Plant RNA interference (RNAi) is a fundamental antiviral defense that relies on coordinated activities of DICER-like endonucleases (DCLs), Argonaute proteins (AGOs) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs). Over the past decades, studies using model and crop species have uncovered complex and often redundant roles for DCLs and RDRs in generating and amplifying virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs), in addition to connections with transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and epigenetic defenses against DNA viruses. Concurrently, plant viruses have evolved diverse counterstrategies-proteinaceous RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs), exoribonuclease (XRN)-resistant noncoding RNAs, and indirect manipulation of host pathways-to evade RNAi. Driven by the co-evolutionary arms race, plants have developed sophisticated counter-countermeasures that modulate or overcome viral anti-RNAi activity. Accumulated evidence suggests that plants encode host factor genes that are activated to degrade or sequester viral components such as RSSs against viral infection. On the other hand, plants have also evolved endogenous host modulators of antiviral RNAi that can either reinforce the antiviral response or be co-opted by viruses to antagonize it, representing a furious dynamic molecular battling mechanism. Here, we review recent advances in the molecular functions of DCLs and RDRs across species, summarize newly discovered viral counter-defenses (including RNA-based suppressors), and discuss host counter-countermeasures. We research key areas-such as the roles of RDRγ-class proteins, RTL1 (RNase three-like 1)-mediated competition with DCLs, and the mechanistic impact of viral noncoding RNAs-and outline translational opportunities for improving virus resistance in crops through breeding, biotechnological approaches, and RNA-based applications.

This study aims to propose practical directions for sculpture education in the digital age by qualitatively analyzing high school students’ creative experiences with clay modeling and digital 3D modeling programs. The analysis revealed that clay modeling stimulated students’ sensory perception through tactile engagement and direct interaction with physical materials, fostering creativity and immersion throughout the sculptural process. In contrast, 3D modeling provided opportunities for exploratory and experimental creation through immediate feedback in a virtual space. However, it was confirmed that the sensory experience was significantly lacking due to indirect manipulation mediated by a two-dimensional screen. Based on these findings, this study proposes the following directions for sculpture education in the digital age: a balanced sensory experience encompassing both physical and digital media; instructional designs to explore the possibilities and limitations of each medium; and the creation of sustainable learning environments supported by enhanced teacher competencies. This research is significant in that it reexamines the fundamental value of sculpture education amid rapid technological advancement and suggests a direction for art education that can expand learners’ sensory experiences and creative expression through formative practices that traverse traditional and digital media in the context of digital transformation.

The existing state of AI alignment literature is largely devoted to the ethical codes of conduct and safety measures, yet the implications to the operational security and regulatory consistency have lacked adequate academic coverage. This paper presents the notion of alignment drift, which can be seen as a cumulative departure of an AI system in its behavior out of the goals it is validated to fulfill, and suggests that it is one of the key security risks of regulated settings. We propose a detection and mitigation framework, which is built by integrating behavioral baselining, explainable deviation analysis and policy conscious enforcement, and thus is able to identify subtle misalignment phenomena, which are due to the changing data distributions, indirect manipulation and feedback driven adaptation. As opposed to more traditional adversarial defenses, which focus on attacks that are more egregious or performance loss, we focus on latent behavioral drift that can be hidden but increase compliance and systemic risk. The empirical analyses performed in the financial crime detection and identity-verification cases show that it is possible to identify alignment drift in early stages, with a low false-positive rate and insignificant operational inconvenience. Therefore, the given research makes alignment drift security an unwelcomed but essential aspect of the development of trustworthy, compliant AI systems. Altogether, the current piece of work establishes alignment drift security as an important but not well-known aspect of responsible and responsible AI deployment, and thus offers a continuation of the current research on AI safety and robustness to a single view of security compliance.

Fascial Counterstrain: A methodological advancement in indirect osteopathic manipulation

Fullerenes encapsulating nitrogen atoms, also called endohedral fullerenes, are spin active. The magnetic moment is localized on the nitrogen atom, but the spin dynamics is shown to be governed by the coupling to the fullerene orbitals, allowing for an indirect spin manipulation by acting on the fullerene and its environment. Here, for multiple ground-state endohedral fullerenes, the inter-fullerene spin-spin interactions are investigated with a focus on the effects of stable geometric arrangements (linear, triangular, and more complex arrangements). Performing full abinitio simulations, we aim at an understanding of how the interactions between spins depend on both the structural features of the fullerene molecules and their molecular orbitals. Our computational study explores the role of spin exchange interactions, potential spin frustration, and how these phenomena can be manipulated to achieve desired magnetic behaviors; thus, it can guide the design of new materials for spintronic devices, quantum information processing, and other applications that require control over spin-spin interactions is decisive.

Manipulation of single cells or particles is crucial in the biomedical field. However, precisely and rapidly manipulating single cells without damaging them is a significant challenge. In this study, a novel strategy for indirect manipulation of cells and microparticles that can satisfy these requirements via a combination of particle‐induced dielectrophoretic forces (PiDEP) and optoelectronic tweezers (OET) is developed. This strategy is based primarily on the principle that particles experiencing the same dielectrophoretic forces tend to repel each other, whereas those experiencing different forces are attracted to each other. During the manipulation, Ag‐SiO2 microparticles controlled by the OET act as intermediaries for manipulating other particles or cells through dielectrophoretic forces. Thus, the manipulation range of the OET can be expanded by two to three times its original size, and the manipulation speed can be significantly increased while maintaining its precision. Furthermore, the results indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce cell damage to one‐third of that caused by traditional OET. This study demonstrates the significant potential of particle‐assisted OET for single‐cell manipulation and offers an effective strategy for manipulating cells and microparticles.

The stem gall fly (Procecidochares utilis) significantly impacts host-plant biology by inhabiting specific parts of stem tissue, ensuring its own survival. Despite this, comprehensive identification of the primary bioactive compounds within host plants that are involved in gall formation remains elusive. This study aims to elucidate the crucial volatile compounds utilized by gall flies to alter host-plant defenses, either through direct or indirect manipulation via the release of an enticing volatile compound attractive to the fly. Employing Y-tube olfactometer assays, we examined the response of Procecidochares utilis to host plants from three Asteraceae weed species-Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum conyzoides, and Praxelis clematidea. Volatile compounds were extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and SPME-FIBER. Subsequently, gas chromatography-electroantennography and electroantennography were employed to analyze the antennal responses to individual odorants. The analysis revealed that the primary bioactive compound varied among the three weed species. Out of a total of 805 known volatiles, 65 main active compounds were exclusive to Ageratina adenophora (host plant). Remarkably, only 8 bioactive compounds were identified to elicit an antennal response from Procecidochares utilis. Notably, caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, and 4-thujen-2-α-yl acetate exhibited the remarkable ability to elicit an attraction response from both sexes of Procecidochares utilis. Among these, β-bisabolene emerged as the key compound, eliciting the most significant response from the gall fly antenna. Our findings offer novel insights into the specific attraction of the stem gall fly to Ageratina adenophora, utilizing key odorants as unique cues for initiating gall formation on its host plant. This discovery highlights how these cues enable the gall fly to exert direct or indirect control over its host. Additionally, these findings underscore the potential of this approach in the development of sustainable pest management strategies in the context of field trials.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is one of the most important systems modulating functions in the body. The ECS, via cannabinoid (CB: CB1 and CB2) receptors, endocannabinoids occurring in the brain (e.g., anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)) and enzymes degrading endocannabinoids in the brain (fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)), plays a key role in the regulation of mood and anxiety. However, the effects of cannabinoid compounds on anxiety-related responses are complex and yield mixed results depending on the type of pharmacological manipulation (direct or indirect) of functions of the ECS, as well as the kinds of cannabinoids, dosage and procedure. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the influence of the direct (via CB receptors ligands) and indirect (via inhibition of enzymes degrading endocannabinoids in the brain) pharmacological modulation of ECS function on anxiety-like responses in mice in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. For this purpose, in the first step of the experiments, we used selected ligands of CB1, CB1/CB2 and CB2 receptors to assess which types of CB receptors are involved in anxiety-related responses in mice. Next, we used inhibitors of FAAH (which breaks down AEA) or MAGL (which breaks down 2-AG) to assess which endocannabinoid is more responsible for anxiety-related behavior in mice. The results of our presented research showed that an acute administration of CB1 receptor agonist oleamide (5-20 mg/kg) had no influence on anxiety-related responses and CB1 receptor antagonist AM 251 (0.25-3 mg/kg) had anxiogenic effects in the EPM test in mice. In turn, an acute administration of mixed CB1/CB2 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 used at a dose of 1 mg/kg had an anxiolytic effect observed in mice in the EPM test. What is of interest is that both the acute administration of a CB2 receptor agonist (JWH 133 at the doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg) and antagonist (AM 630 at the doses of 0.5-2 mg/kg) had anxiogenic effects in this procedure. Moreover, we revealed that an acute administration of only FAAH inhibitor URB 597 (0.3 mg/kg) had an anxiolytic effect, while MAGL inhibitor JZL 184 (at any used doses (2-40 mg/kg)) after an acute injection had no influence on anxiety behavior in mice, as observed in the EPM test. In our experiments, we confirmed the clearly significant involvement of the ECS in anxiety-related responses. In particular, the pharmacological indirect manipulation of ECS functions is able to elicit promising anxiolytic effects. Therefore, the ECS could be a potential target for novel anxiolytic drugs; however, further studies are needed.

The collective behavior of colloids in microsystems is characterized by precise micro-object control, broadening the applications of cargo manipulation in drug delivery, microfluidics, and nanotechnology. To further investigate this potential, we introduce a cargo-manipulating platform that utilizes micromagnetic patterns and fluid flow rather than conventional fluidic components. This platform, called the flowless micropump, comprises an encapsulating fluid system within a chip, containing both actuation particles (2.8 μm in diameter) and control targets, thereby eliminating external interactions. This platform enables two distinct modes of cargo manipulation: direct control of nonmagnetic cargo (e.g., MCF-7 and THP-1 cells) and indirect manipulation of particles (e.g., polymer particles) through secondary localized fluid flow. Direct manipulation is achieved via coordinated particle collisions, facilitated by an optimized guiding wall with a height of 25 μm. Conversely, indirect manipulation allows for high-speed control and mode change of individual targets. These manipulation events are achieved using two patterned structures: railway-track and connected half-disk (conductor) patterns. By employing a conductor pattern in conjunction with a railway-track pattern, precise and agile control of microcargo (MCF-7 and THP-1 cells and polymer bead clusters) was achieved at frequencies of 1-3 Hz and a magnetic field strength of 10 mT. This study establishes a programmable platform for designing flowless micropumps with diverse functionalities for various experimental purposes. By using colloidal flow and localized fluid flow generated by the shape of magnetic patterns and semi-three-dimensional (3D) structures, this platform holds significant promise for applications in drug screening, cell-cell interaction studies, and organoid-on-chip research.

Submerged macrophytes are essential for the restoration of shallow lakes for maintaining clear-water conditions. The presence of fish can affect the nutrient cycles and the growth of submerged macrophytes in lakes. In this study, a 28-day mesocosm experiment was carried out with an herbivorous fish Ctenopharyngodon idella (CID) and an omni-benthivorous fish Carassius auratus (CAU) to investigate their effects on the growth of a submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata and phosphorus (P) cycle in shallow lakes. The results showed that CID slowed down the growth of H. verticillata while CAU showed no significant effect. In overlying water, CID only increased the ammonium nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration in the later stage due to excretion, while CAU elevated particulate phosphorus (PP) levels during the experiment through disturbance. Meanwhile, the radial oxygen loss and photosynthesis of H. verticillata in CAU might promote the formation of NaOH-P and HCl-P in the sediment, respectively. Changes in the water and sediment properties caused by CID and CAU can contribute to the increase in the eutrophication risk index (ERI). Our findings suggest that CID has the potential to be an indirect biological manipulation tool, while CAU should be controlled to minimize its negative impacts on the P cycle in lakes.

Magnetic-based tissue engineering (MagTE) is a rapidly advancing interdisciplinary field that integrates magnetic materials and external magnetic fields with tissue engineering principles to manipulate cells, biomaterials, and biological environments for developing functional tissue substitutes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MagTE, covering its fundamentals, applications, and future directions within the biofabrication domain. The magnetic properties of paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and superparamagnetic materials are discussed, along with mechanisms of magnetic actuation through forces and torques. MagTE applications are categorized into cell manipulation and stimulation. Direct and indirect manipulation techniques also enable precise control of cell alignment, patterning, and assembly into complex three-dimensional structures, such as cell sheets, spheroids, and organoids. Stimulation approaches-mechanical, thermal, electrical, and biochemical-exploit interactions between magnetic particles and external fields to elicit specific physiological responses and support tissue regeneration. We then conclude by addressing the current limitations of MagTE and proposing strategies to overcome these challenges.

Hemodynamic disturbances during lumbar spine surgeries have proven to be exceptionally rare, with only seven published cases demonstrating instances where intraoperative dural manipulation coincided with bradycardia, hypotension, and/or asystole. The authors present the case of a 39-year-old male with a history of chronic low-back pain and leg weakness. Imaging demonstrated a disc herniation at L5-S1, resulting in impingement of the left S1 traversing nerve root. The patient agreed to surgery. The preoperative workup was unremarkable. While retracting the S1 nerve root, transient asystole occurred when the S1 nerve root was manipulated, causing the patient's heart rate to drop from 51 to 0 bpm. Manipulating the nerve root once again triggered a similar event, and upon cessation of the surgical stimulus, the patient's heart rate spontaneously returned to baseline. Other potential causes of these hemodynamic perturbations were excluded. As in other reported cases, each cardiovascular disturbance corresponded with either direct or indirect dural manipulation. Given the limited number of lumbar spinal cases reported to have undergone hemodynamic perturbances via dural manipulation, this case report provides evidence for the likelihood of a spinal-cardiac reflex between the cardiovascular system and the spinal dura mater. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE24158.

Decentralized control of ideal ternary reactive distillation column with inert

Technological incubators are commonly regarded as important infrastructures that nurture nascent business ventures, meant to create conditions for innovation and regional economic development. However, in China, such an incubator functions as a performative apparatus governed by the state. The Chinese state has purposefully fostered entrepreneurial hopes and expectations among certain privileged groups of talents through the indirect manipulation of competition winners by mentors and judges. These individuals are not necessarily the ideal entrepreneurial talents according to market standards. In this article, I employ the passive construction of entrepreneurship as a verb – “being entrepreneured” (bei chuangye) – to illustrate how entrepreneurs are not merely actors with agency, but are also acted upon by socialist mechanisms in China and the performative governance exercised by the Chinese state over individual entrepreneurs. Using an ethnographic case study of a state-sponsored entrepreneurship competition, which took place in Guangzhou in 2020, and 95 semi-structured interviews collected throughout seven months of multi-sited fieldwork, the article shows how transnational technological communities are in some ways “being entrepreneured” in China. I problematize this notion to show the discrepancies and contradictions between the public and the private criteria in selecting entrepreneurial talents in China.

This study evaluated the usability of a direct manipulation device (touchscreen) vs. indirect manipulation devices (mouse and touchpad) on the selected Microsoft (MS) Word tasks as per ISO-9241-11 standard. MS Word was taken as an example of a complex application. The tasks were evaluated in terms of touch-friendly or click-friendly using efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction parameters to propose a customized task menu. The experiment was conducted with fifty-four participants, divided into three MS Word usage-based expertise groups. Each participant performed fifty-six tasks using a mouse, a touchpad, and a touchscreen. To assess task-level usability, individual one-way ANOVAs were performed for each task to gauge both efficiency and effectiveness. It's worth noting that the touchscreen significantly outperformed other input methods in just one specific task regarding effectiveness. Consequently, an ANCOVA was employed, with task completion time as the independent variable and the number of errors as a covariate, to further investigate effectiveness. A total of 19 (34%) of the total tasks were found to be significantly efficient with a mouse, while 21 (37.5%) were significantly efficient with a touchscreen. Based on the results, a customized menu is recommended for MS Word-like applications that combine actions in touch-friendly tasks and mouse-friendly tasks separately.

In plants, plasmodesmata establish cytoplasmic continuity between cells to allow for communication and resource exchange across the cell wall. While plant pathogens use plasmodesmata as a pathway for both molecular and physical invasion, the benefits of molecular invasion (cell-to-cell movement of pathogen effectors) are poorly understood. To establish a methodology for identification and characterization of the cell-to-cell mobility of effectors, we performed a quantitative live imaging-based screen of candidate effectors of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. We predicted C. higginsianum effectors by their expression profiles, the presence of a secretion signal, and their predicted and in planta localization when fused to green fluorescent protein. We assayed for cell-to-cell mobility of nucleocytosolic effectors and identified 14 that are cell-to-cell mobile. We identified that three of these effectors are "hypermobile," showing cell-to-cell mobility greater than expected for a protein of that size. To explore the mechanism of hypermobility, we chose two hypermobile effectors and measured their impact on plasmodesmata function and found that even though they show no direct association with plasmodesmata, each increases the transport capacity of plasmodesmata. Thus, our methods for quantitative analysis of cell-to-cell mobility of candidate microbe-derived effectors, or any suite of host proteins, can identify cell-to-cell hypermobility and offer greater understanding of how proteins affect plasmodesmal function and intercellular connectivity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

This article touches upon the problem of identifying and analysing speech manipulation in the texts of the German-speaking media. The media determines linguistic and cultural pictures of the world, so the analysis of media language will help to establish trends of influence on the cognitive consciousness of society. In today’s geopolitical environment, the basic functions of the media transform, as it uses specific techniques of speech manipulation to achieve informational and emotive effectiveness, allowing for the distortion of the cognitive perception of information by the audience. The material for this study was German-language media texts, selected by means of a total sampling and semantic-syntactic analysis. The relevance of the study lies in its linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The author states that in the conditions of information pollution all the participants of communication should be able to identify speech manipulation in a text, qualify information in terms of its significance or reliability, and to the risks of exposure to manipulative actions. Taking the peculiarities of speech manipulation methods used in the modern German-language media texts into account, the recipient must have sufficient interpretational competence to allow him or her to overcome the barriers that prevent the identification and mental comprehension of the means of speech manipulation in the texts of foreign-language publications. The main purpose of this study is to remove some difficulties in the perception of information in German-language media text by presenting signs of indirect pressure and speech manipulation in them. To this end, the article classifies the basic techniques of speech manipulation in terms of linguistic analysis, and also justifies the expediency of forming interpretative competence in the sphere of epistemic vigilance. We argue that this competence is effective when it comes to levelling the negative impact of the discourse of German-language media on the cognitive consciousness of the audience.

Liquid crystal colloids manifest complex motion caused by external stimuli, but tunable and addressable control of microsized objects remains a challenge. This study aims to demonstrate light-driven trapping, transport, and sustained periodic motions of microparticles by employing liquid crystal films as a light-controllable colloidal platform. The diverse motions of microscopic particles result from Marangoni convection coupled with elastic deformations in free-surface liquid crystal films subjected to light beam heating. The specific mode of particle motion, including damped and sustained oscillations, also combined with sustained rotation, is defined by the liquid crystal chirality, particle surface treatment, film thickness, and the power of the tightly focused light beam. The results reveal that free-surface liquid crystals provide a unique platform for the indirect optical manipulation of microscopic objects, paving the way for novel applications in microfluidic tools, particle sorting and transport, micropatterning, and various micromachines.

Using devices with microfluidic channels can allow for precise control over liquids flowing through them. Merging flows of immiscible liquids can create emulsions with highly monodispersed microdroplets within a carrier liquid, which are ideal for miniaturised reaction vessels which can be generated with a high throughput of tens of thousands of droplets per second. Control of the size and composition of these droplets is generally performed by controlling the pumping system pushing the liquids into the device; however, this is an indirect manipulation and inadequate if absolute precision is required in the size or composition of the droplets. In this work, we extend the previous development of image-based closed-loop feedback control over microdroplet generation to allow for the control of not only the size of droplets but also the composition by merging two aqueous flows. The feedback allows direct control over the desired parameters of volume and ratio of the two components over a wide range of ratios and outperforms current techniques in terms of monodispersity in volume and composition. This technique is ideal for situations where precise control over droplets is critical, or where a library of droplets of different concentrations but the same volume is required.

This report examines the complex role of the arts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Repeated lockdowns, social distancing, disease control restrictions and other guidance since March 2020 introduced a series of paradoxes and challenges in the arts and cultural sector. On the one hand, venue closures and job losses significantly disrupted the cultural industries. However, the pandemic also provided new opportunities for home-based arts engagement including digital arts activities, online arts and cultural groups, and streamed performances. As the pandemic lengthened across late 2020 into 2021, hybrid models of engagement and socially-distanced engagement emerged, and since July 2021, the reopening of society has provided more freedom for the cultural industries. However, this reopening has also highlighted that the arts and cultural sector needs to evolve and adapt if it is to be sustainable in a post-COVID world. The paradoxes and challenges extend to audiences too. Although many were unable to go to community events or cultural venues for much of the first 16 months of the pandemic, home-based arts activities became increasingly popular, with evidence suggesting that the demographic profile of people engaging with the arts evolved. However, the initial changes in audience demographics seen during the first UK lockdown have continued to change since: while the pandemic has shown that new audiences can be reached, sustaining them could be a greater challenge. A final paradox relates to health and wellbeing. Although the pandemic has caused significant economic and psychological hardship, particularly for those working in the arts and cultural sector, many people turned to the arts as a vital means of coping with the challenges of the pandemic. towards the virus, have changed since COVID-19 first emerged, new longer-term stressors around healthcare, employment and supporting children and young people are growing. The role of the arts in supporting these challenges is, consequently, also changing. This report therefore uses the best available evidence to examine these issues across the first 16 months of the pandemic in the UK. We review a range of literature to explore these paradoxes, reflecting on (i) how audiences and arts behaviours changed and whether such changes are showing signs of becoming persistent within our society, (ii) how and why the arts helped people to cope during the pandemic, and (iii) how those working within the arts and cultural sector have been affected. Findings in this report come from secondary sources and primary empirical research commissioned alongside this report and are summarised as follows: The authors of this report took a scoping review approach, using keyword searches of the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online search engine, Scopus and Web of Science. Although most restrictions have been lifted at the time of this report, the pandemic is still ongoing and grey literature continues to be relevant to the report. Therefore, pre-prints (preliminary reports of work that have not been certified by peer review) and reports sourced through Google and website searches were also included. We focused on results from the UK but included findings from other countries as points of comparison. This report is not a systematic literature review as it was carried out during and after lockdown periods when social and political conditions of the pandemic were rapidly changing. It is intended to provide an overview of the role of the arts during COVID-19, and future research should delve further into the topics and issues it raises. USE OF TERMS This term is used to encompass a wide variety of ways in which audiences have engaged in activities related to the arts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many in-person events were cancelled during the pandemic, so unless otherwise specified, we use the term arts and cultural activities to refer to home-based engagement. They include crafts (such as painting, sculpture or knitting); performing arts (such as dance, drama, and listening to music); writing and reading (such as reading fiction or writing poetry) and cultural events (such as engaging with museums, galleries, theatres or festivals, either in-person or through digital or virtual engagement) (1). This report follows the UNESCO definition of the cultural and creative industries that have as their main objective the production or reproduction, the promotion, distribution or commercialization of goods, services and activiti (2). However, we also specifically use the language of the to acknowledge that our focus is primarily on industries with a cultural object at the (3) as set out by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) (e.g., arts, film, TV and music, radio, photography, crafts, museums and galleries, and libraries) (4), rather than broader creative industries (e.g., advertising and marketing, architecture, IT, software, and computer services)(4)(5). Identifying those who work in the arts and cultural sector is complex as there are diverse ways to engage in cultural careers, with many moving in and out of contract work, taking on unpaid work, managing periods of unemployment, and working in other industries alongside artistic occupations ultural broad ways of engaging with cultural work and to include a wide range of literature in our review, including occupations across the arts and cultural sector as described above (5).