Individual Array Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of Elliptical-Cylindrical Antenna Array using SaDE Optimized Hyper Beam

<p>For high performance communication systems, Side Lobe Level (SLL) reduction and improved directivity are the goal of antenna designers. In the recent years, many optimization techniques of antenna design are occupying demanding place over the analytical techniques. Though they have contributed attractive solutions, it is often obvious to select one that meets the particular design need at hand. In this paper, an optimization technique called Self-adaptive Differential Evolution (SaDE) that can be able to learn and behave intelligently along with hyper beam forming is integrated to determine an optimal set of excitation weights in the design of EcAA. Non-uniform excitation weights of the individual array elements of EcAA are performed to obtain reduced SLL, high directivity and flexible radiation pattern. To evaluate the improved performance of the proposed SaDE optimized hyper beam, comparison are done with uniformly excited, SaDE without hyper beam and Genetic Algorithm (GA). In general, the proposed work of pattern synthesis has resulted in much better reduction of SLL and FNBW than both the uniformly excited and thinned EcAA. The results of this study clearly reveal that the SLL highly reduced at a very directive beamwidth.</p>

Source Localization With Multiple Hydrophone Arrays via Matched-Field Processing

This paper considers approaches to combining information from multiple arrays in matched-field processing (MFP) for underwater acoustic source localization. The standard approach is to apply conventional MFP for each array independently, and sum the resulting Bartlett ambiguity surfaces computed for each array; this approach assumes that individual arrays comprise calibrated sensors which are synchronized in time. However, if the relative calibration and/or time synchronization is known between some or all arrays, more informative multiple-array processors can be derived using maximum-likelihood methods. If the relative calibration between arrays is known, the observed variation in received signal amplitude between arrays provides additional information for matched-field localization which is absent in the standard processor. If synchronization is known between arrays, phase variations provide additional localization information. Multiple-array processors accounting for different levels of interarray information are derived and evaluated in terms of the probability of correct localization from Monte Carlo analyses for a range of signal-to-noise ratios and the number of frequencies for simulated shallow-water scenarios with multiple horizontal and/or vertical arrays. The analysis indicates that, dependent on array configurations, significant improvements in source localization performance can be achieved when including relative amplitude and/or phase information in the multiple-array processor. The improvement is reduced by environmental and array (calibration and synchronization) mismatch; however, this degradation can be partially mitigated by including additional frequencies in the processing.

High-Throughput Selective Capture of Single Circulating Tumor Cells by Dielectrophoresis at a Wireless Electrode Array.

We demonstrate continuous high-throughput selective capture of circulating tumor cells by dielectrophoresis at arrays of wireless electrodes (bipolar electrodes, BPEs). The use of BPEs removes the requirement of ohmic contact to individual array elements, thus enabling otherwise unattainable device formats. Capacitive charging of the electrical double layer at opposing ends of each BPE allows an AC electric field to be transmitted across the entire device. Here, two such designs are described and evaluated. In the first design, BPEs interconnect parallel microchannels. Pockets extruding from either side of the microchannels volumetrically control the number of cells captured at each BPE tip and enhance trapping. High-fidelity single-cell capture was achieved when the pocket dimensions were matched to those of the cells. A second, open design allows many non-targeted cells to pass through. These devices enable high-throughput capture of rare cells and single-cell analysis.

Atmospheric turbulence affects wind turbine nacelle transfer functions

Abstract. Despite their potential as a valuable source of individual turbine power performance and turbine array energy production optimization information, nacelle-mounted anemometers have often been neglected because complex flows around the blades and nacelle interfere with their measurements. This work quantitatively explores the accuracy of and potential corrections to nacelle anemometer measurements to determine the degree to which they may be useful when corrected for these complex flows, particularly for calculating annual energy production (AEP) in the absence of other meteorological data. Using upwind meteorological tower measurements along with nacelle-based measurements from a General Electric (GE) 1.5sle model, we calculate empirical nacelle transfer functions (NTFs) and explore how they are impacted by different atmospheric and turbulence parameters. This work provides guidelines for the use of NTFs for deriving useful wind measurements from nacelle-mounted anemometers. Corrections to the nacelle anemometer wind speed measurements can be made with NTFs and used to calculate an AEP that comes within 1 % of an AEP calculated with upwind measurements. We also calculate unique NTFs for different atmospheric conditions defined by temperature stratification as well as turbulence intensity, turbulence kinetic energy, and wind shear. During periods of low stability as defined by the Bulk Richardson number (RB), the nacelle-mounted anemometer underestimates the upwind wind speed more than during periods of high stability at some wind speed bins below rated speed, leading to a steeper NTF during periods of low stability. Similarly, during periods of high turbulence, the nacelle-mounted anemometer underestimates the upwind wind speed more than during periods of low turbulence at most wind bins between cut-in and rated wind speed. Based on these results, we suggest different NTFs be calculated for different regimes of atmospheric stability and turbulence for power performance validation purposes.

The social life of health behaviors: The political economy and cultural context of health practices

Relocating health behaviors within a political-economic framework, this article utilizes health behavior and health insurance governance perspectives to showcase the complexities of cultural and economic factors (e.g., job lock, wage differentials, social location, and health insurance status) that influence choices in efforts to mitigate the financial burden of health risk. By exploring the financial links to health behaviors that emerged through ethnographic participant observation and semistructured interviews with community and union members of the United Steelworkers and Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union in a metropolitan Central Appalachian community in 2007–8, this article argues for expanding the health behaviors concept to include a broader array of actions individuals and families take to better their health and well-being in the context of neoliberal shifting of risk management to individuals through increased consumer market-based cost-sharing health insurance disincentives. In so doing, this article argues for the importance of social and political-economic context in health behaviors and in evaluating health policy, including the Affordable Care Act.

Effect of electrical array configuration of thermoelectric modules on waste heat recovery of thermoelectric generator

An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the electrical array configuration of thermoelectric modules (TEMs) on thermoelectric power generation. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) was constructed with customized TEMs. Prior to the system-wise power generation experiment, the electrical characteristics of each TEM (a total of ten TEMs) were measured. The sum power output of each TEM was 34.2W, which was set as a reference power output for different system-wise array configuration methods To examine the effect of the array configuration, eight different TEM array configurations were formed using series, parallel, and combination connections to provide different power sources for different applications. The experimental results showed that the system-wise power output of the different array configurations varied up to 59% compared to the reference power. Moreover, a 1.4–36.4% difference in power output was evident compared to the individual array configuration on account of the different ways in which the TEMs were electrically connected. The number of junctions in the circuitry and the unbalanced number of modules in the array configuration were chosen as the possible parameters that mostly affected the power output in various electrical circuitries for a constant temperature difference across the TEM sides. Consequently, the power output of the TEG decreased with the increasing number of circuitry junctions in the TEG. The array configuration with less than two junctions in its circuitry showed a power generation up to 94%, whereas the array configuration with six junctions generated only up to 62.5% compared to the reference power output. Similarly, the power output of the TEG decreased with the increasing unbalanced number of modules in the circuitry. The power generation of TEG array configurations with a balanced number of modules in the array was up to 95.4%, whereas that with four unbalanced number of modules in the array only generated 58.9% compared to the reference power output. Therefore, the array configuration with a minimized number of junctions and balanced number of modules is recommended for maximizing the TEG power output.

Multiplexed nanoplasmonic biosensor for one-step simultaneous detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine

Development of rapid and multiplexed diagnostic tools is a top priority to address the current epidemic problem of sexually transmitted diseases. Here we introduce a novel nanoplasmonic biosensor for simultaneous detection of the two most common bacterial infections: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Our plasmonic microarray is composed of gold nanohole sensor arrays that exhibit the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT), providing highly sensitive analysis in a label-free configuration. The integration in a microfluidic system and the precise immobilization of specific antibodies on the individual sensor arrays allow for selective detection and quantification of the bacteria in real-time. We achieved outstanding sensitivities for direct immunoassay of urine samples, with a limit of detection of 300 colony forming units (CFU)/mL for C. trachomatis and 1500CFU/mL for N. gonorrhoeae. The multiplexing capability of our biosensor was demonstrated by analyzing different urine samples spiked with either C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae, and also containing both bacteria. We could successfully detect, identify and quantify the levels of the two bacteria in a one-step assay, without the need for DNA extraction or amplification techniques. This work opens up new possibilities for the implementation of point-of-care biosensors that enable fast, simple and efficient diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.

Better Than Basic Income? Liberty, Equality, and the Regulation of Working Time

Basic income has attracted the attention of academics, policy makers, and politicians around the globe. Basic income—a no-strings-attached cash transfer made to all citizens of a country, rich or poor—has been lauded as a plan to eliminate poverty, reduce income inequality, redress imbalances in the labor market, remedy the impending problem of mass technology-induced unemployment—the “robot apocalypse”—and make possible meaningful lives for those otherwise dependent on menial work in the labor market. It has also been proposed as an efficient, nonpaternalistic, and stigma-free alternative to existing welfare state policies. This Article compares basic income to an alternative policy proposal: the regulation of maximum working hours in the labor market. This Article contends that on nearly all of these virtues, working-time regulation does better than, or at least as well as, basic income. In particular, working-time regulation makes “free time” available to a broader array of individuals, also addresses technological unemployment, and is much more conducive to pro-environmental policies. Most importantly, it is more deeply egalitarian than basic income, not only addressing income inequality but social inequality, as well. Although basic income and working-time regulation are not necessarily incompatible—indeed some have advocated the adoption of both policies—there may be other factors that effectively render them policy substitutes. Specifically, not only is working-time regulation more complementary to existing welfare-state policy than is basic income, but—already in existence in the U.S. and most other developed countries—it also does not face the challenges of political and economic feasibility that confront basic income. Thus the choice and comparison is a compelling one, of which legal, policy, and tax scholars should take note.

Breccia pipe and sinkhole linked fluidized beds and debris flows in the Athabasca Oil Sands: dynamics of evaporite karst collapse-induced fault block collisions

Research Article| March 01, 2017 Breccia pipe and sinkhole linked fluidized beds and debris flows in the Athabasca Oil Sands: dynamics of evaporite karst collapse-induced fault block collisions Paul L. Broughton Paul L. Broughton Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Paul L. Broughton Publisher: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Received: 22 Mar 2015 Accepted: 23 Nov 2016 First Online: 17 Nov 2017 Online Issn: 2368-0261 Print Issn: 0007-4802 © the Society of Canadian Petroleum Geologists Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology (2017) 65 (1): 200–234. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.65.1.200 Article history Received: 22 Mar 2015 Accepted: 23 Nov 2016 First Online: 17 Nov 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Paul L. Broughton; Breccia pipe and sinkhole linked fluidized beds and debris flows in the Athabasca Oil Sands: dynamics of evaporite karst collapse-induced fault block collisions. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 2017;; 65 (1): 200–234. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.65.1.200 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyBulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology Search Advanced Search The Middle Devonian hypogene evaporite dissolution, karst collapse resulted in the fragmentation of the Upper Devonian strata into a mosaic of differentially subsided fault blocks underlying the northern area of the Athabasca Oil Sands Deposit. Regional salt dissolution collapse developed structural troughs up to 50 km long on the sub-Cretaceous unconformity. The structural depressions formed above collapsed collinearly aligned, brine-filled, evaporite dissolution chimneys extending up to 100 m high within the Prairie Evaporite salt beds. Individual and coalesced arrays of dissolution chimneys developed along fault lineament dissolution trends that dissected the 10 km wide Prairie Evaporite salt scarp. 3D seismic images of chimney collapse structures in the Middle Devonian evaporite basin depocenter across central Saskatchewan are analogues used to interpret collapse structures evident in the Upper Devonian succession and the overlying Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation. The Devonian-Cretaceous fault bound blocks located above the dissolution chimneys were gravity driven collapse structures. These structures included oblique rotational trajectories during the descents towards and into underlying dissolution voids. Breccia pipes were impinged along the deeper reaches of the inter-block fault planes as adjacent blocks obliquely rotated apart and towards each other, resulting in zones with compressional and extensional bed deformations during the variable but often rapid rates of vertical descent. The breccia pipes pass upward, along fault planes, into oblique shear zones with twisted beds and zigzag suture welding between adjacent blocks. Upper reaches of the collision zone, between adjacent blocks, were dominated by compressional deformations that resulted in sinkhole development bound on one side by the fault plane. Continued bed compression deformed and fragmented many sinkhole structures. Some of these collapse-induced fault block collisions suggest cataclysmic events, and caused seismicity triggered fluidization in the upper intervals of breccia pipes with mobilization as debris flows that spread across adjacent fault block surfaces. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

A Range Ambiguity Resolution Approach for High-Resolution and Wide-Swath SAR Imaging Using Frequency Diverse Array

In spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), it is a challenging problem to realize high resolution and wide swath imaging (HRWS) due to the conflict between Doppler and range ambiguities. To mitigate this conflict, a range ambiguity resolution approach for HRWS SAR imaging using frequency diverse array (FDA) is proposed in this paper. The FDA employs a set of slightly different carrier frequencies, each of which is emitted by an individual array element. Frequency diversity introduces wave-path difference among the array elements, thus resulting in the range-angle-dependent property of transmit steering vector. Utilizing the extra degrees-of-freedom in range domain, FDA is capable of distinguishing the range ambiguous echoes in the spatial frequency domain. In our approach, the range ambiguous echoes are compensated by range dependence compensation (RDC) technique in the transmit spatial frequency domain. In the sequel, the range ambiguous echoes are separated by using a series of transmit beamformers as the echoes from different range regions are discriminable. Finally, traditional imaging processing is performed on the reconstructed unambiguous data to achieve HRWS imaging. Simulation results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Successful application of large microneedle patches by human volunteers

We describe, for the first time, the design, production and evaluation of large microneedle patches. Such systems, based on 16 individual microneedle arrays (needle height 600μm), were prepared from aqueous blends of 15% w/w Gantrez® S97 and 7.5% w/w poly(ethyleneglycol) 10,000Da. Ester-based crosslinking was confirmed by FTIR and mechanical strength was good. Insertion depths in a validated skin model were approximately 500μm. Ten human volunteers successfully self-inserted the microneedles of these larger patches in their skin, following appropriate instruction, as confirmed by transepidermal water loss measurements. The mean insertion depth ranged between 300 and 450μm over the area of the large patches. That this was not significantly different to a single unit MN patch self-applied by the same volunteers is encouraging. Microneedle patch sizes much larger than the 1–2cm2 will be required if this technology is to be successfully translated to clinic for delivery of drug substances. The work described here suggests that use of such larger patches by patients can be successful, potentially opening up the possibility for a significant expansion of the size of the market for transdermal drug delivery.

Sage on the Stage: Women's Representation at an Academic Conference.

Who presents at conferences matters. Presenting research benefits speakers, and presenters shape the conclusions audiences draw about who can succeed in a field. This is particularly important for members of historically underrepresented or disadvantaged groups, such as women. We investigated gender representation over a 13-year period among speakers at the largest social and personality psychology conference. On average, women were underrepresented as speakers, though this effect diminished over time. Chairs appeared to serve as gatekeepers: In symposia chaired by women, almost half of the invited speakers were women, whereas in symposia chaired by men, it was a third. The representation of women as speakers varied significantly by academic rank, with women underrepresented at lower ranks but not as full professors, and by topic. Women also tended to present with a smaller, less varied array of individuals than men, though this could be explained by women's lower average academic rank.

Separation of Biologically Active Compounds by Membrane Operations.

Bioactive compounds from various natural sources have been attracting more and more attention, owing to their broad diversity of functionalities and availabilities. However, many of the bioactive compounds often exist at an extremely low concentration in a mixture so that massive harvesting is needed to obtain sufficient amounts for their practical usage. Thus, effective fractionation or separation technologies are essential for the screening and production of the bioactive compound products. The applicatons of conventional processes such as extraction, distillation and lyophilisation, etc. may be tedious, have high energy consumption or cause denature or degradation of the bioactive compounds. Membrane separation processes operate at ambient temperature, without the need for heating and therefore with less energy consumption. The "cold" separation technology also prevents the possible degradation of the bioactive compounds. The separation process is mainly physical and both fractions (permeate and retentate) of the membrane processes may be recovered. Thus, using membrane separation technology is a promising approach to concentrate and separate bioactive compounds. A comprehensive survey of membrane operations used for the separation of bioactive compounds is conducted. The available and established membrane separation processes are introduced and reviewed. The most frequently used membrane processes are the pressure driven ones, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). They are applied either individually as a single sieve or in combination as an integrated membrane array to meet the different requirements in the separation of bioactive compounds. Other new membrane processes with multiple functions have also been developed and employed for the separation or fractionation of bioactive compounds. The hybrid electrodialysis (ED)-UF membrane process, for example has been used to provide a solution for the separation of biomolecules with similar molecular weights but different surface electrical properties. In contrast, the affinity membrane technology is shown to have the advantages of increasing the separation efficiency at low operational pressures through selectively adsorbing bioactive compounds during the filtration process. Individual membranes or membrane arrays are effectively used to separate bioactive compounds or achieve multiple fractionation of them with different molecule weights or sizes. Pressure driven membrane processes are highly efficient and widely used. Membrane fouling, especially irreversible organic and biological fouling, is the inevitable problem. Multifunctional membranes and affinity membranes provide the possibility of effectively separating bioactive compounds that are similar in sizes but different in other physical and chemical properties. Surface modification methods are of great potential to increase membrane separation efficiency as well as reduce the problem of membrane fouling. Developing membranes and optimizing the operational parameters specifically for the applications of separation of various bioactive compounds should be taken as an important part of ongoing or future membrane research in this field.

The use of anisotropic texturing for control of directional friction

This paper presents a study on the influence of anisotropically shaped texture arrays on friction behaviour of an oil lubricated sliding contact, especially on directional friction control based on the diverging and converging characteristics of the textures. Experiments have been conducted on a TE77 reciprocating cylinder-on-plate test rig, where steel rollers were used to slide against steel plate samples with or without textures. A mineral base oil was used to lubricate the contacts. Three geometries of dimples were designed and laser textured on the steel plate samples with varied 3-dimensional features, including Square Flat (SF), Square slope (SS) and Triangular Flat (TF) shapes representing the shape in x-y (top view) and x-z (side view) planes respectively. These shapes were chosen to vary the converging and diverging properties of the lubricated contacts depending on the sliding direction. Relatively large dimple sizes (side length ~500μm and depth ~10μm) have been used in this study to enable observation of the effect and easy control of the texturing process. The texture density has been kept at 10% as most literature suggested. The large dimple sizes resulted that the dimples were not be fully covered by the contact area, i.e. the dimple sides were bigger than the Hertzian contact width of the roller-flat contacts. This has eliminated the ‘lift’ or ‘load bearing’ effect discussed in most papers thus focuses on other effects investigated in this study. The results show that beneficial effects of the anisotropic textures present in all lubrication regimes including the boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrications, especially under prevailing boundary lubrication conditions. Using high sampling rate for the friction data during the tests, it was able to study local friction effect due to individual dimple array especially at their leading and trailing edges. The results show that a local friction reduction is observed at the leading while an increase at the trailing edge. Overall directional friction effect of the anisotropic textures has been observed that the converging shape in both y-z plane and the x-y plane reduces friction. Furthermore, it was found that the triangular shape dimples have a greater local frictional response at each dimple array, while the sloped bottom square dimples have a more significant overall directional fricition effect.

Comments on “G/T and Noise Figure of Active Array Antennas”

The most cited paper from this journal with “array,” “antenna,” and “noise” in its metadata is <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> . While the quantitative results of that paper are correct, there is an issue with its treatment of noise received by array antennas due to noise radiation from the background (external noise). Equation (1) of that paper gives noise received by the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> th array element, and the text describes the noise temperature ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{i}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) in that equation as the “antenna (sky) temperature.” This should clearly be the temperature corresponding to the background noise received by the individual array elements, which includes all contributions from within the gain pattern of the individual element, which is typically much broader than the pattern of the array. However, later in the paper, this same symbol is used as the temperature corresponding to the background noise received by the array (into the receiver in Lee’s Fig. 1, after losses). These two temperatures can be very different. For example, small, individual elements of a large array could receive substantial contributions from the ground and other hot objects (e.g., at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T \sim 300$ </tex-math></inline-formula> K), while the array’s receiver only receives significant contributions from a very quiet region of the sky (e.g., at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T \sim 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> K at some frequencies).

Protein and polysaccharide conjugates as emerging scaffolds for drug delivery systems

Protein and polysaccharide conjugates are ideal for developing coatings for medical scaffolds and drug delivery systems owing to their high biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we are conjugating a hydrophobic protein zein with a hydrophilic polysaccharide, pectin. A specific covalent linkage is introduced between the reducing end of pectin and the amine groups of zein that are surface accessible. After successful coupling of pectin to zein, the conjugate is water-soluble. A film was prepared with the zein-pectin conjugates on a hydrophilic silica surface. SEM shows that the film is mainly composed of zein nanoparticles coated with pectin, and these nanoparticles arrange themselves into individual arrays that are separated by several wide channels. Films with such nanostructures can be exploited for developing bioactive coatings.

Energy-Efficient Stabilized Automatic Control for Multicore Baseband in Millimeter-Wave Systems

The fifth generation (5G) cellular network is upon us. Academia and Industry have intensively collaborated together to bring the power of 5G cellular networks to the masses, and now the 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) platforms come into being in the market. One of the most popular 5GmmWave platforms mounts the massive mmWave phased antenna arrays in order to transfer a huge number of bits in a second (e.g., more than ten gigabits-per-second) to the baseband in the platform. While exploiting chip multicore processors (CMPs) may be the best solution to process such huge data in the mmWave baseband platform, power dissipate by the CMPs should become critical. Starting from an intuition that utilizing all processors in every single time introduces inefficient energy consumption, this paper proposes an energy-aware queue-stable control (EQC) algorithm to control the activation/deactivation of individual processors and antenna arrays for pursuing time average energy consumption minimization subject to the stability of queues in the 5G-mmWave baseband. Results from intensive simulations based on realistic experimental setups demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed EQC that achieves significant energy savings while queue stability is maintained.

Appalachia as a Contested Borderland of the Early Modern Atlantic, 1528–1682

Appalachia as a Contested Borderland of the Early Modern Atlantic, 1528–16821 Kimberly C. Borchard Introduction During the twentieth century, Appalachia became stereotyped as a rural back-water rife with the poverty and ignorance emblematic of English-speaking "Deep America" at its worst. The New Oxford American Dictionary defines Appalachia as "a term for areas in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern US that exhibit long-term poverty and distinctive folkways."2 But far from foreshadowing impoverished twentieth-century caricatures of the region, the first European accounts of the area offered promises of boundless wealth alongside dramatic tales of violent encounters with indigenous warriors and the ever-present threat of attack by European rivals. With local Native American informants feeding their dreams of gold and silver mines dwarfing those of Mexico and Peru, explorers of Spanish, French, Portuguese, and German origin raced to stake their claims to the imagined riches of the Appalachian borderlands. Charles Hudson describes Spanish interest in North America as borne of the conquest of the Nahua and Inca empires in 1519 and 1535, respectively. Since "Spaniards had found riches only after reaching the interior" of the territories controlled by these great New World civilizations, hope blossomed that similar wealth would be found inland to the north.3 The Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca reported that Native Americans told him "samples of gold" he discovered in western Florida in 1528 came from a distant realm called Apalache.4 The term was transposed to the mountains as Apalchen by the Spanish cartographer Diego Gutiérrez in 1562, and the mountains denominated Montes Apalatci by the French artist Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues following his travel to Florida in 1564–1565.5 The Apalachee of northwest Florida thus "unwittingly gave their name to one of the largest natural features in the eastern United States, the Appalachian Mountains."6 Gabriel Archer did not make the first English-language mention of the "mountaynes Apalatsi" until his 1607 account of Christopher Newport's exploration of the James River.7 [End Page 91] Notwithstanding the international array of individuals and languages involved in the exploration and (mis)naming of Appalachia, American historiography has portrayed postcontact Appalachian history as an essentially English affair, with sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spanish and French forays into Apalache/Apalatci as anomalies in the path toward inevitable Anglo-American settlement. Conversely, studies of colonial Latin America touch on Apalache as a northern realm stumbled upon and abandoned in the course of catastrophically failed expeditions leaving Cuba in search of wealth comparable to that of Mexico and Peru. Perhaps it is due to Spain's failure to establish any imperial stronghold or center of administrative power in the area (as opposed to the missions that survived in Florida until the eighteenth century) that there has been no sustained effort to study Spain's interest in Apalache as analogous to its sixteenth-century search for gold in South America. Nevertheless, Apalache would maintain the evocative power of El Dorado in the English colonial imagination well into the eighteenth century. And a wide variety of early documents indicate a pervasive belief that the eastern mountains of North America hid within them a native empire of fertile lands and rivers flowing with gold, populated by fearless warriors and formidable women.8 Rumors such as these were so typical of early Spanish accounts of the mythic Amazonian El Dorado that they were clichés by the 1560s, when Apalache appeared on maps of North America; and English interest in the Appalachian Mountains was fueled from the beginning by rumors of Spanish mines secluded in an opulent inland dominion, which, throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, became suspiciously reminiscent of that described by Spanish explorers in the far reaches of Amazonia. Though belief in the existence of Spanish mines inspired the first English-funded exploration of Appalachia in the seventeenth century, significant gold deposits were not discovered in the Appalachians until the 1820s, and the first Georgia gold mines did not begin operation until summer 1829.9 A brief period of nineteenth-century gold mining was soon overshadowed by the large-scale mining of coal that began in earnest in the...

The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 3: Bridging the Sea Islands’ Past and Present, 1893–2006 by Lawrence S. Rowland and Stephen R. Wise

Reviewed by: The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 3: Bridging the Sea Islands’ Past and Present, 1893–2006 by Lawrence S. Rowland and Stephen R. Wise Kevin Dougherty The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina. Volume 3: Bridging the Sea Islands’ Past and Present, 1893–2006. By Lawrence S. Rowland and Stephen R. Wise. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015. Pp. xx, 492. $44.95, ISBN 978-1-61117-545-5.) Bridging the Sea Islands’ Past and Present, 1893–2006 is the third of three excellent volumes on the history of Beaufort County, South Carolina, written by Lawrence S. Rowland and Stephen R. Wise. Rowland is distinguished professor emeritus of history at the University of South Carolina Beaufort and past president of the South Carolina Historical Society. Wise is [End Page 193] the director of the Parris Island Museum and the author of Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running during the Civil War (Columbia, S.C., 1988) and Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863 (Columbia, S.C., 1994). As historians, storytellers, and regional experts, they have set a very high bar. Rowland and Wise continue to draw heavily on the “names, not numbers” tradition that they used so effectively in the previous two volumes (p. xix). By this technique, readers are introduced to a dizzying array of individuals that represented and gave life to the particular phenomenon under discussion. Captain Henry Von Harten, “the most experienced pilot on the Port Royal bar,” appears among the losses of the damaging hurricanes of 1898 (p. 17). The death of merchant F. W. Scheper in 1913 “marked the end of an era of great enterprise” (p. 61). Robert Smalls, the “King of Beaufort County,” was seemingly ubiquitous, and his 1915 death was marked by the “bittersweet irony” that he had lived long enough to see the Reconstruction-era political revolution give way to the beginnings of the Great Exodus of African Americans from the sea islands (pp. 32, 183). Sidney Benton is described as “the lettuce king” during the heyday of truck farming between 1908 and 1928 (p. 212). Congressman James F. “Jimmy” Byrnes, “Beaufort’s man of influence in Washington,” played a pivotal role in the construction of the bridges and highways built between 1908 and 1929 that “determined the patterns of transportation, settlement, and commerce for the county for the next half century” (pp. 276, 225). J. Edward McTeer, the legendary “high sheriff of the lowcountry,” battled moonshiners during the Prohibition era (p. 271). Leland Grayson, the seven-foot-three “Beaufort Behemoth,” is highlighted as “the physically largest soldier from South Carolina during World War II,” and boxer Smokin’ Joe Frazier claims title to “the most famous Beaufortonian of the twentieth century” (pp. 365, 388). These and a potpourri of other such characterizations bring to life the narrative in a very readable and memorable way. In addition to these rich explorations of personalities, Rowland and Wise succinctly and expertly analyze the region’s themes of “frontiers and revolution—if not always progress” (p. xvii). They explore the demographic changes that “transformed Beaufort County from a 90.5 percent majority black population in 1900 to a 61 percent majority white population in 1960”; that made it a “Marine Corps town,” complete with “a working middle class,” thanks to the establishment of the recruit depot at Parris Island in 1915; and that created a haven for leisure seekers and retirees that began with wealthy northerners in the late nineteenth century and resurged with the opening of Del Webb’s Sun City in 1993 (pp. xviii, 364). The authors trace the region’s agriculture and economic journey through the prominence of cotton, truck farming, and phosphates. Rowland and Wise tell the impressive story of the fusion politics that “transformed a former Confederate and Democratic stronghold into a model of biracial democracy that survived into the worst years of Jim Crow political tyranny” (p. xix). The authors go on to relate the county’s “exemplary” response to the civil rights revolution of the 1960s that stood as “a worthy tribute to its pathbreaking Reconstruction history” (p. 387). Unsurprisingly, given the book’s title, they convincingly make the case that “[t...

Reconstruction of nonlinear ultrasound field of an annular therapeutic array from acoustic holograms of its individual elements.

Acoustic holography method has been shown to provide accurate reconstruction of 3D ultrasound fields generated by various medical transducers including multi-element arrays as well as to set a boundary condition for nonlinear field modeling at high pressure levels. Here an approach of measuring holograms of individual array elements for modeling of an entire array field is proposed and tested for a 3 MHz 16-element annular array (48 mm diameter and 35 mm radius of curvature). The array is a part of a high intensity focused ultrasound system with magnetic resonance guidance used for developing thermal and mechanical methods of tissue ablation in mouse tumors. The holograms measured separately for each array element were combined together to obtain a boundary condition for the array with all operating elements. Modeling results were compared to low-amplitude beam scans and good agreement was demonstrated. Then, nonlinear field simulations were performed at increasing power outputs based on the 3D Westervelt equation. It was shown that the transducer is capable to produce focal waveforms with 140 MPa shock amplitude at 110 W acoustic power and thus is well suited for evaluating shock-based ablation therapies in small animals.