The field of Molecular Cell Engineering melds techniques from molecular cell biology, engineering and the physical sciences to quantitatively define mechanisms that govern the shape and function of living cells. This discipline offers a new and powerful approach to confront fundamental questions in the life sciences, such as how cells self organize through collective interactions among thousands of individual molecular components, and function physically as part of larger tissues and organs in our bodies. This approach has led to deeper understanding of the fundamental design principles that govern the mechanical behavior of living cells, and greater insight into mechanotransduction—how cells sense physical forces and convert them into changes in biochemistry. This article briefly describes the history and current status of this field in context of the larger discipline of Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, and discusses how new advances in this area can be leveraged to develop new ‘biologically inspired’ engineering approaches for cell and developmental control, as well as non-medical applications, in the future.