Indium Powder Research Articles

Modular Synthesis of Heterobenzylic Amines via Carbonyl Azinylative Amination.

Transformations enabling the synthesis of α-alkyl, α'-2-azinyl amines by addition of 2-heteroaryl-based nucleophiles to in situ-generated and non-activated alkyl-substituted iminium ions are extremely rare. Approaches involving classical 2-azinyl organometallics, such as the corresponding Grignard reagents, often fail to produce the desired products. Here, we report an operationally straightforward solution to this problem through the development of a multicomponent coupling process wherein a soft 2-azinyl indium nucleophile, generated in situ from the corresponding 2-iodo heteroarene and indium powder, adds to an iminium ion that is also formed directly in the reaction. This modular carbonyl azinylative amination (CAzA) displays a broad scope and only a metal reductant is needed to generate a reactive 2-azinyl nucleophile. Beyond the addition to iminium ions, the 2-azinyl addition to polyfluoromethyl ketones forms the corresponding tertiary alcohols. Together, the products of these reactions possess a high degree of functionality, are typically challenging to synthesize by other methods, and contain motifs recognized as privileged in the context of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Multifunctional Polymer Synthesis via Sequential Postpolymerization Modification Using a Single Aldehyde Repeat Unit: Allylation and Orthogonal Esterification and Thiol-ene Reaction.

Herein, we present a highly efficient method for synthesizing multifunctional polymers. This method involves the sequential postpolymerization modification (PPM) of a highly reactive aldehyde polymer. We introduce an allylic alcohol functionality into the polymer backbone via Barbier-type allylation, a process facilitated by easy-to-handle indium(0) powder. This step enables the formation of orthogonal pendants, secondary alcohol, and terminal alkene, which can be further functionalized through esterification and thiol-ene click reactions. All of these processes are carried out under mild conditions, ensuring high efficiency and a wide range of functional groups. Our study underscores PPM's operational simplicity and versatility in developing advanced polymer materials and expanding the scope of multifunctional polymer design.

Modular Synthesis of Heterobenzylic Amines via Carbonyl Azinylative Amination

AbstractTransformations enabling the synthesis of α‐alkyl, α′‐2‐azinyl amines by addition of 2‐heteroaryl‐based nucleophiles to in situ‐generated and non‐activated alkyl‐substituted iminium ions are extremely rare. Approaches involving classical 2‐azinyl organometallics, such as the corresponding Grignard reagents, often fail to produce the desired products. Here, we report an operationally straightforward solution to this problem through the development of a multicomponent coupling process wherein a soft 2‐azinyl indium nucleophile, generated in situ from the corresponding 2‐iodo heteroarene and indium powder, adds to an iminium ion that is also formed directly in the reaction. This modular carbonyl azinylative amination (CAzA) displays a broad scope and only a metal reductant is needed to generate a reactive 2‐azinyl nucleophile. Beyond the addition to iminium ions, the 2‐azinyl addition to polyfluoromethyl ketones forms the corresponding tertiary alcohols. Together, the products of these reactions possess a high degree of functionality, are typically challenging to synthesize by other methods, and contain motifs recognized as privileged in the context of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Expedient and divergent synthesis of unnatural peptides through cobalt-catalyzed diastereoselective umpolung hydrogenation.

The development of a reliable method for asymmetric synthesis of unnatural peptides is highly desirable and particularly challenging. In this study, we present a versatile and efficient approach that uses cobalt-catalyzed diastereoselective umpolung hydrogenation to access noncanonical aryl alanine peptides. This protocol demonstrates good tolerance toward various functional groups, amino acid sequences, and peptide lengths. Moreover, the versatility of this reaction is illustrated by its successful application in the late-stage functionalization and formal synthesis of various representative chiral natural products and pharmaceutical scaffolds. This strategy eliminates the need for synthesizing chiral noncanonical aryl alanines before peptide formation, and the hydrogenation reaction does not result in racemization or epimerization. The underlying mechanism was extensively explored through deuterium labeling, control experiments, HRMS identification, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, which supported a reasonable CoI/CoIII catalytic cycle. Notably, acetic acid and methanol serve as safe and cost-effective hydrogen sources, while indium powder acts as the terminal electron source.

Synthesis of Linear Tetraquinanes by [3+2] Cycloaddition, Chemoselective Allylation of 7-Ketonorbornene, and Ring-Rearrangement Metathesis as Key Steps

AbstractA nine-step synthetic sequence to linear tetraquinanes involving [3+2] cycloaddition, chemoselective allylation, and ring-rearrangement metathesis as key steps is reported. A chemoselective allylation of 7-ketonorbornene was realized for the first time by using indium powder and allyl bromide. By this method, norbornene ketones can be selectively allylated in the presence of a cyclopentanone moiety to give good yields of monoallylated Barbier-type products.

A Decade of Indium‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions (MCRs)

In the context of synthetic chemistry, Indium is one of the least explored elements of the notorious group 13 of the periodic table and has not attracted quite the same amount of attention as its fellow members, Aluminium and Boron, which have shown unprecedented synthetic applications for more than half a century. Nonetheless, Indium has emerged in recent years as a very valuable catalyst for multicomponent reactions. From the use of indium powder or easily accessible and cheap indium salts to more complex indium‐based metal‐organic frameworks or nanoparticles, a plethora of applications has been described throughout this last decade, showcasing not only the versatility of indium catalysis but also how much there is still to be explored. In the aftermath of the international year of the periodic table of the chemical elements in 2019, we navigated through the large inventory of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) to encounter the types of useful reactions leading to important target compounds (many of which are biologically active) catalyzed by this d‐block post‐transition metal.

Asymmetric Umpolung Hydrogenation and Deuteration of Alkenes Catalyzed by Nickel

Nickel-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of several types of alkenes proceeds in high enantioselectivity, using acetic acid or water as the hydrogen source and indium powder as electron donor. The scope of alkenes herein include α,β-unsaturated esters, nitriles,andketones as well as allylic alcohols. Asymmetric deuteration ofα,β-unsaturated estersis also achieved with deuterated water, the cheapest deuterium source.

Cobalt(II)-catalyzed preparation of alkylindium reagents and applications in cross-coupling with aryl halides

The direct insertion of indium powder into alkyl iodides was found to be efficiently catalyzed by a catalytic amount of cobalt(II) bromide (10 mol%). Upon subjection of the thus-formed alkylindium compounds to palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with a wide range of aryl halides, a series of cross-coupled products could be obtained in moderate to good yields with the tolerance to many important functional groups.

Cesium carbonate‐catalyzed indium insertion into alkyl iodides and their synthetic utilities in cross‐coupling reactions

A catalytic amount of cesium carbonate (10 mol%) was found to be capable of effectively catalyzing the insertion of indium powder into alkyl iodides. The thus‐generated alkyl indium reagents could readily undergo palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with a wide variety of aryl halides, showing compatibility to a range of important functional groups.

Enantioselective Conversion of Oligoprenol Derivatives to Macrocycles in the Germacrene, Cembrene, and 18-Membered Cyclic Sesterterpene Series.

A new enantio-and diastereoselective process has been developed for the efficient conversion of farnesol and other oligoprenyl alcohols to chiral 10-, 14-, and 18-membered cyclization products, including germacrenol, (+)-costunolide, 3-β-elemol, and epi-mukulol. The key cyclization reaction utilizes ω-bromo aldehyde substrates, a chiral ligand, and indium powder as the reagent at -78 °C and generates 10-, 14-, and 18-membered cyclic products in 70-74% yield and 94-95% ee.

In-Doped ZnO Hexagonal Stepped Nanorods and Nanodisks as Potential Scaffold for Highly-Sensitive Phenyl Hydrazine Chemical Sensors

Herein, we report the growth of In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanomaterials, i.e., stepped hexagonal nanorods and nanodisks by the thermal evaporation process using metallic zinc and indium powders in the presence of oxygen. The as-grown IZO nanomaterials were investigated by several techniques in order to examine their morphological, structural, compositional and optical properties. The detailed investigations confirmed that the grown nanomaterials, i.e., nanorods and nanodisks possess well-crystallinity with wurtzite hexagonal phase and grown in high density. The room-temperature PL spectra exhibited a suppressed UV emissions with strong green emissions for both In-doped ZnO nanomaterials, i.e., nanorods and nanodisks. From an application point of view, the grown IZO nanomaterials were used as a potential scaffold to fabricate sensitive phenyl hydrazine chemical sensors based on the I–V technique. The observed sensitivities of the fabricated sensors based on IZO nanorods and nanodisks were 70.43 μA·mM−1·cm−2 and 130.18 μA·mM−1·cm−2, respectively. For both the fabricated sensors, the experimental detection limit was 0.5 μM, while the linear range was 0.5 μM–5.0 mM. The observed results revealed that the simply grown IZO nanomaterials could efficiently be used to fabricate highly sensitive chemical sensors.

One-Pot Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Homoallylic N-Acylhydrazines Promoted by Indium Powder

探索了铟粉促进下，三氟乙醛甲基半缩醛或三氟甲基苯乙酮与酰肼和烯丙基溴的“一锅法”反应，高产率地得到了一系列三氟甲基高烯丙基酰肼类化合物.该方法使用价廉易得的三氟乙醛甲基半缩醛或三氟苯乙酮作为三氟甲基合成砌块，具有反应条件温和、产率高、操作简单等优点.

Fabrication and Characterization of Reactively Sputtered AlInGaN Films with a Cermet Target Containing 5% Al and 7.5% In

AlInGaN films were deposited at a substrate temperature in the range of 100–400°C and a radio frequency (RF) output power in the range of 90–150 W on Si (100) by reactive sputtering in an (Ar + N2) atmosphere. A (Ga + GaN) cermet target for sputtering, containing 5 at.% aluminum and 7.5 at.% indium powders, was made by hot pressing the mixed metal powders and ceramic GaN. The effects of substrate temperature and sputtering output power on the formation of AlInGaN films and their electrical and optical properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction results showed that AlInGaN films grew with a preferential m-(\(10\bar{1}0\)) growth plane and had a wurtzite crystal structure. The film roughness was influenced by the sputtering power and the film composition. The AlInGaN films deposited at 400°C and 150 W had the best crystallinity, and an electron concentration of 4.5 × 1017 cm−3, a Hall mobility of 497 cm2 V−1 s−1, and an optical bandgap (Eg) of 2.71 eV.

Indium-mediated cleavage of the trityl group from protected alcohols and diols

The reaction of primary, secondary, allylic and benzylic trityl ethers with indium powder in MeOH/NH4Cl led to reductive cleavage of the trityl-oxygen bond, affording the corresponding alcohols in good to excellent yield under very mild reaction conditions. The detritylation process could successfully be extended to mono and detritylated diols. This methodology represents a new and efficient detritylation procedure under mild reaction conditions.

ChemInform Abstract: Indium Powder as the Reducing Agent in the Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐1,1′‐biphenyls.

AbstractThe simple In‐based protocol for the reduction of 2‐nitrobiphenyls tolerates a variety of functional groups and gives high yields of the target 2‐amino derivatives.

Indium powder as the reducing agent in the synthesis of 2-amino-1,1′-biphenyls

An improved and simplified In-based protocol for the reduction of 2-nitro-1,1′-biphenyls to the corresponding 2-amino-1,1′-biphenyls is disclosed. The method utilizes only a stoichiometric quantity of indium powder as the reducing reagent along with a stoichiometric quantity of ammonium chloride. The work-up is very simple, it requires only a simple filtration of the post-reaction mixture whereupon the reaction medium is removed under reduced pressure. The method was also proven to operate with a variety of functional groups to provide high to excellent yields of the target 2-amino-1,1′-biphenyls. A proposal for a reaction mechanism is also provided.

Optical Characteristics of Cuinse2 Nanocrystals Synthesized by Electric Discharge in Ethanol

The optical characteristics of CuInSe 2 nanocrystals synthesized by electric discharged treatment of a stoichiometric mixture of copper, indium, and selenium powders in ethanol are discussed. The forbidden band width for the particles produced in various discharge regimes was determined by analysis of the absorption spectra. Data on the effect of laser radiation on the variation of the optical characteristics of the nanoparticles are presented.

Synthesis and characterization of CuInS2 nanocrystalline semiconductor prepared by high-energy milling

Nanocrystalline CuInS2 particles have been synthesized from copper, indium, and sulfur powders by high-energy milling in a planetary mill in an argon atmosphere. Structural characterization of the prepared nanoparticles, including phase identification, Raman spectroscopy, specific surface area measurement, and particle size analysis were performed. The optical properties were studied using UV–Vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The production of CuInS2 (JCPDS 027-0159) particles with a crystallite size of about 17.5–23.5 nm was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure has a tetragonal body-centered symmetry belonging to the I-42d space group. The Raman spectra also proved the formation of pure CuInS2 nanoparticles. TEM and HRTEM measurements revealed the presence of nanoparticles of different dimensions (10–20 nm) and their tendency to form agglomerates. The nanoparticles tend to agglomerate due to their large specific surface area. The average size of the synthesized particles was determined by photon cross-correlation spectroscopy to be in the range of 330–530 nm (bimodal size distribution). The band gap of the CuInS2 particles is 2 eV which is wider than that in bulk materials. The decrease in size leads to the blue-shift of the PL spectra. Therefore, CuInS2 nanoparticles are promising candidates for optical applications, and they have high potential in solar energy conversion.

Potential Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical And Thermal Properties Indium Powder

Potential Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical And Thermal Properties Indium Powder

Potential Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical and Thermal Properties Indium Powder

Potential Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment on the Atomic, Physical and Thermal Properties Indium Powder