Individual Cubicles Research Articles

Emotional Labor and Stress Resilience: Construal Level Theory Approach

The effectiveness of stress coping methods through various learning and training programs is reported to be weak or none. This research proposes a new method for coping with stress at work. Founded on construal level theory, a visual stimulus promoting abstract thinking was designed, and its effectiveness was tested in both lab and field. The visual stimulus was installed in forty-five (45) individual cubicles of a tourism company’s call center in Korea to observe its effectiveness. The results showed that the visual stimulus promotes abstract thinking, reducing stress levels. Furthermore, the bootstrapping analysis confirms that the positive emotion fully mediates the influence of construal level on the perceived stress level.

Simulating a Hockey Hub COVID-19 Mass Vaccination Facility.

Mass vaccination is proving to be the most effective method of disease control, and several methods have been developed for the operation of mass vaccination clinics to administer vaccines safely and quickly. One such method is known as the hockey hub model, a relatively new method that involves isolating vaccine recipients in individual cubicles for the entire duration of the vaccination process. Healthcare staff move between the cubicles and administer vaccines. This allows for faster vaccine delivery and less recipient contact. In this paper we present a simulation tool which has been created to model the operation of a hockey hub clinic. This tool was developed using AnyLogic and simulates the process of individuals moving through a hockey hub vaccination clinic. To demonstrate this model, we simulate six scenarios comprising three different arrival rates with and without physical distancing. Findings demonstrate that the hockey hub method of vaccination clinic can function at a large capacity with minimal impact on wait times.

Pedagogy of the Cubicle

‘Loge’ (cell, cubicle, box, cabinet, compartment, hut) is a spatial typology built to serve often ritualistic, also quotidian practices of physical, social and mental seclusion. From monastic life, to prisons, one can find various examples where voluntarily or involuntarily; isolated cells were used to renounce one’s contact with the outside world in order to incubate contemplation, concentration for individuals.
 One of the strongest rituals of loge is found in the pedagogic traditions of École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, a seminal model that influenced the history of architectural education in the world. ‘Loges’ were the spatial educational tools invented and used during the architectural competitions, which were central pedagogical and curricular motives of the École’s educational system. The individual cubicles (varied in size in different periods) divided by rigid walls were aligned on a corridor, kept under strict probation by guardians, isolating students physically and socially from the outside world and each other during the periods of architectural competitions.

Under-utilization of taps in intensive care unit as a cause of reservoirs of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli

IntroductionThe under-utilisation of taps is associated with the generation of reservoirs of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli with the ability to disseminate. We describe the detection and approach of the problem in an ICU. MethodsObservational descriptive study in an ICU with individual cubicles with their own sink. We collected clinical samples from patients and environmental samples from tap aerators and reviewed the unit's hygiene measures. ResultsWe detected four cases due to Chryseobacterium indologenes, one to Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and another to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; they were identified both in clinical and the environmental samples. The healthcare professionals reported that almost every hand hygiene opportunity was performed with a hydroalcoholic solution. After considered the daily flushing of water outlets as inefficient, it was decided to remove them. ConclusionsNational recommendations were insufficient for preventing, detecting and controlling tap contamination in units with a high risk of infection. The management of taps in these units needs to be improved.

La infrautilización de grifos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos como causa de reservorios de bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores

IntroductionThe under-utilisation of taps is associated with the generation of reservoirs of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli with the ability to disseminate. We describe the detection and approach of the problem in an ICU. MethodsObservational descriptive study in an ICU with individual cubicles with their own sink. We collected clinical samples from patients and environmental samples from tap aerators and reviewed the unit's hygiene measures. ResultsWe detected four cases due to Chryseobacterium indologenes, one to Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and another to Pseudomonas aeruginosa; they were identified both in clinical and the environmental samples. The healthcare professionals reported that almost every hand hygiene opportunity was performed with a hydroalcoholic solution. After considered the daily flushing of water outlets as inefficient, it was decided to remove them. ConclusionsNational recommendations were insufficient for preventing, detecting and controlling tap contamination in units with a high risk of infection. The management of taps in these units needs to be improved.

Política de visitas, diseño y confortabilidad en las unidades de cuidados intensivos españolas

ObjectiveTo determine the design and comfort in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs), by analysing visiting hours, information, and family participation in patient care. DesignDescriptive, multicentre study. SettingSpanish ICUs. MethodsA questionnaire e-mailed to members of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Critical and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC), subscribers of the Electronic Journal Intensive Care Medicine, and disseminated through the blog Proyecto HU-CI. ResultsA total of 135 questionnaires from 131 hospitals were analysed. Visiting hours: 3.8% open 24h, 9.8% open daytime, and 67.7% have 2 visits a day. Information: given only by the doctor in 75.2% of the cases, doctor and nurse together in 4.5%, with a frequency of once a day in 79.7%. During weekends, information is given in 95.5% of the cases. Information given over the phone 74.4%. Family participation in patient care: hygiene 11%, feeding 80.5%, physiotherapy 17%. Personal objects allowed: mobile phone 41%, computer 55%, sound system 77%, and television 30%. Architecture and comfort: all individual cubicles 60.2%, natural light 54.9%, television 7.5%, ambient music 12%, clock in the cubicle 15.8%, environmental noise meter 3.8%, and a waiting room near the ICU 68.4%. ConclusionsVisiting policy is restrictive, with a closed ICU being the predominating culture. On average, technological communication devices are not allowed. Family participation in patient care is low. The ICU design does not guarantee privacy or provide a desirable level of comfort.

G231 A study to determine whether changes in the system of caring for children and young people in a same day admission unit could improve quality of care without adversely effecting theatre utilisation

Background The same day admissions unit (SDAU) was formerly an open ward area with no systems in place for admitting up to 45 children a day. No children with learning disabilities were cared for on the unit because it was seen as unsuitable due to the noise and lack of space. In March 2014 the new SDAU opened with 16 cubicles and a large playroom. This offered the opportunity to be able to bring in systems that would improve quality of care for patients. Admissions were staggered and fasting times were tailored to the admission times to ensure that children were fasted for less time and had less time to wait. We also began to accept Children with learning disabilities onto the unit. The staggered admissions however meant forced breaks in theatre lists. Aims To examine whether a bringing in an organised system of care was successful in increasing the quality of care to patients and their families without adversely impacting on theatre utilisation. The main areas of focus were: Patient privacy and dignity, family waiting times, fasting times, family levels of stress and anxiety and being able to provide an improved service for children with learning disabilities. Method Quantitative data was taken of “patient status at a glance” and PIMS to examine whether fasting and waiting times had been reduced by the new system. The number of patients going through both units was also compared. Using a questionnaire patient’s and their families were able to evaluate their experiences of the new SDAU and compare this with the old unit if they had visited both. Results The system changes were measured and showed a decrease in waiting and fasting times. Patients and families find the new unit to be calmer and more organised than the old ward and prefer to be cared for in individual cubicles. Children with learning disabilities are being routinely admitted via SDAU. Conclusions Good planning involving all the staff was crucial to the change being successful. Communication and using planned and practiced systems was also key. Regular reviewing of systems and being prepared to change them was crucial. The process is still evolving.

The politics of the toilet: A feminist response to the campaign to ‘degender’ a women's space

Synopsis This article is a feminist response to the campaigning activism and queer and transgender theory which promotes the ‘degendering’ of public toilets. This campaign originates in the demands of men who transgender to access women's toilets. Activists argue that sex segregation of toilets is the result of nineteenth century moralism and is a discriminatory practice. They say that degendered toilets would be safer for women because the good men would protect women from aggressors, and they show a remarkable degree of insensitivity to women's needs and interests. The campaign is increasingly effective, with schools in the US and local councils in the UK moving to degender toilets in response. This article will argue that the safety of women as a group requires that toilet provision should remain sex segregated or take the form of individual cubicles that offer privacy and safety to all users.

Container size influences snack food intake independently of portion size

While larger containers have been found to increase food intake, it is unclear whether this effect is driven by container size, portion size, or their combination, as these variables are usually confounded. The study was advertised as examining the effects of snack food consumption on information processing and participants were served M&M’s for free consumption in individual cubicles while watching a TV show. Participants were served (1) a medium portion of M&M’s in a small (n=30) or (2) in a large container (n=29), or (3) a large portion in a large container (n=29). The larger container increased intake by 129% (199kcal) despite holding portion size constant, while controlling for different confounding variables. This research suggests that larger containers stimulate food intake over and above their impact on portion size.

Observational learning in C57BL/6j mice

The ability of mice to solve a complex task by observational learning was investigated with C57BL/6j mice. Four female demonstrators were trained to reliably perform a sequence that consisted in pushing a piece of food into a tube attached to the side of a puzzle box, and recovering it by opening a drawer in front of the box. They then performed this sequence in front of naive mice assigned to individual cubicles in a box with a wire mesh front arranged in a row facing the demonstrators. A total of 25 naive mice (13 males and 12 females) were used. Fifteen mice observed 14 demonstrations a day for 5 days; 10 control mice were placed in similar cubicles, but behind a plastic screen which prevented them from observing the demonstrators. The mice were post-tested in the demonstrator situation, and 6 of 15 observers immediately reproduced the complete task successfully, but none of the naive or control mice were able to solve the task. The observers and controls were then subjected to a five level individual learning schedule. Observers learned the individual task significantly faster than the controls. No sex difference was found. These results suggest that observational learning processes at work were based on stimulus enhancement and observational conditioning.

100 years of hormonology: a view from No. 1 Wimpole Street

100 years of hormonology: a view from No. 1 Wimpole Street

Restructuring Isolation: Hospital Architecture, Medicine, and Disease Prevention

This paper examines changing strategies of isolation in the New York Hospital between 1771 and 1930 by correlating the facilities available for isolation with changing reactions to internal disease incidence, changing medical rules and regulations, and shifting ward categories. To prevent internal "epidemics" of telltale diseases such as erysipelas, pyemia, and "hospital gangrene," what (or who) was isolated from what, and how that isolation was achieved, altered drastically. Traditional strategies of increasing the air space and flow around each patient gave way to Florence Nightingale's sanitary nursing, Joseph Lister's antisepsis, Joseph Grancher's barrier system of nursing, D. L. Richardson's aseptic nursing, and Charles Chapin's advocacy of individual cubicles. The larger social and medical transformations of the hospital colored all of these shifts. But the changing isolation strategies also reveal a transformation of the underlying understanding of the role that hospital architecture played in disease incidence.

Increasing the portion size of a packaged snack increases energy intake in men and women

The objective of this study was to determine how the portion size of a packaged snack affects energy intake of the snack and of the subsequent meal. On five separate days, 60 subjects (34 women and 26 men) ate an afternoon snack and dinner in individual cubicles. For each snack, subjects were served one of five packages of potato chips (28, 42, 85, 128, or 170 g), which they consumed ad libitum directly from the unlabelled, opaque package. Subjects returned to the lab three hours later for a standard dinner, which was also consumed ad libitum. Results showed that snack intake increased significantly as the package size increased for both males and females ( p<0.0001). The combined energy intake from snack and dinner also increased as the package size increased. On average, when served the largest snack package compared to the smallest, subjects consumed an additional 596 kJ (143 kcal) at snack and dinner combined. Results from this study demonstrate that short-term energy intake increases with increasing package size of a snack. These data suggest that the availability of large packages of energy-dense snacks may be one of the environmental influences associated with excess energy intake.

Effects of milking frequency on lying down and getting up behaviour in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate if cows milked twice per day have more difficulty lying down and getting up and spend less time lying than cows milked three times per day. Seventeen cows of the Swedish Red and White Cattle Breed were studied, seven of which were milked twice daily (2M) and ten were milked three times (3M) daily. They were kept in individual cubicles, that were closed in the rear end with a rope. They had free access to a mixture of silage, hay and concentrate. The individual cows were video-recorded for 24 h every fourth week, starting four weeks after calving for four times. The 2M cows stood significantly longer, 128.11 min, than the 3M cows, 64.88 min, ( P<0.01) during the 4 h before morning milking. The 2M cows also had a tendency for longer duration of standing rumination ( P=0.059) as well as significantly more bouts of standing rumination ( P<0.01) during these hours than the 3M cows. The cows in the 3M group spent less time on the getting up movement ( P<0.05) during the 4 h before morning milking. The distribution of the lying bouts during these 4 h differed significantly between the groups, where the 3M cows had fewer lying bouts shorter than 15 min and more lying bouts longer than 90 min. The results indicate that milking three times a day contributes to increased comfort in high-producing dairy cows.

Factors affecting cubicle utilisation by dairy cattle using stall frame and bedding manipulation experiments

Earlier studies have shown that cattle preferentially utilised Dutch Comfort (DC) cubicles more frequently than Newton Rigg (NR) cubicles. Designs differ in position of barwork with the Dutch Comfort providing greater lateral space sharing than the older Newton Rigg cubicles. To further investigate the role of cubicle design on cattle behaviour and to attempt to improve utilisation of the Newton Rigg design, manipulation of cubicle frames and bedding was undertaken over a 5 month winter housing period. Forty cows in mid-gestation of differing ages, body weights and milk yields were monitored using standard behavioural observation methods. Newton Rigg cubicles were manipulated by altering the presence and location of head and breast rails and cattle utilisation was compared with the standard Dutch Comfort cubicles. This manipulation affected longitudinal space in the cubicle. Experiments were also conducted to examine the influence of mats on the occupancy levels of cubicles. In the frame manipulation experiment, occupancy rates were higher in the DC than in the NR cubicles. Removal of both head and breast rails tended to increase occupancy levels of the NR cubicles. Overall, 54% of the cows spent more time ( P<0.01) lying in the DC cubicles, whereas only 23% of the animals spent more time ( P<0.01) lying in the NR cubicles. Other information extracted from the data indicated a greater turnover (number of cows occupying individual cubicles) of DC cubicles per night than NR cubicles ( P<0.01). The mean continuous lying time (±SD) per cubicle per night was 106.20 ± 93.45 min with a range of 15–540 min, regardless of cubicle type or manipulation. Cubicle fidelity was low despite evidence of preference for stall type. The mean number of cubicles visited per cow was 19.7 over the experimental period (range 13–31). The cows still chose DC cubicles more frequently than NR even when relative availability of NR:DC was as high as 2:1. The addition of mats on cubicle beds increased the occupancy of both DC and NR over standard cubicles with concrete floors, but overall, the DC cubicles retained a higher level of occupancy ( P<0.001).

School Cheating Behavior

paper, letting others copy a homework paper, plagiarizing, and ghostwriting, to name just a few. These types of behavior can be traced in history through thousands of years. Brickman (1961) reported that during the civil service examinations in ancient China tests were given in individual cubicles to prevent examinees from looking at the test papers of others, that examinees were searched for notes before they entered the cubicles, that the death penalty was in effect for both examinees and examiners if anyone was found guilty of cheating; but cheating still occurred. In modern society, Brickman continued, cheating is a frequent occurrence. In this regard, Zastrow (1970) provided evidence of a 40% incidence of cheating among graduate students. In a study by Schab (1969), approximately 24% of the girls and 20% of the boys admitted that they first began cheating in the first grade, 17% of the girls and 15% of the boys began in the eighth grade, and 13% of the girls and 9% of the boys began in the seventh grade. It would seem, then, that cheating is currently widespread in the American education

Behaviour of early-weaned calves in indoor individual cubicles and group pens

Abstract Extract Units have been designed to house calves for veal production, but only recently has a large intensive unit been designed to rear surplus dairy-bred calves for beef production in New Zealand. This was built by the Rangitaiki Plains Dairy Company, Edgecumbe, early in 1973 and consisted of two types of housing: a fully enclosed and insulated calf house with 500 individual cubicles in which to rear the animals till weaning at 5 weeks of age, and a “loafing barn” with slatted walls and sawdust floor to house calves for a further 5 weeks before sale as beef weaners.

Effect of Exercise upon Ligament Strength

Abstract This study was to determine the relative effects of varying degrees of mobilization on the ligaments of the knee, with particular reference to resistance to tearing under imposed stress. Four groups of female white rats of the Wistar strain of experimental stock were subjected to varying degrees of mobilization. One group was confined in small, individual cubicles that restricted opportunities for movement. One group was allowed to roam at will in a large pen. The third group was exercised for 15 min. a day, 5 times a week, for a 5-week period, in a rotating exercise drum. The fourth group was similarly exercised in a drum with an uneven surface. Results showed that there was a direct relationship between ligament strength, as measured in this experiment, and the degree of mobilization of the knee joint evidenced in the four exercise programs.

Epidemic infectious diarrhea of the newborn infant

1.1. Epidemic infectious diarrhea is a definite entity.2.2. The disease is extremely contagious. More than one-half of the infants exposed to the infection contracted the disease.3.3. Acute enteritis and pneumonia were the most common pathologic findings.4.4. Bacteriologic studies showed that the most common invading organism was the hemolytic streptococcus. The average incubation period for development of symptoms varied from forty-eight to ninety-six hours.5.5. The severity of the infection was illustrated by the rapid progress of the disease and its concomitant very high mortality rate, namely, 82 per cent.6.6. Only formula-fed babies died. Breast-fed infants either did not contract the disease or if they did were able to conquer the infection.7.7. Treatment was unavailing except for the feeding of mother's milk.8.8. The small nursery with air-conditioning unit permits the growth of the minimum number of air-borne bacteria. Air-conditioned cubicles in large nurseries accomplish the same thing but cubicles add the important factor of isolation to the protection of the baby. Many small air-conditioned units containing individual cubicles with a completely isolated formula kitchen are the ideal set-up for the modern hospital nursery.