ABSTRACT Inclusive education (IE), an essential component of educational equity, has emerged as a prominent research area in China’s special education field since its introduction in the 1990s. Despite the growing body of literature, systematic reviews remain limited. Using CiteSpace bibliometric software, this study analysed publications from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WoS) core databases to map the development of inclusive education research in China. The analysis was structured around key stages in national special education policy. Findings show a steady increase in publication volume over time, and research trends are closely linked to policy developments. The evolution of research themes follows three phases: ‘inclusion without full integration’ (pre-2002), ‘equal emphasis on both access and quality’ (2003–2011), and ‘appropriate education tailored to individual differences’ (2012–2025). These shifts reflect China’s efforts to advance inclusive education through the Learning in Regular Class (LRC) model. More recently, research has moved from broad, macro-level discussions to practical, micro-level concerns such as teacher attitudes, institutional support, and localised implementation. This review offered a comprehensive overview of the field, highlighting key themes, trends, and gaps to inform future policy, research, and practice towards a more inclusive educational environment in China.

This cross-sectional study examined the impact of parental marital conflict on adolescent anxiety and the moderating roles of physical activity and gender, with additional gender-stratified analyses to test differences between boys and girls. A total of 3974 adolescents participated in this study. Standardized questionnaires assessed perceived parental marital conflict, anxiety symptoms and physical activity behaviours. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted using SPSS to examine associations among parental marital conflict, anxiety, physical activity and gender. The findings revealed that parental marital conflict was positively associated with adolescent anxiety (r = .344, p < .001) and negatively associated with physical activity (r = -.047, p < .01), while physical activity was inversely related to anxiety (r = -.087, p < .001). Moderation analyses showed that physical activity exerted a significant buffering effect on the relationship between parental marital conflict and anxiety (β = -.040, p < .01). Gender also moderated this association (β = .045, p < .01), with girls being more vulnerable to anxiety under parental marital conflict. Gender-stratified analyses indicated that the buffering effect of physical activity was more pronounced among boys than girls. This study suggested that physical activity may support the alleviation of adolescent anxiety related to parental marital conflict; however, its effects are limited and subject to individual differences. Accordingly, interventions should not rely solely on physical activity but adopt more comprehensive strategies that consider gender differences and psychological vulnerability to promote adolescents' mental health under family stress.

Oxytocin's Impact on the Social Brain: Individual Differences and Context Shape a Core Amygdala-Mediated Mechanism.

Research has demonstrated there are two primary ways emotions can be generated. These include emotions generated from perception of simple physical properties of stimuli in the environment, known as “bottom-up” generated emotions, and emotions generated from cognitive appraisals of a cue or situation, known as “top-down” generated emotions. Experimentally, it has been shown these two forms of emotion generation recruit distinct neural and psychological processes. However, the extent to which individuals differ in how their emotions are generated, and how this variation may relate to other relevant constructs, has yet to be determined. Previous research has used self-report measures to assess individual differences in emotional responding. However, no measures to date have investigated individual differences in the degree to which people respond to bottom-up and top-down generated emotions specifically. A novel self-report questionnaire was developed to assess individual differences in bottom-up and top-down generated emotions. We report on three independent studies that evaluate the measures’ psychometric properties and exploratory factor structure (Study 1; N = 149), confirmatory factor structure, associations of the measure with relevant psychopathology symptom domains, relevant established measures of emotional processes, and an established experimental task of emotion regulation (Studies 2 N = 230 and 3 N = 238). Factor analyses consistently indicated a two-factor structure for the items (Comparative Fit Index range = .94-.96) with adequate reliabilities. Correlation analyses revealed both top-down and bottom-up generated emotions were positively associated with internalizing symptoms and other measures relevant to emotion processing (significant r ranges:.15-.55). The relationships with extant measures indicated that we developed a measure that characterizes the use of cognition in the generation of negative emotion, as opposed to the use of cognition to control emotion. Future work should examine how this measure may be useful for affective and clinical science, including mechanistic treatment targets.

Abstract There is a pressing unmet clinical and health economic need for effective drugs to treat cognitive impairment that occurs in neurodegenerative diseases. JAK4D is a first-in-class thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) analog that overcomes the pharmacological limitations of TRH and enables delivery of the long-recognized multifactorial neurotherapeutic actions of TRH without inducing endocrine side effects. JAK4D is demonstrated to be neuroprotective and significantly reduce excitotoxic-induced hippocampal-dependent memory deficits in rat. In the present study, we used the scopolamine challenge test coupled with the novel object recognition test to evaluate the effect of JAK4D on scopolamine-induced recognition memory deficits in the male, Lister-Hooded rat. Scopolamine administration has been shown by others to mimic cholinergic and brain network disruption in neurodegenerative diseases. Although the scopolamine challenge test does not fully replicate the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer’s disease, it is a well-recognized acute pharmacological model for assessing the ability of pharmacological interventions to counteract memory deficits relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. In this model of cholinergic dysfunction, we also assessed the effects of TRH, taltirelin (a degradation-stabilized TRH analog), and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, as a positive reference compound. The discrimination (d2) index was used as the primary measure to assess the effect of treatment on scopolamine-induced performance deficit in the novel object recognition test. d2 is a standard well-recognized measure of discrimination between a novel and familiar object in the novel object recognition test, which advantageously takes into account individual differences in exploration levels. Across all investigations, JAK4D (1 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reversed scopolamine-induced recognition memory impairment (p=0.0274, p=0.0002, p&amp;lt;0.0001). The degree of reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficits by JAK4D (1 mg/kg i.p.) was indistinguishable from that observed for donepezil (0.1 mg/kg p.o.) (p=0.026). Subcutaneously administered JAK4D (0.3-10.0 mg/kg) also significantly reversed this deficit (p=0.0432-0.0021). Furthermore, similar pro-cognitive effects were exerted by TRH (5 mg/kg i.p., p=0.0055) and taltirelin (10 mg/kg p.o., p=0.0002). Together, these results underscore the relevance of the central TRH signaling system for the treatment of memory impairment. Data from the current study provide further evidence in support of the potential of JAK4D as a novel therapeutic for cognitive deficits in neurodegenerative diseases.

Hypospadias is a common congenital external genital structural malformation in the males, where significant deviations in appearance primarily affect the psychosocial health of the entire family during childhood, ultimately harming the patient's social integration, leading to high expectations for normal appearance from the patients and their families. The anatomical abnormalities of hypospadias exhibit considerable individual differences, and the difficulty of surgical repair largely depends on the experience of the surgeon, with high rates of complications and reoperations. Therefore, surgeons' expectations for surgical outcomes are more focused on functional reconstruction and reducing complication rates, creating a gap between the expectations of both doctors and patients. By measuring anatomical abnormalities, it may be a feasible approach to set normal appearance goals to achieve normal appearance outcomes. This article introduces the use of anthropometric assessment methods to accurately describe the anatomical abnormalities of hypospadias and proposes specific morphological goals for the reconstruction of various parts, implementing surgical operations in a goal-oriented manner. The aim is to establish a unified baseline decision-making system for hypospadias surgery, shorten the learning curve, improve the quality of clinical research, and achieve integrated reconstruction of structure, function, and aesthetics for patients.

From infant temperament to anxiety: infant neural responsivity to unexpected stimuli shapes outcomes.

Purpose The social acceptance of health technologies is crucial for the effectiveness and sustainability of healthcare systems amid the demographic change. However, patients’ acceptance, which shapes technology use and compliance, is still insufficiently understood. Methods In this study, we explore how perceived risks and perceived benefits relate to attributed value as a proxy for social acceptance. Unlike most studies that focus on individual technologies, we measure public perception of 20 very different types of health technologies—ranging from plaster cast and x-Ray to insulin pumps, bionic limbs, and mRNA vaccines. Through an online survey utilizing a convenience sample of 193 participants from Germany and Bulgaria, we assessed perceived risks, benefits, and overall value attributed to these technologies. The study presents a visual mapping of the technologies and investigates the individual and technology-related factors shaping these perceptions. Results The findings suggest that perceived benefit is the strongest predictor for overall value ( β = +0.886), while perceived risk plays a significant, but much smaller role ( β = −0.133). Together, both factors explain 95% of the variance in overall attributed value (95%, R 2 = .959). Further, individual differences, such as prior care experience and trust in physicians, significantly influences the perceptions of health technologies. Conclusion We conclude with recommendations for effectively communicating the benefits and risks of health technologies to the public, mitigating biases, and enhancing social acceptance and integration into healthcare systems.

This study explored barriers and facilitators to digital self-management engagement among individuals with chronic pain. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 participants, guided by a 32-item schedule informed by digital health adoption literature and the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour (COM-B) model. Reflexive thematic analysis identified key influences on engagement, which were then mapped onto the COM-B framework to inform intervention design. Barriers were linked to physical and cognitive limitations, information access, financial constraints, self-efficacy and individual differences. Facilitators included social connection, enhanced pain awareness, autonomy and accessibility. While themes aligned with most COM-B components, no clear influences were mapped to Automatic Motivation. Findings provide nuanced insights into the behavioural and contextual factors shaping engagement with app-based interventions. By applying the COM-B model, this study offers a theoretically grounded understanding of digital self-management uptake, supporting the development of more responsive and accessible interventions for people living with chronic pain.

Unpacking the Multidimensional Nature of EFL Speaking Difficulties: A Holistic Framework of Learner-Centered Needs. Speaking is a critical yet challenging skill for EFL learners due to its spontaneous nature, real-time processing, and high emotional demands. This study explores the individual challenges that students face in learning to speak English and how these affect their classroom participation and language development. Objectives: The study aims to examine the challenges that students encounter while learning to speak English and how these challenges influence their classroom participation and language development. Methods: Drawing on key theories of communicative competence, the Affective Filter Hypothesis, and pragmatic competence, this research employed a qualitative descriptive design, including open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 25 university students enrolled in a speaking class. Findings: Thematic analysis revealed five interrelated dimensions of difficulty: (1) linguistic challenges, especially vocabulary and grammar limitations; (2) psychological barriers, including anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, and lack of confidence; (3) the impact of classroom environment and activity design on comfort and performance; (4) learners’ topic preferences, where familiar and casual themes are favored over abstract or technical subjects; and (5) the importance of pedagogical support, such as collaborative tasks, smaller group settings, and constructive feedback. Conclusion: The findings underscore that speaking difficulties are not merely linguistic but are deeply influenced by affective and contextual factors. Students benefit most from interactive, low-pressure environments that allow gradual confidence-building. The study concludes by recommending a more student-centered approach to speaking instruction—one that acknowledges individual learner differences, promotes meaningful interaction, and fosters both communicative competence and psychological readiness. These insights can guide teachers in designing more inclusive and engaging speaking classes that empower learners to participate actively and confidently. Keywords: EFL speaking challenges, communicative competence, affective filter, classroom interaction, learner confidence.

Mesothelin in pancreatic cancer: clinical applications and analytical considerations.

ABSTRACT Cognitive jealousy, which involves thoughts and suspicions of a partner's infidelity, is linked to various negative outcomes. Yet, little is known about how it fluctuates over time or across different relationships. This longitudinal study examined 891 young, unmarried adults in romantic relationships over 5 years (11 assessment points), capturing 1507 total relationships. About 42% of participants reported being in more than one relationship during the study period. The study examined how cognitive jealousy varies within individuals, across different relationships, in relation to individual traits such as neuroticism, attachment anxiety, and gender, and in relation to experiences of extradyadic sexual involvement (either self‐ or partner‐reported). Results showed that while 28.2% of the variance in cognitive jealousy was due to differences between individuals, the largest proportion (39.8%) was due to differences between relationships. Within a particular relationship, initial levels of cognitive jealousy remained relatively stable over time. Higher levels of neuroticism, attachment anxiety, and experiences of extradyadic sexual involvement (both self‐ and partner‐reported) were associated with greater cognitive jealousy. Men reported higher initial levels of cognitive jealousy than women. These findings suggest that relationship‐specific dynamics as well as individual differences play a crucial role in the experience of cognitive jealousy.

Objective This study aims to examine the potential medication literacy profiles of patients with chronic diseases in long-term care facilities and to analyze the influencing factors, thereby providing a basis for developing targeted intervention programs. Methods This study conducted a cross-sectional study among 403 older patients with chronic diseases in 41 long-term care facilities in Nanchong City, China, from January to April 2025. Latent profile analysis was conducted using the 23 items of the older adults chronic disease medication literacy scale as manifest variables, followed by multinomial logistic regression to analyze the influencing factors. Results Three distinct medication literacy profiles were identified: high medication literacy with active communication and interaction (30.3%), moderate medication literacy with passive dependence (47.4%), and low medication literacy with limited information acquisition (22.3%). Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that educational level, pension status, frequency of health checkups, staff attention, self-assessment of medication effectiveness, perceived social support, and self-efficacy for appropriate medication use significantly influenced the medication literacy categories. Conclusion The overall medication literacy of patients with chronic diseases in long-term care facilities is above average; however, significant individual differences remain. Clinical staff and institutional caregivers should develop and implement targeted interventions based on influencing factors to enhance medication literacy.

The field of child-robot interaction (CRI) is growing rapidly, in part due to demand to provide sustained, personalized support for children in educational contexts. The present study uses a within-subject design to compare how children between 5 and 8 years of age (n=32) interact with a robot and human instructor during a tangram learning task. To assess how the children's characteristics may influence their behaviors with the instructors, we correlated interaction metrics, such as eye gaze, social referencing, and vocalizations, with parent-reported scales of children's temperament, social skills, and prior technology exposure. We found that children gazed more at the robot instructor and had more instances of social referencing toward a research assistant in the room while interacting with the robot. Age was related to task time completion, but few other individual characteristics were related to behavioral characteristics with the human and robot instructors. When asked about preferences and perceptions of the instructors after completing the tangram tasks, children showed a strong preference for interacting with the robot. These findings have implications for the integration of social technologies into educational contexts and suggest individual differences play a key role in understanding how children will uniquely respond to robots.

Neuroanatomical findings on panic disorder (PD) are typically difficult to replicate, with inconsistent effects. These concerns prompted a paradigm shift towards large-scale collaborations, focused on harmonized data extraction and processing for robust examination of PD brain correlates. Hence, leveraging the largest-ever multi-site neuroimaging database on PD (Age: 10-66 years; global sites: 28), compiled by the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group, we report on cortical and subcortical differences in individuals with PD (N = 1146) versus healthy controls (HC: N = 3778). The analyses revealed lower thickness and smaller cortical surface area within fronto-temporo-parietal regions in PD (Cohen's ds: -0.08-0.13), along with lower thalamic and caudate volumes (Cohen's ds: -0.07-0.12). Diagnosis-by-age2 interactions (Cohen's ds: 0.07-0.12) revealed lower thickness in individuals with PD compared to HC in certain regions during adulthood (25-55 years), with relative absence of such differences during youth (<25 years) or late adulthood (>55 years). Finally, patient subgroup analyses showed that early disease onset (≤21 years) in PD was associated with larger lateral ventricles (Cohen's ds: 0.31-0.38), whilst no medication, comorbidity, or severity effects were found. These findings lend support to neurocircuitry models of PD, which postulate differences within fronto-striato-limbic circuits and temporo-parietal regions. Moreover, findings highlight the potential importance of abnormal development and aging in neuroanatomical differences related to PD. Given its unprecedented scale, the current study is an important milestone towards identifying the structural brain correlates of PD.

Men's use of internet pornography has been widely studied; however, the frequency with which men use different genres of pornography, and the individual differences associated with the use of different genres of pornography, has received less attention. The aim of the present research was to determine whether men's sociosexual orientation and personality traits were associated with use of different genres of internet pornography. Across three studies, men were asked to self-report the frequency with which they have used each genre of pornography (Study 1; n = 126), presented with video thumbnails representing the various genres of pornography and asked to self-report their interest in using each genre (Study 2; n = 166), and given brief descriptions for each genre and asked to report their interest in using each genre (Study 3; n = 169). These associations were examined using men's self-reported sociosexual orientation, personality traits, and use of four broad genres of pornography. Results indicated that aspects of men's sociosexual orientation and personality were correlated with men's use of various genres of pornography. Regression analyses revealed that aspects of men's sociosexual orientation and personality were uniquely predictive of their use of group sex pornography (which depicts cues to high levels of sperm competition), as well as female-specific and paraphilic pornography. Discussion considers the potential evolutionary psychological implications of these findings, as well as limitations and directions for future studies of pornography use.

Individual differences in the biomechanical characteristics of chronic ankle instability (CAI) and the heterogeneity in treatment responses suggest that CAI may have distinguishable subtypes. However, the existing selection criteria for CAI are limited, and the current CAI model groups various types of ankle instability without any precise differentiation of subtypes. This study aimed to apply clustering analysis to identify distinct CAI subtypes. An ordered dataset representing three CAI types (perceived ankle instability (PAI), functional ankle instability (FAI), and mechanical ankle instability (MAI)) was designed, and the K-means clustering algorithm was then applied to clinical data from 210 participants, including individuals with CAI, copers, and healthy people. Clustering analysis was performed using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI), and anterior drawer test (ADT) scores as indicators, followed by dimensionality reduction and cluster validation. The K-Means clustering algorithm identified five distinct CAI subtypes: PAI, FAI, PAI+FAI, PAI+FAI+MAI, and Sub-coper. The clustering model based on clinical data confirmed the absence of pure MAI and showed that CAI patients could present with varying levels of instability. The most prevalent subtype might be a combination of PAI and FAI. This study demonstrates that, by using clustering analysis, CAI can be categorized into distinct subtypes, offering a more precise diagnostic framework. This approach supports the development of subgroup-based management strategies for CAI and highlights the need for updated selection criteria for CAI.

Costly punishment is thought to be a key mechanism sustaining human cooperation. However, the motives for punitive behaviour remain unclear. Although often assumed to be motivated by a desire to convert cheats into cooperators, punishment is also consistent with other functions, such as levelling payoffs or improving one's relative position. We used six economic games to tease apart different motives for punishment and to explore whether different punishment strategies were associated with personality variables, political ideology, and religiosity. We used representative samples from the United Kingdom and the United States (N = 2010) to estimate the frequency of different punishment strategies in the population. The most common strategy was to never punish. For people who did punish, strategy use was more consistent with egalitarian motives than behaviour-change motives. Nevertheless, different punishment strategies were also associated with personality, social preferences, political ideology, and religiosity. Self-reports of behaviour in the games suggested that people have some insight into their punishment strategy. These findings highlight the multipurpose nature of human punishment and show how the different motives underpinning punishment decisions are linked with core character traits.

The mental speed hypothesis of intelligence proposes that individual differences in intelligence arise from variations in the information processing speed. However, studies using reaction times to investigate this relationship show only low-to-moderate correlations (Sheppard & Vernon, 2008). To obtain more precise measures of mental speed, researchers have analyzed the latencies of event-related potential components associated with higher order cognitive processes, providing strong evidence for the mental speed account with latent correlations ranging from -.49 to -.89 (Schubert et al., 2017, 2023). However, it remains unclear to what extent the relationship between speed and intelligence is specific to decision-related processes or also holds true for nondecisional working memory (WM) processes. In this study, we take an integrative approach to (a) evaluate the generalizability of the relationship between information processing speed and intelligence with regard to the speed of WM encoding and (b) extend previous research by examining the role of WM capacity. To this end, we collected data on electroencephalographic measures, WM capacity, and intelligence from 141 participants and analyzed latent correlations using a latent state-trait model to account for measurement error and situation-specific variance. Our results indicate that information processing speed during WM encoding, as measured by the latencies of late event-related potential components, is not significantly related to intelligence or WM capacity. These findings suggest that the relationship between mental speed and intelligence depends on factors that warrant further investigation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

ABSTRACT Sickness absenteeism represents a pressing challenge for employees, organizations, and societies. Although leadership is widely recognized as a determinant of employees’ health, the relationship between leaders’ Health-Focused Intervention Behavior (HFIB) and sickness absenteeism remains insufficiently understood. HFIB denotes leaders’ purposeful actions to support employees’ recovery, such as initiating health-related dialogue, adapting work conditions, and facilitating access to organizational and medical resources in case of ill-health. Grounded in Conservation of Resources theory, this research pursues three objectives: (1) to examine absenteeism as a theoretically and practically significant outcome of HFIB above and beyond (leader-member exchange) LMX, (2) to investigate pre-existing health impairments as an underexplored boundary condition shaping HFIB effectiveness, and (3) to explore the longitudinal development of sickness absenteeism trajectories by assessing individual differences in initial absenteeism (intercept) and change over time (slope) in relation to HFIB. Drawing on multi-source data collected over 18 months, including six waves of sickness absenteeism following the baseline survey, we find that HFIB is negatively associated with sickness absenteeism, even after controlling for LMX, physical strain and respiratory diseases. Moreover, impairment severity moderates this relationship: contrary to expectations, employees with stronger impairments exhibit smaller reductions in sickness absenteeism than those with less severe impairments.