Individual Conflict Research Articles

The uncanny COVID‐19 pandemic: The traumatic impact on our sense of the familiar

AbstractIn the shadow of the COVID‐19 pandemic, familiar life may be said to have become unequivocally altered as a result of the diffuse death threat posed by the virus and the unprecedented experience of a global lockdown. The unexpected superposition of familiarity and unfamiliarity can be linked to the psychoanalytic notion of the uncanny. For Freud, the uncanny was considered a derivative of the reappearance of the repressed, whose context is dominated by the alien nature of the repression. I suggest that a further perspective can be implied—that the sudden disruption of what is familiar is traumatic and engenders a sense of the uncanny. Reflecting on the COVID‐19 pandemic, this dynamic can be identified in the following aspects: (i) an overwhelming intrusion of an unfamiliar virus upon familiar life, encouraging paranoid denial and projection of the threat and increasing the tendency to stigmatise; (ii) a continuous re‐manifestation of hidden familiarities, both repressed individual conflicts and collective inequalities, illustrating the fragility of the ‘norm’; and (iii) the sudden disruption of an adopted belief (that the virus is beatable), and re‐confrontation with the threat of death following lockdown failure.

Königliche Friedensstiftung und Konsens

Abstract The paper deals with the instruments the king of the Holy Roman Empire used to settle disputes between the princes and to create a consensus between the parties involved, as well as the king’s efforts to integrate the other princes into the solution. The focus lies on the period between 1150 and 1300, when the rulers were not only concerned with individual conflicts, but by means of the so called ‘Landfrieden’ fundamentally started to limit and sanction the use of violence and to develop court proceedings as the norm in settling disputes. If these proceedings based on consensus gained or lost significance, is the central question of the paper, which is explored by using two case studies. These are Frederick Barbarossa’s efforts to settle the conflict between Henry the Lion and Henry Jasomirgott and Rudolf of Habsburg’s endeavours to resolve the conflicts between the Landgrave of Thuringia and his relatives. On the one hand, the investigation of these case studies shows that the ‘Landfrieden’ moved from the end of the conflict settlement to its beginning and that the kings hardly sought the consensus of the other princes in their search for agreement between the parties involved in the dispute.

Unspoken Challenges: Maternal Complexities in Three Asian Short Stories

This study examines the unspoken challenges experienced by Asian mothers through the lens of Asian motherhood as depicted in literature. The research aims to investigate how cultural norms and societal expectations shape the roles and experiences of mothers in Asian societies. Employing qualitative research methods, specifically thematic analysis, this study interprets and classifies the unspoken challenges portrayed in three short stories from Indonesia, China, and Japan. The findings reveal three prominent themes: developing resilience, performing silent sacrifice, and facing individual conflicts. The mothers in these stories exhibit diverse coping strategies in response to the unacknowledged challenges they encounter. This study contributes to the understanding of the enduring nature of traditional gender roles and expectations in Asian societies, highlighting the need for greater recognition and support for mothers facing these unspoken challenges. The results underscore the importance of continued research and dialogue on the experiences of Asian mothers to promote gender equality and the well-being of women in these contexts. The insights gained from this study can inform future research, policy, and practice aimed at addressing the unspoken challenges faced by mothers in Asian societies and beyond.

ANALISIS RESOLUSI KONFLIK LAHAN PERTANIAN DI SEKITAR PERTAMBANGAN NIKEL DI KECAMATAN WAWONII TENGGARA KABUPATEN KONAWE KEPULAUAN

The growth of mining companies in Konawe Islands is certainly inseparable from community rejection. The purpose of this study is to: determine and analyze the types, causes, and resolution of conflicts between mining companies and the community on agricultural land in Roko-Roko Village, Southeast Wawonii District, which have the potential for conflict between the Company and the community. The informants used in this research are: farmers, village government, sub-district government, police, and NGOs. The selection of informants was carried out deliberately with the consideration that the informants reside and/or work at the research location, know and understand information related to the conflict at the research location. This research uses primary and secondary data which are analyzed descriptively with the results, namely: the types of conflicts that occur between companies and the community are individual conflicts and conflicts between social classes. Then the cause of individual conflict is differences in interests, while between social classes is caused by violations of rights and territorial disputes. Until finally the resolution of individual conflicts uses the conciliation method, while between social classes uses the mediation method.

Effect of Individuals Task Conflict on Employees Creativity in Private Medical Hospitals of Nangarhar, Afghanistan

The concept of individual task conflict has been a buzzing topic in the field of management sciences and has been considered an integral part of the organization; recent studies have shown that it is crucial for the creativity of employees. Therefore, this research study aims to determine the effect of individual task conflict on employees' creativity in private medical hospitals in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. The data was collected from a sample selected from the population using a stratified random sampling technique, and adopted questionnaires were used to collect the data. Statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and regression analysis, was used to determine the effect of individuals' task conflict on employees' creativity. The results showed a strong and positive association between individual task conflict and employees' creativity. Besides, regression analysis showed that employees' creativity depends on a task-relevant conflict. On the other hand, individual task conflict affects employees' creativity. This study's findings suggest that task conflict is a key factor in promoting employee creativity, consistent with previous research in this area. The results have implications for organizations seeking to promote employee creativity and innovation, highlighting the importance of task conflict in fostering creative thinking and problem-solving.

Organizational Communication and Conflict Management

Communication in an organization is an interaction of activity within an organization. But in communication activities may go beyond the boundaries of the organization itself. Often the publications work rather than need to be known to people outside the organization. Become a publication of consumption and become a problem for the organization. Public issues become problematic for that organization. Therefore, the organization of communication problems within the joint organization is important for two things, it's the problem of self-communication and the organization problem. Conflicts within an organization can be avoided but can be eliminated. Conflict within an organization can occur between individuals, a group is an individual conflict between groups and other groups. Not all conflicts have negative and organizational disadvantages. Conflict is capable of making a profit for a well-controlled organization, on the contrary, if the conflict is opened in good control, it could be detrimental to the interests of that organization. All the problems that arise in the organization will soon be solved if it is with the organization and it has taken place within the organization can run healthy.

The relationship between perceived family support and subclinical positive symptoms of psychosis among Black college students.

Black individuals in the Unites States endure compounded and unique experiences of discrimination and structural racism that may not be as overtly evident in other countries. These distinctive forms of discrimination and racism can impact the mental health of Black individuals in the Unites States, in this case, their risk for psychosis. Adolescence and early adulthood are vulnerable periods in life where mental illness typically begins to manifest. Understanding the factors contributing to an increased likelihood of specific mental illnesses, such as psychosis, among youth in these vulnerable periods can inform intervention development. This is particularly important for those from minoritized backgrounds Unites States; this group is especially important to study given that Black American youth tend to experience higher psychosis rates and different symptom presentations than non-Black groups. This study examined the associations between perceived family support, a critical environmental factor known to be associated with full-psychosis, and attenuated positive symptoms and distress levels in a sample of 155 Black students from a Historically Black College and University (HBCU). Participants completed the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief that assessed psychosis risk and the Family Environment Scale that assessed three dimensions of family support (family cohesion, expressiveness, and conflict). Positive symptom intensity (r = .30, p < .001) and distress (r = .34, p < .001) were significantly associated with higher family conflict for Black individuals in the Unites States. The findings inform novel intervention targets for psychoeducation and family therapy that have potential to reduce psychosis risk.

The role of religious education in tertiary crime prevention

Aim: Since man is a being in search of meaning, religion can be defined as a way of ‘sacral search for meaning’ related to certain events in life. While sacrality is central to some people’s systems of meaning-seeking, it is marginal or not sacral at all in the systems of others. It is clear that religion can be an important guide for the individual, as it can influence one’s understanding of the world and make individual challenges and social conflicts understandable and bearable. As faith, in its mature developmental form, underpins the way religious people live their lives, the sacral search for meaning can also play a crucial role in one’s coping processes. However, the extent to which religion is involved in coping with a particular life event depends to a large extent on the extent to which it is part of an individual’s orientation system. The protective effect of religion in coping is a thesis already recognised by scientific psychology and therefore has an undisputed place in the scientific professional discourse on reintegration. The aim of this paper is to provide scientific evidence for the place and legitimacy of religion in reintegration.Methodology: The research is based on two sub-samples, one religious and one control group. Inclusion in the religious group was based on self-reporting, regardless of whether the subjects of the study had a religious experience in the life period prior to serving their sentence. The data were analysed using SPSS statistical software package.Findings: Juveniles in juvenile detention who self-reported being religious showed a different attitude towards conflict management compared to the control group. This suggests that a framework of cooperation between civil churches, the academic community and decision-makers in custodial institutions could be used to develop a diversified, faith-based reintegration model to increase the effectiveness of efforts to reduce crime.Value: The publication is a gap in the empirical study of religion-based reintegration. The topic is a practical one, but its full exploration requires further research.

Family communication patterns, individual's overall conflict resolution style, and cognitive flexibility among young adults

The dissertation delves into the intricate dynamics of Family Communication Patterns and its profound relationship on an individual's Conflict Resolution Style and Cognitive Flexibility. The three variables together can form the futuristic contours of an individual’s life. Understanding the intricate interplay of these factors becomes paramount, for they are not merely aspects of academic curiosity, rather they are the very heartbeats of our life. The study encompasses a sample size of 207 young adults, and meticulously employs The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACES-IV), the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory (CRSI) by Kurdek, and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis &amp; Vander Wal, 2010) as its research tools. The primary objective was to unravel the multifaceted relationship between Family Communication Patterns, Conflict Resolution Styles, and Cognitive Flexibility among adults, with a specific focus on understanding the impact of Family Communication Patterns on an individual's Conflict Resolution Style and Cognitive Flexibility. The findings of the study revealed compelling insights into the interconnectedness of these variables. The implications of these findings are far-reaching, with potential applications in the realms of psychology, family therapy, and interpersonal communication. The study underscores the need for further exploration into the development of interventions tailored to enhance Family Communication Patterns, thereby fostering more adaptive Conflict Resolution Styles and greater Cognitive Flexibility among young adults. Additionally, the longitudinal impact of these variables together warrants comprehensive investigation, offering a rich avenue for future research endeavors.

CONFLICT WITH SOCIETAL GENDER ROLES: A COMPARATIVE FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF EDNA PONTELLIER AND NORA HELMER

Kate Chopin, an American novelist and short story writer representing women’s revolt against patriarchal rule, positions women in the center of her works. She deals with women's experiences in the context of gender roles, their conflicts with society, their discovery of their own bodies and the following awakening. Henrik Ibsen is one of the most important writers of Norwegian drama. Similarly, Ibsen highlights the individual's conflict with society as a kind of alienation on the axis of individual-society antagonism. Edna Pontellier, the protagonist in Chopin's novel The Awakening (1899), and Nora Helmer in Henrik Ibsen's play A Doll's House (1879), do not fit into the gender roles imposed on them by their societies. Both characters gain self-awareness through the discovery of their uniqueness. Henrik Ibsen and Kate Chopin wrote realistically about the problems their female characters encountered in the patriarchal social structure and their conflicts with social codes. The lives and choices of Edna and Nora, who both have the duties of pleasing their spouses, meeting the needs of the house and taking care of their children within the encompassing structure of the institution of marriage, are similar to each other. In this article, the lives of Edna and Nora, who are the objects of the patriarchal structure in the triangular relationship of man - child - family, will be examined comparatively in terms of their contradictions with society, their journey to self-discovery, their alienation and choices.

Are Two Bodies in a Trench a Mass Grave?

WARNING: THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS IMAGES OF MASS GRAVES FROM GENOCIDES, WHICH SOME MAY FIND DISTURBING The definitions for mass graves proposed in the past concentrated on the minimum number of casualties and whether they were in a connected body matrix. This meant that many graves practitioners encounter could not be classified properly. They were neither a single grave nor a mass grave. This article proposes four key measures to address the grave classification issue. Firstly, it introduces three simple criteria to assist in classification. Secondly, it suggests three new grave types (cluster, trench, and serial grave) to name the most common graves. Thirdly, a final grave type, the multiple grave, is added to describe any grave that does not fit into any of the other categories. Finally, this article suggests that the threshold between multiple and many casualties, i.e. how many casualties constitutes a mass grave, should be set for each individual conflict or context rather than aiming for a universal figure. These four measures are designed to be simple, intuitive and flexible enough to allow practitioners to use grave labels that make sense in their particular context for forensic and legal professionals as well as the general public.

Does Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Ambivalence Influence Employees' Constructive Deviance?

The ambivalent experience of superior-subordinate relationships is widespread in organisations and has gradually become an important factor influencing employees to actively engage in extra-role behaviours. However, employees' constructive deviance is extremely important for organisational development as they are important extra-role behaviours for organisational innovation and change. Owing that academic research on the antecedents of employees' constructive extra-role behaviours has lacked attention to individual emotional variables such as the leader-member exchange ambivalence, by drawing on self-control resource theory and social cognitive theory, this study examined the effects of leader-member exchange ambivalence on employees' constructive deviance, as well as the role of ego depletion and role-breadth self-efficacy. Based on a two-point questionnaire survey of 332 employees from different industries in China, the study tested hypotheses with SPSS 27 and AMOS 27 and found that the more leader-member exchange ambivalence, the less likely they were to engage in employees' constructive deviance, leader-member exchange ambivalence affected employees' constructive deviance through ego depletion, and when role-breadth self-efficacy is high, the lower the ego depletion of employees with leader-member exchange ambivalence, the more likely they are to engage in employees' constructive deviance. This study is intended to guide organisations to pay attention to the problem of individual internal conflict arising from superior-subordinate relationships, to remove the barriers to constructive transgression by individuals, and to truly exploit the innovative capacity of individual organisations. The study suggests that managers should pay attention to the negative effects of employees' perceived ambivalent experiences of supervisor-subordinate relationships, maintain consistency, and build positive social exchange relationships with their employees. Organisations should strengthen the training of leaders and employees to eliminate the serious internal attrition that organisations face from social network relationships. And employees should face the limitations of resources and reduce dependence on the leader-member exchange relationship as the dependence for their work attitudes and behaviours.

Collective Aggressivity in Numerical cales

The social reality of conflict (group violence) is now occurring in many spheres of our society, including students who are synonymous with educated groups and prioritize rationality in making decisions. There are several reasons why conflicts between student groups occur. Firstly, the social reality triggers the tendency for students to behave aggressively and individual conflict occurs between students, which then shifts or switches to inter-group conflicts. This is deliberately created so that actors gain sympathy, support, even assistance from members of their group. Secondly, clashes between student groups tend to increase. This is because each conflicting group has seeds of conflict symptoms which at any time give a strong contribution to student’s aggressive behavior, in the form of group prejudice, ethnocentrism, and discrimination. Lastly, when compared with the existing conflict symptoms, group prejudice ranks first in contributing to the emergence of student aggressive behavior tendencies (ry2 = 0.98 or 98%), followed by discrimination (0.96 or 96%), and ethnocentrism (0.94 or 94%).&#x0D; Keywords: collective aggressivity, Universitas Negeri Makassar

Assessment of Dental Anxiety during Pulp Therapy, Restorations &amp; Extraction in 6- to 9-year-old Children Using Drawings and Questionnaire – A cross sectional study.

Background: Childhood dental fear and anxiety are prevalent from an early age through adolescence, posing a significant challenge in pediatric dental care. Understanding children's emotions during dental procedures is crucial for pediatric dentists to anticipate and address behavioral responses in future visits. Utilizing drawings and questionnaires can effectively gauge an individual's self-concept, anxiety, attitude, or conflicts. Aim: This study aimed to assess children's drawings and questionnaires as means to measure dental anxiety related to dental treatment. Methodology: Forty children aged 6-9 years participated in this study. During the initial therapeutic session, all participants underwent pulp therapy and restorative treatment with local anesthesia administration. Objective assessment of distress during treatment was conducted using the Sound, Eye, Motor (SEM), and Frankl Scales. Subsequently, children were provided with a predetermined set of questions before the treatment, and their responses were recorded. Following the interview, children were asked to draw a picture of their surroundings. Pediatric dentists and psychologists scored the children's drawings using the Child Drawing: Hospital (CD: H) scale. The findings were compared with Frankl and SEM Scores. Results: A statistically significant association was observed between Frankl score and SEM Score (p&lt;0.001*). A strong positive correlation was found between CD:H Scores Examiner 1 and CD:H Scores Examiner 2 (p&lt;0.001*; r=0.760). Conclusion: Assessing dental anxiety through children's drawings, which reflect their inner feelings, offers an alternative to self-report techniques for pediatric dentists. Drawing, being both easier and enjoyable, emerges as a valuable tool for measuring children’s levels of dental anxiety.

Analysis and Conflict Management in Clinical Students School of Medicine and it is Review According to Islamic Views

The task's difficulty level is getting higher, and unpreparedness in the new atmosphere makes the clinical students tend to be depressed and experience conflicts between the clinical students. Common conflicts include interpersonal and individual conflicts in groups. Conflicts can be resolved using collaboration methods. Islam does not allow conflict. This study aims to determine the conflict and conflict management in the clinical students of YARSI University Faculty of Medicine and its review according to Islamic view. This study is a qualitative study using primary data in the form of interviews and secondary data in the form of TPA test results in the Registrar's Students. The study population was the students of the Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, who had been running a clerkship for more than six months. The results showed that in interpersonal and individual conflicts in groups, the conflicts that often occur among clinical students include discipline, dissent, communication errors, and differences in moral and ethical values. Conflict management is used in problem-solving or negotiation and avoidance. All respondents claimed to have experienced burnout or intrapersonal conflict because of many tasks, and the hospital environment was less comfortable. They managed it with compromise and collaboration. The comparison of the data from the landfill results with the conflict management used is compatible, which is superior IQ in making decisions about conflict management. Sources of Conflict in the Clinical students include discipline, dissent, communication errors, and differences in moral values and ethics. Conflict management is used in problem-solving and avoidance. In the Islamic review, conflict management recommended deliberation.

IDENTIFYING ACUTE PRECIPITANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF RACIAL/ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN RESIDENT-TO-RESIDENT AGGRESSION

Abstract Resident-to-resident aggression (RRA) includes negative and aggressive physical, sexual, or verbal interactions between long-term care residents that in a community setting would likely be construed as unwelcome and have high potential to cause physical or psychological distress in the recipient. Though not explored in detail, previous research has shown that ethnic stereotyping may contribute to RRA. Our goal was to examine, for the first time, acute precipitants and consequences of RRA involving racial and ethnic conflicts. The parent study included comprehensive quantitative and qualitative information of 2,011 residents in 10 randomly-selected New York State nursing homes. Our qualitative analyses used an events perspective, focusing on how aggressive situations unfolded. We identified 51 single or repeated incidents of racial and ethnic conflicts during the study observation period. At the facility level, racial and ethnic conflicts were most commonly triggered by congested living spaces. At the relational level, racial and ethnic conflicts were frequently preceded by negative reactions to residents with cognitive impairment. At the individual level, racial and ethnic conflicts were found to be preceded by residents’ unmet or unrecognized needs. Unresolved racial and ethnic conflict commonly resulted in aggression escalation and spillover. Our results indicated racial and ethnic conflicts occurred commonly and repeatedly. Such behavior appeared tolerated and normalized, with limited institutional response. As the long-term care population becomes increasingly diverse, recognizing and addressing potential racial and ethnic conflicts becomes more pressing. Targeting racial and ethnic conflicts in RRA for intervention may also improve interactions between residents and frontline workers.

Characteristics identification and evolution patterns analyses of road chain conflicts

Chain conflicts would cause chain-reaction crashes, which might result in elevated fatality rates. Chain conflicts describe a phenomenon wherein evasive actions taken by a following vehicle's driver after a conflict impact nearby vehicles, which occur frequently but are reported less often. To effectively reduce conflict risk, comprehending the evolution patterns of chain conflicts under varied traffic conditions and road segments is crucial, in order to make chain conflicts management strategies. Initially, rear-end or sideswipe conflicts between two vehicles are identified based on vehicle trajectory data captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle group. Subsequently, a chain conflict identification algorithm is proposed, considering the randomness of occurrence time and fluctuation of impact duration, to link individual conflicts. Chain conflict rates exhibit significant variations across different road segments under diverse traffic conditions. Multiple risk and propagation indicators are extracted to unveil latent characteristics of chain conflicts from a high-level perspective. Based on prominent characteristic disparities, three evolution patterns are identified, i.e., Longitudinal Risk Decrease Pattern, Longitudinal Risk Increase Pattern, and Comprehensive High-risk Persistent Pattern. Spatial-temporal high-risk areas associated with each pattern are determined, and transition probabilities between patterns are calculated. The results indicate that these patterns tend to remain stable, with transitions mainly occurring from low-risk to high-risk patterns. Moreover, strategies to reduce conflict risk are proposed based on the characteristics of different patterns. This study holds great significance in understanding chain conflict evolution patterns and preventing chain-reaction crashes.

Social relation-driven consensus reaching in large-scale group decision-making using semi-supervised classification

The fundamental goal of group decision making (GDM) is to improve consensus amongst experts and reduce individual conflicts of interest in the process of alternative selection. By analysing the social network relationships of decision-makers (DMs), such as trust and preference similarity relationships, more effective consensus-reaching mechanisms can be designed. Previous studies developed supervised classification algorithms for DM groups of more than 1000 participants on social networks. However, in large-scale social networks, the social connection relations of DMs cannot be completely investigated as human resources and costs during the decision-making process impose limitations. These DMs cannot be effectively trained to build a classification model, which is referred to as unlabelled DMs and results in a large amount of information being ignored during the model training process, leading to an unfair process that can deepen the conflict amongst experts. To address the information loss problem, this study proposes a semi-supervised learning model for social networks with incomplete trust relations, aiming to effectively absorb the preference information of unlabelled DMs into the classification model, thereby improving the effectiveness of classification management. Specifically, the cost-sensitive semi-supervised support vector machine (SVM) introduced in the inner product space is subsequently used by the DMs' classification model to accurately divide unlabelled DMs. A minimum cost adjustment consensus model is then constructed based on the DM subgroups. Numerical experiments on urban renewal were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The empirical and simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method can decrease total consensus costs for social-network GDM with missing trust-relationship information.

Making Sense, Making Choices: How Civilians Choose Survival Strategies during Violence

How do ordinary people choose survival strategies during intense, surprising political violence? Why do some flee violence, while others fight back, adapt, or hide? Individual decision-making during violence has vast political consequences, but remains poorly understood. I develop a decision-making theory focused on individual appraisals of how controllable and predictable violent environments are. I apply my theory, situational appraisal theory, to explain the choices of Indian Sikhs during the 1980s–1990s Punjab crisis and 1984 anti-Sikh pogroms. In original interviews plus qualitative and machine learning analysis of 509 oral histories, I show that control and predictability appraisals influence strategy selection. People who perceive “low” control over threats often avoid threats rather than approach them. People who perceive “low” predictability in threat evolution prefer more-disruptive strategies over moderate, risk-monitoring options. Appraisals explain behavior variation even after accounting for individual demographics and conflict characteristics, and also account for survival strategy changes over time.

Rebalancing commercial and public interests in prioritizing biomedical, social and environmental aspects of health through defining and managing conflicts of interest.

Biomedical research is intended to benefit human beings and their health. Toward that end, scientific norms involve examining and criticizing the work of others and prioritizing questions that should be studied. Yet, in areas of health research where industry is active, it has often utilized well-honed strategies aimed at evading scientific standards and at dominating the research agenda, largely through its financial support and lack of transparency of its research practices. These tactics have now been documented to uniformly support industry products. Commercial entities are aided in this pursuit by public policy that has significantly embedded commercial interests and agendas into federal research funding and infrastructure. Therefore, to understand the resulting landscape and its effect on priority in health research agendas, traditional definitions of individual conflicts of interest (COI) and the less well developed institutional COI must be supplemented by a new construct of structural COI, largely operating as intellectual monopolies, in support of industry. These arrangements often result in financial and reputational resources that assure dominance of commercial priorities in research agendas, crowding out any other interests and ignoring justified returns to the public from investment of its tax dollars. There is no sustained attention to mechanisms by which public interests can be heard, normative issues raised, and then balanced with commercial interests which are transparently reported. Focus on research supporting approval of commercial products ignores social and environmental determinants of health. Commercial bias can invalidate regulatory research protections through obscuring valid risk-benefit ratios considered by IRBs.