Indirect Route Research Articles

Behavioral alterations in adult zebrafish induced by venlafaxine: correlation with oxidative stress, gene expression, and brain histopathological damage.

Behavioral alterations in adult zebrafish induced by venlafaxine: correlation with oxidative stress, gene expression, and brain histopathological damage.

Comparing how brand and product appeals influence consumer attitudes, preferences and visual processing

PurposeThis study examines how different advertising messaging strategies comparatively influence brand and product evaluations, product preferences and visual information processing. We compare a product-focused messaging strategy that emphasizes product attributes with a company-focused narrative strategy that highlights a brand’s history and family values.Design/methodology/approachUsing two experiments, we investigate the relative and complementary effects of different messaging appeals and measure their effects via multiple measurement tools – a quantitative survey, moment-to-moment (MTM) feeling dials and eye-tracking area-of-interest measurement – to capture attitudes, product preferences and visual processing. In Experiment 1 (N = 157), participants viewed one of two video advertisements (brand narrative vs product attributes) while using MTM feeling dials and completing pre- and post-test surveys assessing brand and product evaluations and preferences. Experiment 2 (N = 125) employed eye-tracking software to analyze visual elaboration on textual product packaging.FindingsResults indicate that the company narrative generated greater brand favorability while product messaging produced more visual elaboration and was more persuasive for product evaluations and product preferences. Additionally, both brand and product evaluations mediated the persuasive process between viewing an advertisement and ranking the brand’s product among competitors.Research limitations/implicationsA single product was used on a student sample, which limits generalizability.Practical implicationsMarketers should more heavily rely on messaging that focuses on the attributes of products rather than company values, but the inclusion of values into a product attributes-oriented marketing plan can provide added benefit.Social implicationsThough people do want to support companies that share their values, product evaluations have a great influence on purchasing decisions.Originality/valueThis study examines the comparative and complementary effects of message strategies using multiple forms of measurement which triangulate the findings. By partnering with a real-world brand, it also contributes to the intersection of industry and academia. Both the company narrative and product-focused message proved persuasive, although the product-focused strategy had more substantial effects across all measurement methods. Moreover, the study contributes to our understanding of how these different marketing approaches influence purchasing decisions. Values-orienting marketing takes a more indirect route of influence through company evaluations before affecting product evaluations and purchasing decisions. The study not only examines the relative effect of the two marketing approaches but also the combined effect. In sum, the innovative experimental design, use of technology, different context, triangulation, analysis of the mediated process of influence and examination of both the relative and combined effects contribute to our understanding of values- and product-attributes-oriented marketing.

Expert and non-expert perceptions of ‘forever chemicals’: identifying commonalties and differences to inform PFAS risk communication

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as ‘forever chemicals’, are a large class of synthetic chemicals with consumer benefits, including waterproofing, stain prevention and non-stick properties. However, some PFAS have been identified as toxic to human health, being linked to cancer, lowered fertility, and developmental issues. Concern is high because PFAS can persist for long periods in the environment, accumulate in animals and humans, and are easily transported by water. Both scientific experts and the public (non-experts) are key actors who can support a reduction in PFAS pollution, but we lack data on public PFAS awareness and what actions they will support to reduce pollution. Combining quantitative and qualitative data in a mental models approach, we systematically compare expert and non-expert perceptions of PFAS and related issues, including the essentiality of consumer items that can contain PFAS. While we find knowledge gaps, such as a non-expert tendency to focus on direct chemical exposure routes during the use phase and to underestimate exposure through indirect routes, we also find commonalities: Both experts and non-experts understand the benefits chemicals provide alongside the risks and are aware of the greater risks posed by chemicals like PFAS to vulnerable groups. Moreover, experts and non-experts tend to view similar kinds of products and the functions they serve as most or least essential. Commonalities can provide routes to reducing PFAS use by highlighting cases where the majority agree a level of performance afforded by PFAS is not necessary. Finally, we provide suggestions for developing effective risk communications about PFAS with the public.

Breaking the Carbon-Fluorine Stronghold: Reductive Defluorination of PFASs.

Per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), characterized by their ultrastable C-F bonds and pervasive environmental persistence, present critical remediation challenges due to their recalcitrance and bioaccumulative potential. Conventional oxidative degradation methods predominantly yield bioaccumulative short-chain fluorinated derivatives, failing to achieve molecular annihilation. We highlight reductive defluorination as a transformative strategy to directly cleave C-F bonds and mitigate toxicity through two distinct electron-transfer modalities: indirect routes mediated by reactive species (e.g., hydrated electrons/active hydrogen) contrasted with direct mechanisms employing biocatalytic or electrochemical systems for targeted electron injection. Mechanistic taxonomy and quantitative structure-reactivity analyses reveal that defluorination efficiency is governed by the molecular architecture (e.g., chain length and fluorination patterns) and operational parameters (e.g., pH, redox potentials, and solution matrices). While standalone reductive technologies face scalability constraints from energy intensity and secondary contamination risks, synergistic integration of bioremediation-electrochemical-photocatalytic systems demonstrates enhanced defluorination efficiency. By coupling molecular-level degradation mechanisms with modular engineering, we propose future directions for developing reductive defluorination, offering a sustainable pathway to eliminate environmental recalcitrance and comply with evolving global water quality mandates.

The Effect of Teacher Pedagogic Competence, Intensity of Parental Guidance, and Parents' Socio-Economic Status on Learning Outcomes Through Students' Learning Motivation

This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of teacher pedagogical competence, intensity of parental guidance, and parents' socio-economic status on learning outcomes through student learning motivation at SMP Negeri 1 Atinggola in social studies subjects. This research uses a quantitative approach. The sample in this study was students at SMP Negeri 1 Atinggola for the 2024/2025 academic year, totaling 108 students. Samples were taken using the stratified proportional random sampling method. The research results show that several independent variables have a significant effect on learning outcomes, both directly and indirectly through learning motivation as a mediating variable. Directly, learning motivation has been proven to have a positive and significant influence on student learning outcomes. Likewise, the intensity of parental guidance and socio-economic status have a significant and positive direct influence on learning outcomes. Meanwhile, teacher pedagogical competence actually has a negative but significant direct influence on learning outcomes, which shows the potential for indirect influence through learning motivation. In the indirect route, teacher pedagogical competence and the intensity of parental guidance have a positive and significant effect on student learning outcomes through increasing learning motivation. However, socio-economic status did not show a significant indirect effect through learning motivation. These findings confirm that learning motivation plays an important role as a mediator in the relationship between teacher competence and parental guidance and student learning outcomes. Therefore, efforts to improve student learning outcomes can be focused on strengthening learning motivation through improving the quality of teaching and parental involvement.

Detecting, bioaccumulating, and toxicological effects on aquatic trophic levels of nano plastic pollution

The proliferation of micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) in the ocean has become critical due to possible toxicological impacts on the environment, food web (FW) interactions, and human well-being. These plastic fragments originate from various sources, including degrading bigger plastic debris, goods, and emissions. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the distribution and hazards of MNPs in ocean habitats, their ecological conduct, and relationships within ocean food-webs, highlighting their harmful effects on ocean organisms. It examines the correlation between the size of particles and toxicity, their distribution throughout various organs, and the mechanism of transferring trophic status within the FW. Upon ingestion, MNPs are detected in multiple organs. The ingestion by the lowest-trophic-level creatures enables the advancement down the food chain (FC). This results in bioaccumulation and biomagnification, potentially damaging aquatic creatures’ health, development, and actions. This study examines how MNPs, due to their persistence and metabolism, threaten marine ecosystems and disturb trophic interactions. The article discusses the ramifications of MNPs on human wellness, especially via ingesting contaminated seafoods, emphasizing the direct and indirect routes via which humans encounter these contaminants. The assessment underscores suggestions for further study, stressing the need for a combination of environmentally friendly and human wellness research to enhance risk evaluations and formulate mitigation plans to tackle the worldwide problem of plastic contamination in ocean ecosystems

Estimating the effect of South Africa travel restrictions in November 2021 on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron outbreak in the Netherlands: a descriptive analysis and modelling study.

Governments used travel bans during the COVID-19 pandemic to limit the introduction of new variant of concern (VoC). In the Netherlands, direct flights from South Africa were banned from 26 November 2021 onwards to curb Omicron (B.1.1.529) importation. This study retrospectively evaluated the effect of the South African travel ban and the timing of its implementation on subsequent Omicron infections in the Netherlands and, in order to help inform future decision-making, assessed alternative scenarios in which the reproduction number (Re) and volume of indirectly imported cases were varied. Descriptive analysis and modelling study. Time (days) from 26 November 2021 to reach 10 000 cumulative Omicron infections in the Netherlands. To benchmark the direct importation rate of Omicron from South Africa, we used the proportion (n/N, %) of passengers arriving on two direct flights from South Africa to the Netherlands on 26 November 2021 with a positive PCR sequencing result for Omicron VoC infection. We scaled the number of directly-imported Omicron infections before and after the travel ban to the incidence in South Africa. We assumed that 10% of all cases continued to arrive via indirect routes, a 'failure rate' of 2% (ie, incoming Dutch citizens not adhering to quarantine on arrival) and an effective reproduction number (Re) of Omicron of 1.3. In subsequent analyses, we varied, within plausible limits, the Re (1.1-2.0) and proportion of indirectly-imported cases (0-20%). Compared with no travel ban, the travel ban achieved a 14-day delay in reaching 10 000 Omicron cases, with an additional day of delay if initiated 2 days earlier. If all indirect importation had been prevented (eg, European-wide travel ban), a 21-day delay could have been achieved. The travel ban's effect was negligible if Re was ≥2.0 and with a greater volume of ongoing importation. Travel bans can delay the calendar timing of an outbreak but are substantially less effective for pathogens where importation cannot be fully controlled and tracing every imported case is unfeasible. When facing future disease outbreaks, we urge policy-makers to critically weigh up benefits against the known socioeconomic drawbacks of international travel restrictions.

Boosting the Photocatalytic O2 Reduction Reaction for H2O2 Production Over CuS Nanosheets Decorated with CdSe Quantum Dots

Abstract Solar O2 reduction reaction to produce H2O2 facilitates ecofriendly, effective and efficient substitute for the industrial anthraquinone process for H2O2 production. Meanwhile, concerns including rapid charge recombination and inadequate active sites hindered the photocatalytic activity. Accordingly, herein we addressed the above challenges by employing a photocatalyst based on CuS nanosheets loaded with CdSe quantum dots. A photocatalytic H2O2 production of 1838 ± 32 µmol g−1 h−1 was achieved in presence of ethanol as sacrificial agent for CuS/CdSe which is 2.85 times higher than that of pristine CuS nanosheet (645 ± 38 µmol g−1 h−1), with 0.09% solar to chemical conversion efficiency. The result obtained from Pl and EIS analysis demonstrated that this higher photocatalytic efficiency facilitated by the loading of CdSe quantum dots on CuS nanosheet. The XPS, Mott‐Schottky analysis, and quenching experiments revealed the detail of charge transfer pathway for photocatalytic H2O2 production. The oxygen reduction reaction proceeds through an indirect single electron route to produce H2O2, which showed stability up to four cycles. This study contributes to the significant insight about the synergistic impact of heterojunction and surface plasmon resonance effect on photocatalytic activity.

Prevalence, genotype distribution, and risk factors of Hepatitis E virus in blood donors, HIV patients, and pregnant women in Southwest Cameroon.

Most HEV infections are self-limiting, but pregnant women in their third trimester and immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV, face risks, including fatal liver failure and chronic infection. This study investigates HEV prevalence and genotypes in healthy blood donors and high-risk groups, such as HIV patients and pregnant women, in Southwest Cameroon, where surveillance is limited. A cross-sectional study conducted between March and June 2023 recruited 712 participants: 289 blood donors, 233 HIV patients, and 190 pregnant women. Serum and stool samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies using ELISA, and HEV RNA was detected by nested PCR targeting the ORF1 and ORF2 regions. HEV RNA-positive samples were sequenced, and genotypes identified. Among the 712 participants, 7 % tested positive for anti-HEV IgG and 2 % for anti-HEV IgM. Blood donors had the highest anti-HEV IgG prevalence (9 %). No significant associations were found between HEV seropositivity and demographic or dietary risk factors. The overall HEV RNA positivity rate was 1 %, with the highest rates in blood donors (2 %) and pregnant women (1 %), while no cases were found in HIV patients. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 75 % of HEV RNA-positive samples belonged to genotype 3a, and 25 % to genotype 3e. The nucleotide diversity between human and pig HEV genotype 3 suggests the involvement of environmental or other indirect transmission routes, rather than direct pig-to-human transmission. This study highlights HEV risk in Cameroon, especially among blood donors and pregnant women, underscoring the need for enhanced surveillance in HBV-endemic regions.

Realization of Antithermal Quenching of Eu3+ for High‐Sensitivity Luminescence Thermometry via an Indirect Energy Transfer Route

Abstract Luminescence intensity decreasing with rising temperature is a common phenomenon called thermal quenching. However, the Bi3+‐Eu3+ co‐doped NaGd2Ga3Ge2O12 (NGGG) phosphor exhibits antithermal quenching luminescence of Eu3+. Bi3+ has a pair of thermally coupled energy levels (TCLs), where the higher energy level is the 3P1 and the lower energy level is derived from the metal‐to‐metal charge‐transfer (MMCT). As the concentration of Eu3+ increases, the luminescence lifetime of the 3P1 level decreases, while the lifetime of the MMCT level remains unchanged. It means that energy transfer (ET) only happens between the 3P1 level and Eu3+. Interestingly, with only the MMCT level excited, the emission of Eu3+ is still observed. This is because when exciting the MMCT level, as the upper level of TCLs, the 3P1 level can also be excited, which consequently leads to the emission of Eu3+. Accordingly, the luminescence of Eu3⁺ will be increased and will show the antithermal quenching as the thermal coupling process is enhanced with rising temperature. Taking advantage of the unique ET process and the antithermal quenching of Eu3⁺, the Bi3⁺‐Eu3⁺ co‐doped NGGG phosphor demonstrates the sensitivity of 2.08% K−¹ at 500 K, which is distinct from most fluorescence thermometers that show sensitivity maximum at low temperatures.

Modeling the Influence of Cultural Graphics on Urban Perception in Qinzhou City: A Structural Equation Approach

This research examines the crucial requirement to incorporate cultural aspects into urban design, especially in Qinzhou, China's smaller urban environment, by studying cultural graphics' impact on urban perceptibility. The study examines cultural graphics' influence on urban perception by studying how cultural and social identity results in changes to urban perception while personal values and beliefs and media consumption serve as intervening factors. Data collection involved 425 valid responses in Qinzhou City through a quantitative research design, which allowed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the relationships. The evaluation reveals cultural graphics create substantial effects on urban perception through direct pathways as well as indirect routes powered by personal values and media consumption. Urban planning authorities need to make cultural graphics an integral part of city development to develop stronger cultural identities and community attachments. Urban planners should encourage the integration of cultural graphics in urban development to protect heritage elements while fulfilling contemporary development requirements, which will generate more inclusive public spaces.

Computational Insights Into Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism: Dissociation of Imidazole on Iron Surface.

Corrosion inhibitors are widely used to mitigate safety risks and economic losses in engineering, yet post-adsorption processes remain underexplored. In this study, we employed density functional theory calculations with a periodic model to investigate the dissociation mechanisms of imidazole on the Fe(100) surface. Imidazole was found to adsorb optimally in a parallel orientation, with an adsorption energy of -0.88 eV. We explored two dissociation pathways: CH and NH bond cleavages and found CH dissociation having a lower activation barrier of 0.46 eV. Intriguingly, an alternative indirect route CH dissociation pathway involving a tilted intermediate state was found to be competitive. Both indirect and direct CH dissociation pathways are energetically more favorable than NH cleavage. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that indirect CH dissociation occurs rapidly. This study proposes an alternative protective mechanism involving dissociated imidazole inhibitors, offering new insights for corrosion inhibitor design.

A resolvent-based perspective on the generation of Mach wave radiation from compressible boundary layers

We identify forcing mechanisms that separately amplify subsonic and supersonic features obtained from a linearised Navier–Stokes based model for compressible parallel boundary layers. Resolvent analysis is used to analyse the linear model, where the nonlinear terms of the linearised equations act as a forcing to the linear terms. Considering subsonic modes, only the solenoidal component of the forcing to the momentum equations amplify these modes. When considering supersonic modes, we find that these are pressure fluctuations that radiate into the free stream. Within the free stream, these modes closely follow the trends of inviscid Mach waves. There are two distinct forcing mechanisms that amplify the supersonic modes: (i) the ‘direct route’, where the forcing to the continuity and energy equations and the dilatational component of the forcing to the momentum equations directly force the mode; and (ii) the ‘indirect route’, where the solenoidal component of the forcing to the momentum equations force a response in wall-normal velocity, and this wall-normal velocity in turn forces the supersonic mode. A majority of the supersonic modes considered are dominantly forced by the direct route. However, when considering Mach waves that are, like in direct numerical simulations, forced from the buffer layer of the flow, the indirect route of forcing becomes significant. We find that these observations are also valid for a streamwise developing boundary layer. These results are consistent with, and extend, the observations in the literature regarding the solenoidal and dilatational components of velocity in compressible turbulent wall-bounded flows.

Direct non-oxidative methane decomposition over silica-supported Co/Ni/Mo catalysts

Typically, the methods for converting methane can be categorized into two primary groups: direct and indirect. Among these, the direct non-oxidative conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons has received a lot of interest in recent years due to its distinct advantages over the indirect routes. Several catalysts based on transitional metals such as Ni, Fe, Co, Mo, etc. have been reported for the methane conversion, employing different supports. This study focuses on the direct non-oxidative decomposition of methane using monometallic catalysts based on silica. The catalysts, specifically Co, Ni, and Mo, were impregnated to the pre-synthesized silica support. The synthesized catalysts were characterized for crystallite size, surface area, morphology and thermal stability using X-ray diffraction, porosimeter, scanning electron microscope and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The effect of reaction temperature, amount of catalyst, methane preheating, flow rate of methane and presence of promotors on the decomposition reaction was investigated.

Supply risk propagation in international trade networks of the tungsten industry chain

Tungsten plays an irreplaceable role in industrial development and high technology and is vital for national security and economic development. Supply and demand imbalances, and geopolitical and social health events, among other factors, lead to supply risks for tungsten resources in different economies. The existing studies have focused on modeling supply risk in the upstream mineral trade and lack a quantitative analysis of supply risk propagation in tungsten product trade networks from an industry chain perspective. Therefore, this paper uses trade data from 2009 to 2020 to construct an international trade network for tungsten products and applies a cascading failure model to simulate the risk propagation process in the trade network of the industry chain. The results show that China, Germany, and the US have the greatest impact ranges. The influence of economies is related to the trade export value, number of trade partners, and location. The influence of economies on the trade of midstream and downstream products is significantly related to intermediary capacity, the level of economic development, and trade closeness, with technological factors becoming increasingly important as the chain extends downward. Supply risk in upstream and midstream products is propagated mainly through indirect routes, whereas risk in downstream products is propagated mainly through direct trade relationships. The number of affected economies increases substantially when there is a small decline in the export value of tungsten products from core economies. The results can provide reference and decision support for different economies to secure the supply security and sustainability of tungsten resources.

Hydronymic Markers of Certain Water-Portage Routes of the Ancient Balts in the Area of the Novgorod-Pskov Lands

This article primarily examines the routes used by the ancient Baltic population along rivers, lakes and portages in the historical Novgorod-Pskov lands during the period preceding Slavic colonization. A detailed analysis of Baltic communication routes is preceded by a brief review of the principal water-portage routes employed by medieval Novgorodians. In reconstructing the Slavic travel routes, the following factors are considered: (1) the conditions of the hydrographic network that favored the establishment of water-portage routes; (2) medieval written accounts of water communications; and (3) toponymic evidence. In contrast, reconstructing the ancient Baltic water-land routes is more challenging. With written records no longer available, hydronymy becomes the primary source of evidence, making reliable etymological interpretations of Baltic water names essential. The water routes used by the Balts are indicated by the following markers: (1) the duplication of names for neighbouring yet hydrologically disconnected (different-basin) water features; (2) a chain-like distribution of Baltic hydronyms that is clearly distinct from later Slavic toponymy; and (3) the water-communication semantics inherent in Balticisms. Drawing on the etymologies of substrate names and taking these indicators into account, the author substantiates the existence of a water-portage route Runa — Mizgutnya — Runa, along which the Balts from the Upper Volga lakes area entered the basin of the Pola River. A branch of the Runa route was a path linking the different-basin rivers Polovizma (Polovizna) and Polovizna (Polovizn’). Another Baltic route ran along the contiguous rivers and lakes Pylets — Pylka — Tsevlo — Tsevlа — Polisto — Polista. The Balts also utilized the large rivers Lovat and Shelon, as indicated by the etymology of these hydroonyms. An indirect route along the Netesma River (< Baltic *Netiesum(-a, -as), meaning ‘indirect distance’) enabled the Balts to travel from the Western Dvina to the Volga, offering an alternative to the direct route via Lake Okhvat. Finally, the Balticisms Tisva and Tesova point to movement along straits, equating in meaning to the Slavic hydronym Prost’ and the term prost’ ‘direct route.’

The role of orthography and phonology during L1 vs. L2 typed production

Abstract Dual-route models of typing assume two pathways to retrieve a word’s spelling: a direct route connecting word to letter representations, and an indirect route via sound representations. The individual contribution of each route may depend on the modality of language acquisition: the first language (L1) is acquired sequentially in spoken and written modality respectively, whereas the second language (L2) is often acquired simultaneously in both modalities. We investigated whether sequential bilinguals rely more on the direct route during L2 vs. L1 typing. French-English bilinguals performed a typed picture-word interference task in their L1 and L2. We compared facilitation in naming for distractors that were phonologically (P) related, phonologically + orthographically (PO) related, or unrelated to the target. We predicted more facilitation by PO vs. P distractors in the L2 than in the L1. Participants showed significant facilitation by PO distractors, but not by P distractors, suggesting that orthographic overlap (together with phonology) helped retrieving the target spelling, whereas phonological overlap alone did not. The magnitude of this effect was similar across L1 and L2, contrary to our predictions. However, the absence of mere phonological facilitation suggests that phonology only contributes to typing when supported by orthography.

An Indirect Route to Librarianship

An Indirect Route to Librarianship

Colder temperatures augment viability of an indirectly transmitted songbird pathogen on bird feeders

Abstract Inanimate surfaces that are contaminated with infectious pathogens are common sources of spread for many communicable diseases. Understanding how ambient temperature alters the ability of pathogens to remain viable on these surfaces is critical for understanding how fomites can contribute to seasonal patterns of disease outbreaks. House finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) experience fall and winter outbreaks of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Although bird feeder surfaces serve as an indirect route of MG transmission between sick and healthy individuals, the contributions of feeders to MG transmission in the wild will depend on how ambient temperature affects viability and pathogenicity of MG on feeder surfaces over time. Here, we used two experiments, with identical initial design, to assess such temperature effects. For both experiments, we pipetted equal amounts of MG onto replicate feeder ports held at night‐day temperatures representing summer (22–27°C) or winter (4–9°C). We allowed MG to incubate on feeders at either temperature and swabbed remaining inocula from surfaces at 0, 1, 2, 4, or 7 days post‐inoculation of the feeder, with each replicate feeder port only swabbed at a single time point. In the first study, we analyzed swabs using a culture‐based assay and found that MG incubated at colder versus warmer temperatures maintained higher viability on feeder surfaces over time. In the second study, we replicated the same experimental design but used MG swabs from feeder surfaces to inoculate wild‐caught, pathogen‐naïve birds and measured resulting disease severity and pathogen loads to determine pathogenicity. We found that MG remained pathogenic on feeder surfaces at cold ambient temperatures for up to one week, much longer than previously documented. Further, MG was significantly more pathogenic when incubated on feeders in colder versus warmer temperatures, with the strongest effects of temperature present after at least four days of incubation on feeder surfaces. Overall, cold ambient temperatures appear to alter the role of fomites in the MG transmission process, and temperature likely contributes to seasonal disease dynamics in this system and many others.

Impact of Work Engagement on Teachers’ Workplace Well-Being: A Serial Mediation Model of Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Empowerment

This study investigated the effect of work engagement (WE) on teachers’ workplace well-being (WWB) and the role of perceived organizational support (POS) and psychological empowerment (PE) in the underlying internal mechanisms. The participants were 2,090 Chinese teachers (valid response rate: 90.32%), with an average age of 39.42 years ( SD = 8.73). To test the mediating role of POS and PE on the relationship between WE and WWB (parallel and serial), participants were asked to complete the subscales of employee well-being, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Psychological Empowerment Scale, and the Perceived Organizational Support Scale. The results revealed that (1) WE can positively predict WWB, (2) POS and PE mediated the relationship between WE and WWB, and (3) there were numerous indirect routes (i.e., WE→POS→PE→WWB). The results of this study help us understand the relationship between WE and WWB and have implications for improving teachers’ WWB.