Individual Conflict Research Articles

Givers of Great Dinners Know Few Enemies: The Impact of Household Food Sufficiency and Food Sharing on Low-Intensity Inter-Household and Community Conflict in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Our study establishes a linkage between household level food sufficiency and food sharing with the reduction of low intensity micro level conflict using primary data from 1763 households of Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. We collect categorized experiences of household and community level disputes and altercation information, along with food sufficiency and food sharing data from communities of North Kivu. Based on previous academic work we formulate two primary research questions. First, we ask if food sufficient households are less likely to engage in low intensity individual and community level conflict. Next, we ask if there are heterogeneous effects of food sufficiency on interhousehold and community level conflict, conditional on food sharing. Using propensity score matching, we find that household food sufficiency status reduces probability of conflict with other households and groups within the community by an average of around 10 percentage points. However, upon conditioning on food sharing behavior, we find that food sufficient households that share their food reduce their probability of conflict by 13.8 percentage points on average while the effects disappear for households who do not share their food. We conclude that food sufficiency reduces low intensity interhousehold and community conflict only in the presence of such benevolence. Our results hold through a rigorous set of robustness checks including doubly robust estimator, placebo regression, matching quality tests and Rosenbaum bounds for hidden bias. While most literature studies information on violent conflict, our effort focuses on various facets of interhousehold and community conflicts that until now have been mostly unexplored. Our findings show that food sufficiency cannot reduce social altercations unless accompanied by benevolent behavior. As such, our approach can offer new insights to development researchers and practitioners with measuring and studying low intensity household and community conflict.

GROUNDS FOR LIMITING PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE APPLICATION OF TEMPORARY SEIZURE OF PROPERTY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

The purpose of the paper is to investigate reasons for the restriction of property rights in the application of temporary seizure of property in criminal proceedings and to determine promising directions for further research on the issues. The issue of measures to ensure criminal proceedings and observance of human and civil rights and freedoms was investigated by a number of domestic scientists, but the degree of investigation of grounds for restricting property rights in the application of temporary seizure of property in criminal proceedings in the context of amendments made to the CPC of Ukraine in recent years remains insufficient. That is why the study of the grounds for limiting property rights in the application of temporary seizure of property in criminal proceedings is now of particular urgency. Methodology. Methodological basis of the research is a set of philosophical, general scientific, special scientific methods. The method of logical-semantic analysis is used to clarify the meaning of multi-valued concepts, the application of the method of system analysis allowed investigating the place of the institute of property rights in legal literature and legislation of Ukraine. The method of grouping and the system and structural approach are used for classifying the distribution, ascertaining the internal structure, and analysing the interconnections between elements of the concept of ownership and the category of property rights restriction. Results. The paper examines the factual and formal legal grounds for limiting the ownership of a suspect, accused, and other persons in the application of temporary seizure of property in a criminal proceeding. The conclusion is drawn on the need to clarify the factual grounds for the temporary seizure of property for cases where such a seizure is carried out by a person who has carried out legal detention in the manner prescribed by Articles 207, 208 of the CPC of Ukraine and is not an investigator, prosecutor, or other authorized official. Practical implications. Proposals regarding the resolution of individual legal conflicts in the current CPC of Ukraine are provided.

O papel do Ministério Público na autocomposição de conflitos sanitários transindividuais

RESUMO: objetivo: analisou-se o papel do Ministério Público na autocomposição bilateral de conflitos sanitários transindividuais, envolvendo políticas públicas de saúde, notadamente se pode atuar como mediador, tendo em vista sua condição de parte, legitimado extraordinário pela substituição processual. Metodologia: tratou-se de estudo exploratório, de base qualitativa, desenvolvido a partir de fontes documentais primárias e bibliográficas, interpretadas e valoradas com os recursos da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os resultados apurados indicaram que a adequada resolução de conflitos sanitários transindividuais, envolvendo direito à saúde e políticas públicas de saúde, perpassa por um sistema multiportas de acesso à Justiça, com primazia para a autocomposição bilateral, através da negociação, da mediação e da conciliação, de modo que o sistema de jurisdição somente seja acionado como último recurso. Emergiu, também, a legitimidade do Ministério Público para atuar nesse sistema, desempenhando distintos papéis na seara judicial e extrajudicial, tendo a observância ao ordenamento jurídico como linha condutora de sua atuação. Conclusão: na autocomposição bilateral de conflitos sanitários transindividuais, o Ministério Público atua como autêntico negociador colaborativo.

Individual, ecological, and anthropogenic influences on activity budgets of long‐finned pilot whales

AbstractTime allocation to different activities and habitats enables individuals to modulate their perceived risks and access to resources and can reveal important trade‐offs between fitness‐enhancing activities (e.g., feeding vs. social behavior). Species with long reproductive cycles and high parental investment, such as marine mammals, rely on such behavioral plasticity to cope with rapid environmental change, including anthropogenic stressors. We quantified activity budgets of free‐ranging long‐finned pilot whales in order to assess individual time trade‐offs between foraging and other behaviors in different individual and ecological contexts, and during experimental sound exposures. The experiments included 1–2 and 6–7 kHz naval sonar exposures (a potential anthropogenic stressor), playback of killer whale (a potential predator/competitor) vocalizations, and negative controls. We combined multiple time series data from digital acoustic recording tags (DTAG) as well as group‐level social behavior data from visual observations of tagged whales at the surface. The data were classified into near‐surface behaviors and dive types (using a hidden Markov model for dive transitions) and aggregated into time budgets. On average, individuals (N = 19) spent most of their time (69%) resting and transiting near surface, 21% in shallow dives (depth <40 m), and only 10% of their time in deep foraging dives, of which 65% reached a depth 10 m from the sea bottom. Individuals in the largest of three body size classes or accompanied by calves tended to spend more time foraging than others. Simultaneous tagging of pairs of individuals showed that up to 50% of the activity budget was synchronized between conspecifics with decreased synchrony during foraging periods. Individuals spent less time foraging when forming larger non‐vocal aggregations of individuals in late afternoons, and more time foraging when in the mid‐range of water depths (300–400 m) available in the study area (50–700 m). Individuals reduced foraging time by 83% (29–96%) during their first exposure to sonar, but not during killer whale sound playbacks. A relative increase in foraging during repeat sonar exposures indicated habituation or change in response tactic. We discuss the possible adaptive value of these trade‐offs in time allocation to reduce individual conflict while maintaining benefits of group living.

The Effects of High Individual Task Conflict Asymmetry on the Independent Selfʼs Creativity

The Effects of High Individual Task Conflict Asymmetry on the Independent Selfʼs Creativity

DETERMINATION OF THE CONFLICT RATIO AS A METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING SMALL GROUP PERSONAL COMPOSITION

Modern science of personnel management has been steadily expanding towards sociologization and psychologization. Increasing emphasis is made on the need for multilateral development of management psychology as a special, separate branch of psychological science, with its object and subject of research. In these conditions the problem of psychological compatibility of the team for the qualitative performance of the tasks set before them is of great importance. That is why this article attempts to answer the question of how to assess the conflict of the team and how to use the obtained score to improve the efficiency of its work. Management as a social process is not entirely subject to the instructions and forms, it is not always predictable. In addition to the formally established job subordination, among the members of the organization, there is a complex system of informal relationships, social dependencies and interpersonal relationships. One of the basic questions that arise in constructing such systems is the problem of psychological compatibility of individuals in the team and the issue of conflict in the collective as a whole. The answer to this question can be obtained using socionics as a science of personnel management. The use of socionic methods allows not only better understanding the mechanism of the relationship between two specific people, but also purposefully form psycho-informationally compatible teams. Knowledge of typical features allows better understanding a particular person, knowing its unique personality. The authors of created a matrix of inter-type distances based on the transfer of intertype distances into a numerical value. Using this matrix it is possible to calculate the individual and collective conflict ratio. Its use allows substantiating mathematically the expediency of introducing of the optimal bidder, which will have the least effect on the coefficient of conflict into the collective.

Intensity and the Sublime: Paying Attention to Self and Environment in Nature Sports

This paper responds to Kevin Krein’s claim in (2015) that the particular value of nature sports over traditional ones is that they offer intensity of sport experience in dynamic interaction between an athlete and natural features. He denies that this intensity is derived from competitive conflict of individuals and denies that nature sport derives its value from internal conflict within the athlete who carries out the activity. This paper responds directly to Krein by analysing ‘intensity’ in sport in terms of the relationship between attention and reflection and the interaction between self and environment. I reply directly to Krein’s rejection of self-competition as based on a mischaracterisation of internal struggle and argue that the weighing of incompatible desires does not involve a fragmented self. I argue that the unique intensity to which Krein refers is strongly comparable to the Kantian conception of the sublime and explore how sublime experience fits Krein’s account and outline some serious problems that such an ideal of experience poses for nature sport.

PROFILE AND PRIMARY FACTORS OF PERSONALITY AS CORRELATES TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF THE FRESHMEN STUDENTS AT THE COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION AND ARTS AND SCIENCES DURING THE SCHOOL YEAR, 2014-2015

INTRODUCTION:Under the constitutional act sec 17, art 1 (1987) in the Republic of the Philippines regarding the fundamental laws, the education is made a priority and authorized the soverignty of the education. Likewise, this law commands the government to defend and elevate the welfare of the Filipino people in order to avail high class education right starting from primary level to university levels. The act must ensure and follow that the quality education is affordable by the entire population of the Philippines (Sec. 1, Art.XIV). In the secondary level, the state made an appropriate move while providing the best support to tertiary education among the policies implemented through subsidized State Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (De Leon, 2011).The Isabela State University (ISU), a prestigious university in Northern Isabela, Philippines, caters to students' educational needs. A majority of the students are average income families particularly children of farmers (ISU and You,2010). But poverty should not be a hindrance to succeed in whatever endeavor, the students wish to undertake. This challenge should serve as emotional springboard of realizing one's dreams, goals and aspirations in life. It should rather have a great influence which embraces, rather than depreciate, the students' desirable traits in developing a clearer vision and widening their greater potentials (NSO,2015).With a vision to produce effective and quality students, the college of Development Communication and Arts and Sciences offered various subjects in its curriculum which will surely help the students acquire knowledge and skills much needed in their career as computer experts, researchers, educational broadcasters, journalists, communicators, law enforcers, scientists and careers in other educational endeavour. Consequently, the realization of this educational objectives, like the attainment of quality in teaching-learning process remains with the learners, teachers and parents. Parents are the best teachers. No other person or agency can replace home in providing the child with the qualities that he or she needs for a successful living.Home environment is related to measured levels of intelligence of the child (Schiamberg, 1998). Few evidence suggests that the maternal educational level is the strongest predictor of a child's achievement. Home environment, including parents, acts as the best teacher, whereas, income and educational level are the important factors in predicting a child's academic success.Emotional development has been recognized as an essential impediment in the educational development of a person. The High School Personality Questionnaire has been used as the standardized instrument to measure the emotional conflicts of individuals (Hurlock, 1982). In order to ensure the scientific basis of the study, the researcher formulated a problem pertaining to the possible relationships among the profile, primary factors of personality and academic performance of the freshmen students of the College of Development Communication and Arts and Sciences for the school year, 2014-2015.The results of the study serves as the reference of the first year college students to understand themselves and the teachers can be fully aware of the personalities of their students. The parents are also provided with the knowledge about their children behavior and as stakeholders, they are made aware of the present circumstance in the school system, particularly the variables that affect their children academic achievements. Hence, this study is a notable one in the current setting The research problemThis study attempts to determine the relationship between the profile and 14 Primary Factors of Personality (14PF) such as warmth, intelligence, emotional stability, excitability, dominance, cheerfulness, conformity, boldness, sensitivity, withdrawal, apprehension, self sufficiency, self discipline and tension and how it correlates with the academic performance of freshmen students of College of Development Communication and Arts and Sciences during the year, 2014-2015. …

Reticencia vacunal: análisis del discurso de madres y padres con rechazo total o parcial a las vacunas

ObjectiveTo analyse and understand vaccination hesitancy discourses, particularly those of people who have decided not to vaccinate their sons and daughters. MethodsQualitative study of five individual interviews and two focus groups with people who chose not to vaccinate their children in the province of Granada (Spain). ResultsMothers and fathers manifest a system of health beliefs different to the biomedical paradigm. From an ethical point of view, they justify their position based on the right to autonomy and responsibility for their decisions. Alleged specific reasons: they doubt administration of several vaccines simultaneously at an early age in a systematic way and without individualising each case; they fear adverse effects and do not understand the variations of the vaccination schedule. ConclusionsThese vaccination hesitancy discourses respond to the individual vs collective conflict; parents defend their right to bring up their children without any interference from the state and focus their responsibility on the individual welfare of their sons and daughters, regardless of the consequences that their actions might have on the collective. In their management of risks, they consider those derived from vaccination more relevant than the individual or collective consequences of not doing so. The vaccines generating most doubts are the more controversial ones within the scientific world. Transparency in communication of adverse effects; authorities respect for other health/disease concepts; banishment of the term “anti-vaccines” from the media and scientific vocabulary, and developing spaces for dialogue are bridges to be built.

Translocal disaster interventions: The role of individual relief channels in Philippine disasters

The disaster‐prone Philippine archipelago is a major sender of migrants worldwide. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in the Philippines and Denmark, this article investigates how individual migrants channelled relief to their neighbourhoods of origin after the Bohol earthquake of 2013. I argue that such individual relief channels both complement and conflict with official disaster responses because they form part of local collective coping mechanisms in a way that contradict equity as a principle of distributive justice, and, on the level of practical implementation, poses challenges to aspirations to distribute relief equally. Drawing attention to the practice of excluding the migrants’ households of origin from receiving targeted aid, the article suggests that disaster management should reconsider how remittances flow in disasters.

Resource Movement and the Legal System

In Problem of Social Cost Ronald Coase considered several common law disputes among neighbors whose economic activities conflicted with one another. For example, Sturges v. Bridgman was a nineteenth century nuisance case involving a pediatrician whose practice was hindered by his neighbor, a confectioner whose operation required a noisy mechanical mortar & pestle. Coase showed that if high transaction costs did not interfere, private bargaining would provide a solution which he characterized as efficient -- namely, that the right to continue would be given to the person who valued it most. For example, if the pediatrician valued the right to relative silence at £100, while the confectioner valued the right to conduct his business at £60, the efficient solution would preserve the pediatrician's £100 value over the confectioner's £60 value. Alternative solutions might preserve the ability of both parties to operate, however, generating a social value of £160. Coase did not consider these, because the tiny market he focused on was too small to include them. His was concerned with transaction costs, and on his assumptions the only parties who could transact were Sturges and Bridgman. This tiny microcosm was a market because Sturges and Bridgman were locked together by virtue of their own previous investments. But transaction costs are only a portion of the costs of moving resources. Considering all relevant costs usually requires us to focus on larger markets and longer time periods than the micromarkets that inhabit Coase. The law and economics of automobile accidents has followed a different path. Assumptions about the high costs of bargaining in auto traffic situations have turned attention to the overall markets where automobiles operate rather than individual pairwise conflicts. When we refocus our attention in this way, the results that Coase described as efficient are frequently suboptimal. One source of large cost savings is determining where resources should be assigned initially, thus limiting the occasions and costs for further movement. These costs are higher as initial resource investment is less coordinated, more costly, and more specialized as to activity and location. In addition, larger markets have more players, and Coasean markets with many players work poorly. Coase himself realized that in such cases government intervention may be preferable, even for relatively simple conflicts traditionally analyzed under the common law of nuisance or trespass.

Ombudsman Offices and Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Brazilian Workplace

This paper discusses the adoption by Brazilian companies of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods for individual workplace conflicts. Brazil is an interesting case to study ADR due to its hi...

AMALFITANO O LA ROSA ILIMITADA DE LOS VIENTOS: LA NACIÓN IMAGINARIA EN LOS SINSABORES DEL VERDADERO POLICÍA , DE ROBERTO BOLAÑO

The present study attempts to show that through the novel Los sinsabores del verdadero policia (2011), Roberto Bolano constructs an allegory of the cracks that are caused in the symbolic frame of global geography through the figure of its protagonist, Oscar Amalfitano. From this character in constant transit through other territories, the author shows clearly the diasporic situation of a subject that represents the conflict of individuals who cross borders established in the logic of the map drawn by the West, thus constituting a violation of the configuration of national identity itself. In this approach, the figure of Amalfitano as the subject that deconstructs the Eurocentric idea of wind rose and allows the appropriation of this notion to generate an almost archimboldiano game: the origin of the the unlimited wind rose .

Children’s Literature and Nation Building: The Basque Case

The Basque Country is a stateless nation located in the western part of the Pyrenees, divided between France and Spain. The romanticist nationalist trend that emerged in Europe throughout the nineteenth century gave rise to a nationalist feeling in the Basque Country that has been fed, among others, by children’s literature. Children’s literature written in Basque throughout the twentieth century in many cases had a clear educational intentionality. The need to create a Basque community, a tradition and customs of their own during Francoism resulted in the production of a literature with a clear nationalist profile. Nevertheless, the political change after the end of the Franco dictatorship, with greater freedom and autonomy for the Basque Country, gave rise to a literary production in which those aesthetic values prevail. A literature that, from the local perspective, encompasses universal subjects in which emphasizing the specificities of the Basque is no longer necessary, as today it aims to present individual and universal conflicts.

Individual Traits, Personal Values, and Conflict Resolution in an Isolated, Confined, Extreme Environment.

The study of personality traits, personal values, and the emergence of conflicts within groups performing in an isolated, confined, and extreme environment (ICE) may provide insights helpful for the composition and support of space crews for long duration missions. Studied pre/post and over the 2-yr period of the investigation were 10 Danish military personnel deployed to stations in Greenland on a 26-mo staggered rotation. Subjects completed the NEO PI-R, Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, and Portrait Values Questionnaire, and participated in structured interviews. During deployment, questionnaires were completed biweekly and a cognitive function test once a month. Personality findings indicated a generally well-adjusted group, above average in positive personality traits [Conscientiousness T-score = 59.4 (11.41); Agreeableness T-score = 54.4 (9.36)] and boldness. Personal values of benevolence and self-direction were highly rated. The decision when to "pick sides" and intervene during disagreements between group members was viewed as an important component of conflict resolution. There were no changes in positive/negative affect or cognitive function over the annual light/dark cycle. The personal values of group members appear highly compatible for living in a small group ICE environment for an extended period. Disagreements between group members impact the functioning of the entire group, particularly in regard to decisions whether to support one of the individuals or let the argument run its course. Extended training in strategies for conflict resolution are needed in planning for future long duration missions to avoid fault lines forming within the group.Corneliussen JG, Leon GR, Kjærgaard A, Fink BA, Venables NC. Individual traits, personal values, and conflict resolution in an isolated, confined, extreme environment. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(6):535-543.

Peran Pemimpin dalam Mengatasi Konflik dan Stres di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam

One of the most serious and frequent problems that afflict individuals and members of the organization is the issue of conflict and stress. No exception in Islamic educational institutions, there must be turmoil or conflict, both individual conflict and group conflict. Because humans as social beings always be associated with fellow human beings. In addition, problems often occur in life sometimes make the individual feel burdened and become stressed. Stress is a difficult thing to avoid, but that does not mean it cannot be overcome. Not all principals have the ability to resolve conflicts and stress well, even without sufficient experience to be missteps, and instead engage in conflicts, or worse, precisely the stressed principal facing the problem at the institution his leads.

How Should Physicians Respond When the Best Treatment for an Individual Patient Conflicts with Practice Guidelines about the Use of a Limited Resource?

The case presents a physician's ethical conflict, due to limited resources, between his obligations to meet the needs of a community and those of his patient. Elements of the decision-making process (and who should make the decision) are discussed, including the limitations of what ethical reasoning can offer and risks of arbitrary outcomes. Additionally, potential benefits to physicians and their patients of discussing these conflicts, including reducing the physician's moral distress, are noted. I argue that physicians' abilities to make "right" decisions in such situations are limited, and I suggest ways in which physicians can try to preserve their relationships with patients.

Response time in economic games reflects different types of decision conflict for prosocial and proself individuals

Behavioral and neuroscientific studies explore two pathways through which internalized social norms promote prosocial behavior. One pathway involves internal control of impulsive selfishness, and the other involves emotion-based prosocial preferences that are translated into behavior when they evade cognitive control for pursuing self-interest. We measured 443 participants' overall prosocial behavior in four economic games. Participants' predispositions [social value orientation (SVO)] were more strongly reflected in their overall game behavior when they made decisions quickly than when they spent a longer time. Prosocially (or selfishly) predisposed participants behaved less prosocially (or less selfishly) when they spent more time in decision making, such that their SVO prosociality yielded limited effects in actual behavior in their slow decisions. The increase (or decrease) in slower decision makers was prominent among consistent prosocials (or proselfs) whose strong preference for prosocial (or proself) goals would make it less likely to experience conflict between prosocial and proself goals. The strong effect of RT on behavior in consistent prosocials (or proselfs) suggests that conflict between prosocial and selfish goals alone is not responsible for slow decisions. Specifically, we found that contemplation of the risk of being exploited by others (social risk aversion) was partly responsible for making consistent prosocials (but not consistent proselfs) spend longer time in decision making and behave less prosocially. Conflict between means rather than between goals (immediate versus strategic pursuit of self-interest) was suggested to be responsible for the time-related increase in consistent proselfs' prosocial behavior. The findings of this study are generally in favor of the intuitive cooperation model of prosocial behavior.

Family Dynamics May Influence an Individual's Substance Use Abstinence Self-Efficacy.

Previous work on substance use suggests the influence of family dynamics on emotion regulation. The present study examined the role of family in substance use recovery. It is of importance to examine whether conflict with various family members influences an individual's abstinence self-efficacy. We examined individual abstinence self-efficacy scores and lifetime conflict with mother, father, and siblings in a sample of 200 women who had been justice involved. We found that conflict with mother was the best predictor of abstinence self-efficacy compared to conflict with father and conflict with siblings. Individuals who indicated having conflict with mother over their lifetime had lower confidence that they could abstain from use in potentially emotionally triggering situations. These findings suggest that family dynamics, specifically lifetime conflict with mother, do play a role in an individual's confidence to regulate emotions in high-risk relapse situations without turning to substances. Limitations include using abstinence self-efficacy as a proxy for emotion regulation and not directly measuring emotion regulation. Examining family relationships may be especially important in the treatment of women in recovery from substance use.

O ESCOPO EDUCATIVO DO PROCESSO E A EDUCAÇÃO DA SOCIEDADE POR MEIO DA TUTELA JURISDICIONAL

O processo judicial mostra-se apto a realizar ações educativas. Contudo, é importante trazer informações do plano educativo para que se viabilize uma reflexão mais ampla sobre a contribuição que a Educação pode fazer para o funcionamento do processo. Nesse contexto, faz-se um corte para focar a atuação do juiz e suas interações com os sujeitos processuais (e nele participantes). Neste sentido, o estudo procura demonstrar a importância dessa concepção nas ações do juiz, considerando esta responsabilidade como uma ferramenta apta a (re)construir as relações processuais e as ações de cada sujeito em um contexto formativo e de compreensão das responsabilidades (individuais e sociais). Desse modo, colocando-se sob análise a função da tutela jurisdicional e a atuação de um dos principais sujeitos do processo - o juiz -, demonstra-se que a educação é possível no processo judicial e pode ser trabalhada como um instrumento para aprimorar as relações pessoais bem além do conflito individual.