPB D3 chickens. The objective of this study is to make acomparative analysis of the size and body shape of kampong chickens, IPB D1 chickens, IPB D2 chickens,and IPB D3 chickens. This analysis will be based on crowd diagrams during the starter and growerperiods. The present study employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on measurements ofeight linear body surface area variables, including femur length, tibia length, tarsometatarsus length,tarsometatarsus circumference, third toe length, wing length, maxilla length, and comb height. Thesevariables are closely related to adaptive ability, resulting from natural selection. The selection of chickensbased on eight linear body surface area, in conjunction with natural selection, has been demonstratedto enhance chicken productivity. The analysis results demonstrate that IPB D1 and IPB D2 cocks, andIPB D2 and IPB D3 hens, in the starter period exhibit comparable body shapes, suggesting a relativelyuniform morphological pattern resulting from shared direction of selection. During the grower period,disparities in the direction of selection became evident between IPB D2 and IPB D3 cocks, as evidencedby the distribution of individual points in divergent directions in the cluster diagram. This phenomenonis indicative of disparities in selection pressure on body characteristics in the two strains. Significantly,during the starter period, a separate group of kampong hens formed at the top of the diagram, indicating the strong uniqueness of native chicken morphological characteristics and a body size pattern that is strikingly different from the IPB selection strain.

Abstract The polarization of X-ray synchrotron emission in blazars directly probes the magnetic field geometry and particle acceleration processes in relativistic jets. We use particle-in-cell simulations of magnetic reconnection and magnetized turbulence, coupled to polarization-sensitive radiative transfer code, to interpret Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) observations of Mrk 421 during a high flux state recorded in December of 2023. To evaluate the fitness of the two theoretical scenarios, we rely on a quantitative comparison of the statistical properties of simulated and observed X-ray flux and polarization light curves using five evaluation metrics, rather than attempting to fit individual data points. We propose a turbulence-driven multi-zone model where jet emission is represented as the sum of the radiative output of N independent cells, each described by a particle-in-cell simulation. Comparison of ensembles of simulated Stokes-parameter light curves with IXPE data shows that magnetic-reconnection-dominated models provide the best match to the observed X-ray flux and polarization dynamics. The optimal configuration corresponds to N = 15 emitting cells, which reproduces the observed amplitudes and timescales of the X-ray flux and polarization variations. Magnetized turbulence models underpredict both the flux and polarization variability. Our results indicate that a multi-zone, reconnection-powered emission scenario can describe the X-ray polarization behavior of Mrk 421 and establish a quantitative framework for testing theoretical models against IXPE observations of other high-synchrotron-peaked blazars.

Distinct local mark behaviours are increasingly observed in applications of marked spatial point processes. These local differences reveal important limitations of global mark correlation functions, which can fail to identify true mark associations when some mark behaviours dominate others. In this paper, we introduce a family of local indicators of mark association (LIMA) for marked spatial point processes. These functions are defined for point processes on general state spaces and accommodate both real-valued and object-valued marks. Unlike global mark correlation functions, which can be distorted when distinct mark behaviours coexist, LIMA functions reliably identify all types of mark associations among points. Moreover, they identify the interpoint distances at which individual points exhibit significant mark associations. Through a range of simulated scenarios and two forestry applications involving real- and function-valued marks, we demonstrate the performance of LIMA functions. In particular, LIMA functions substantially outperform existing global mark correlation functions in detecting mark associations, quantifying their variation, and identifying their effective spatial range.

Categorization studies, in which stimuli vary along a category continuum, are becoming increasingly popular in psychological science. These studies demonstrate the effect of category ambiguity on various behavioral and neural measures. In such studies, researchers manipulate objective category levels by varying the physical properties of the stimuli, and then use these levels as predictors of behavior-assuming they map directly onto participants' perceived locations along the category continuum. This approach might not be optimal, considering the variability in participants' category boundary locations (their point of subjective equality, or PSE). In this tutorial, we propose addressing this issue by estimating participants' individual points of subjective equality, adjusting category levels relative to these points, and conducting statistical analyses on the subjective category levels. Implementing this method significantly improves the statistical power of the analysis in both experimental and simulated data. Adjusting stimulus levels by the points of subjective equality is highly suited for social categorization studies, in which points of subjective equality vary significantly. On a broader scale, it can be applied to a variety of categorization, discrimination, and decision-making studies.

The borehole salt mine "Łężkowice" extracted salt from 1968 to 1992 from the heavily tectonically disturbed deposit is of Miocene age. Quaternary aquifer overlies the salt deposit. Despite the decommissioning of the mine and the backfilling of goafs, infiltrating rainwater leaches salt and migrates into Quaternary waters, which flow towards the Raba River and result in its local contamination. Surveys conducted in 2010, 2017 and 2024 show no reduction in the intensity of this process. Despite the passage of over 30years since the decommissioning of the mine and the convergence of backfilled solution chambers, followed by land subsidence, water from the surface continues to infiltrate into the deposit. As a result, Quaternary waters contain 28 to over 10,000mg/dm3 of chlorides and river water 17-34mg/dm3. Changes in chloride concentrations at individual points and their spatial distribution are random in nature but coincide with broader directional trends related to the flow of groundwater towards the Raba River. This indicates the need for further monitoring studies until the environmental effects of the solution mining extraction cease.

This paper presents new evidence suggesting that the relationship between loneliness and social connectedness is regulated by individual social connectedness set points, i.e. levels of social connectedness that individuals consider satisfactory. Using data from the European Union Loneliness Survey (2022; N = 25,646), I find that loneliness exhibits a kinked relationship with connectedness: It decreases linearly when connectedness is below individual set points but remains consistently low regardless of additional social contact once this threshold is reached. This pattern, which holds across multiple loneliness measures, is consistent with predictions from homeostatic control models and the cognitive discrepancy model of loneliness. I further identify key determinants of individual set points for social connectedness, including social environment variables, childhood relationships, and passive social media use. The findings indicate that similar levels of social contact can produce different experiences of loneliness across individuals due to heterogeneity in social preferences. Effective loneliness interventions should consider both the availability of social connections and individual set points for social connectedness.

The mysterious Galactic center (GC) gamma-ray (γ-ray) excess (GCE) could be explained by a large population of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) hiding in the Galactic bulge, too faint to be detected as individual high-energy point sources by the Large Area Telescope and too fast and dispersed to be detected in shallow radio pulsation surveys. Fermi Motivated by an innovative candidate selection method, we aim to detect millisecond pulsars associated with the GCE by carrying out deep radio pulsation searches toward promising candidates detected in the inner Galaxy in X rays by and in radio or γ rays by the Very Large Array or . Chandra Fermi We conducted deep radio observation and follow-up campaigns with MeerKAT, as well as the Murriyang and Green Bank telescopes toward nine X-ray candidate sources. We report the detection of two new MSPs, including a black widow candidate, toward the Galactic bulge: PSRs J1740--2805 and J1740--28. These discoveries double the number of MSPs discovered within the innermost 2 from the GC.

In third-generation centralized heating systems, qualitative regulation of the heat transfer medium parameters is mainly performed at heat sources, while quantitative regulation is implemented at central and individual heating points, with buildings remaining passive heat consumers. Unlike fourth-generation systems, such systems generally do not employ renewable energy sources, thermal energy storage, or low-temperature operating regimes. Third-generation centralized heating systems operate based on design high-temperature schedules and centralized control, without considering the actual thermal loads of consumers. Under conditions of physical deterioration of heating networks, hydraulic imbalance, and operational constraints, the actual parameters of the heat transfer medium supplied to buildings often deviate from design values, resulting in deviations of thermal conditions at the level of end consumers and disruptions of thermal comfort. This study proposes the concept of an intelligent active individual heating point (IAIHP), designed to provide adaptive qualitative–quantitative regulation of heat transfer medium parameters at the level of individual buildings. Unlike approaches focused on demand-side management, the use of thermal energy storage, or the integration of renewable energy sources, the proposed solution is based on the application of a local thermal energy source. The IAIHP compensates for deviations in heat transfer medium parameters and acts as a local thermal energy source within the building heat supply system (BHSS). Control of the IAIHP operation is performed by a developed automation system that provides combined qualitative and quantitative regulation of the heat transfer medium supplied to the BHSS. The study assesses the potential scale of IAIHP implementation in third-generation centralized heating systems, develops a methodology for selecting the capacity of a local heat source, and presents the operating algorithm of the automatic control system of the IAIHP. At present, the reconstruction of an individual heating point of a kindergarten connected via a dependent scheme is being carried out based on the developed project documentation. Modeling and calculations show that the application of the IAIHP makes it possible to ensure indoor thermal comfort by reducing the risk of temperature deviations, which are otherwise typically compensated for by electric heaters. The proposed concept provides a methodological basis for a gradual transition from third-generation to fourth-generation centralized heating systems, while equipping the IAIHP with an intelligent control system opens opportunities for improving the energy efficiency of urban heating networks. The proposed integrated solution and the developed automatic control algorithms exhibit scientific novelty and practical relevance for Russia and other countries operating third-generation centralized heating systems, including Northern and Eastern European states, where large-scale infrastructure modernization and the implementation of fourth-generation technologies are technically or economically constrained.

BackgroundSocial distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the circulation of most seasonal respiratory viruses (RV), providing an unprecedented opportunity to assess the waning of RV antibodies. Using a pan-viral immunosurvey, we assessed RV immunity during a prolonged time of low RV circulation at a population level.Figure 1.The longitudinal waning of respiratory viral antibodies during the COVID-19 pandemic.Linear mixed effect model for: (A) human metapneumovirus [HMPV], (B) influenza A, (C) influenza B , and (D) respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]. Each thin line represents a patient with geometric mean (gMean) epitope binding signal (EBS) at enrollment and end of study. Quartile 1 (purple) represents the patients with the highest gMean EBS at enrollment and quartile 4 (orange) represents the patients with the lowest gMean EBS. The thick lines represented predicted spline lines for each quartile based on the population.Figure 2.The log2-transformed fold changes in geometric mean epitope binding signal (EBS), a surrogate of antibody titer, for four different respiratory viruses.Boxplots show the distribution of log2-transformed fold changes in antibody levels for each virus: (A) Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), (B) Influenza A, (C) Influenza B, and (D) Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Individual points represent participant-level values. A log2 fold change of 0 indicates no change in antibody level; values below 0 indicate waning, while values above 0 indicate an increase. Comparisons between quartile 1 and quartile 4 were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. All comparisons had a p<0.0001.MethodsVirScan, an immunosurvey that can identify antibodies against viruses with human tropism, was performed on samples from a cohort of patients in a SARS-CoV-2 surveillance study from May 2020 to June 2021. The median study period was 229 days. We selected 4 RVs (human metapneumovirus [HMPV], influenza A and B, and respiratory syncytial virus. The enrollment samples were ranked into quartiles (Q1-Q4) based on the geometric mean (gMean) epitope binding signal (EBS), a VirScan surrogate for an antibody titer. Q1 represented the highest gMean EBS, likely due to recent RV exposure. We used linear mixed effect (LME) models to model longitudinal changes in gMean EBS for each RV and calculated fold change (ratio of gMean EBS at end of study to enrollment). Fold change values were log₂-transformed for visualization and statistical analysis.ResultsA total of 204 immunocompetent adults were included [median age 43.5 (IQR: 32.3 – 54.8)]. LME models showed a consistent decline in gMean EBS over time for Q1 compared to Q4, which demonstrated a modest increase or stability in antibody levels (Figure 1A-D). This trend was most pronounced for HMPV, which also exhibited greater variability in response compared to other RVs (Figure 1A). The log2-transformed fold change in gMean EBS between timepoints was compared for each RV between Q1 and Q4. Q1 fold changes were significantly greater than Q4 for all RVs, indicating greater waning (Fig. 2A-D, P< 0.0001).ConclusionWe demonstrate that VirScan can assess population level changes in antibody repertoires. Our results show waning humoral immunity across 4 RV during a period of low circulation in patients with the highest EBS (antibody titers) at enrollment. We were able to assess antibody levels for multiple viruses using a single assay, thus allowing for broad immune profiling compared to traditional methods of assessing antibody kinetics. Future studies will utilize VirScan to assess changes at an epitope level.DisclosuresMichael J. Boeckh, MD PhD, Allovir: Advisor/Consultant|Ansun Biopharma: Grant/Research Support|AstraZeneka: Advisor/Consultant|AstraZeneka: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Moderna: Advisor/Consultant|Moderna: Grant/Research Support|Symbio: Advisor/Consultant|Vir Biotechnology: Grant/Research Support Alpana Waghmare, MD, Ansun Biopharma: Clinical trial site|AstraZeneca: Advisor/Consultant|GSK: Advisor/Consultant|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Pfizer: Clinical trial site|Shionogi: Clinical trial site|Vir Biotechnology: Advisor/Consultant

ABSTRACT Accurately measuring training intensity in swimming remains a challenge due to the limited availability of scientifically validated monitoring devices. The measurement of heart rate (HR), for example, would enable the calculation of HR-based training loads. The FORM Smart Swim 2 goggles measure HR via a temple-mounted optical sensor and enable real-time HR feedback. However, the goggles’ HR measurement function has yet to be validated. Twenty-five experienced recreational swimmers simultaneously wore the goggles and a criterion chest-strap (Garmin HRM-Swim) during the completion of an assigned workout. Agreement was assessed at four levels of data aggregation: individual data points, intervals, main-sets, and whole-workouts. Respective mean HR (HRmean) from the goggles and criterion chest-strap were 136 ± 17 bpm and 135 ± 18 bpm (mean absolute percentage error = 1.0 ± 1.2%). For HRmean, concordance correlation was high (intervals: 0.91, 95%CI: 0.87 to 0.94; whole-workouts: 0.99, 95%CI: 0.99 to 1.0), and fixed bias was low (intervals: −0.23 bpm, 95%CI: −1.2 to 0.78 bpm; whole-workouts: −0.24 bpm; 95%CI: −0.94 to 0.46 bpm). Strong agreement was observed between the goggles and criterion chest-strap for HR measurements, particularly for HRmean. Since HRmean serves as the primary input for HR-based training load metrics, the goggles provide valid data for monitoring swim training.