Indirect Effects Of Gender Research Articles

Influencia del sexo, país, IMC, uso de Instagram, moralización de la comida e imagen corporal sobre la dismorfia corporal en adultos jóvenes de España y Venezuela

Body Dysmorphia Disorder (BDD) is characterized by an excessive concern with physical appearance, which has been of interest to the scientific community in recent years. Different variables have been found to influence BDD; therefore, the aim of the present research was to determine the direct and indirect effect of gender, country, age, body mass index, Instagram use, food moralization and body image on dysmorphia; comparing Spanish and Venezuelan nationality. A path analysis was performed with the total sample (208 participants), finding that the variables thatdirectly or indirectly influence are sex, body mass index, food-related guilt, country and body image; also, people who present body dysmorphia behaviors tend to be women, people with high BMI, greater dissonance between their body image and perceived body image, and tend to feel food-related guilt. In addition, in an indirect way, Venezuelans presented greater body dysmorphia behaviors. We conclude the relevance of these variables on BDD and recommend considering these findings when planning intervention strategies and prevention policies.

Computational thinking in university students: The role of fluid intelligence and visuospatial ability.

Computational thinking (CT) is a set of problem-solving skills with high relevance in education and work contexts. The present paper explores the role of key cognitive factors underlying CT performance in non-programming university students. We collected data from 97 non-programming adults in higher education in a supervised setting. Fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and visuospatial ability were assessed using computerized adaptive tests; CT was measured using the Computational Thinking test. The direct and indirect effects of gender and visuospatial ability through fluid intelligence on CT were tested in a serial multiple mediator model. Fluid intelligence predicted CT when controlling for the effects of gender, age, and visuospatial ability, while crystallized intelligence did not predict CT. Men had a small advantage in CT performance when holding the effects of cognitive abilities constant. Despite its large correlation with gender and CT, visuospatial ability did not directly influence CT performance. Overall, we found that programming-naive computational thinkers draw on their reasoning ability that does not rely on previously acquired knowledge to solve CT problems. Visuospatial ability and CT were spuriously associated. Drawing on the process overlap theory we propose that tests of fluid intelligence and CT sample an overlapping set of underlying visuospatial processes.

Occupational stressors and mental illness in healthcare work: An intersection between gender, race, and class.

Previous studies have supported the relevance of using broad and complex approaches, including multiple explanatory categories, to analyze mental disorders in the working population. This study aimed to assess the direct and indirect effects of gender, race, social class, and occupational stressors on mental health. A cross-sectional study used a random sample of 3343 health workers. The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) scale measured occupational stressors. The World Health Organization Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) evaluated common mental disorders (CMDs) as outcomes. The role of gender, race/color, and class determinants (level of schooling and income) in the relationship between occupational stressors and CMD was assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to determine associations and effects. Occupational stressors were directly associated with CMD and mediated the relationship between income and CMD. Gender was directly associated with occupational stressors, income, and domestic overload. Race was associated with education and with CMD through indirect paths mediated by class indicators. Class indicators contributed to increasing exposure to occupational stressors and the occurrence of CMD. The results highlight the relevance of gender, race/color, and class in understanding the unequal distribution of work stressors and mental illness in health workers.

GENDER AND INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT OF EARLY-STAGE SOCIAL SERVICE ENTREPRENEURS: THE ROLES OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EXIT EXPERIENCE AND INNOVATION

The paper empirically examines how gender affects international market engagement through its effects on entrepreneurial exit experience and innovation in early-stage social service ventures across different countries. Empirical findings from generalized linear mixed models with SAS GLIMMIX procedures support the direct effect of gender on international market engagement and the indirect effect of gender on international market engagement through entrepreneurial exit experience and innovation in early-stage social service ventures. The study shows significant gender gaps in the international market engagement of early-stage social service ventures owned by male and female entrepreneurs. The gaps appear to be rooted in gender differences in experiential learning resulting from entrepreneurial exit experience and innovation. The paper calls on governments to build gender-aware ecosystems that engage female entrepreneurs in experiential learning and innovation, thereby empowering them to grow through active international market engagement in early-stage social service ventures.

Understanding the association between material hardship and posttraumatic stress disorder: a test of the social selection and social causation hypotheses and an exploration of gender differences.

There is a well-established association between poverty and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, little research has tested the temporality of the association. Using data from Waves IV (2008; N = 14,800) and V (2016-2018; N = 10,685) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examined temporal associations between material hardship (a specific operationalization of poverty) and PTSD, as well as assessed for potential gender differences in associations. We conducted logistic regression and generalized structural equation modeling to examine associations between material hardship and PTSD and assess for mediation and moderation by gender. Prior PTSD diagnoses were associated with an increased likelihood of material hardship (OR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.21, 2.21). The indirect effect of gender on material hardship through PTSD diagnoses was significant. Prior material hardship was associated with an increased likelihood of PTSD diagnoses (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.35, 2.42). The indirect effect of gender on PTSD diagnoses through material hardship was significant. There was no evidence of moderation by gender for either association. Results suggest reciprocal associations between material hardship and PTSD. Economic policies, as well as improved access to evidence-based PTSD treatments, may reduce the burden of both material hardships and PTSD.

Age-dependent changes of gender disparities in nasopharyngeal carcinoma survival

BackgroundThe mortality of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is usually lower in females than in males, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. We sought to describe the age-dependent patterns of gender disparities in NPC survival and explore the extent to which the confounder or mediation effects could explain these differences.MethodsA total of 11,980 patients with NPC were reviewed. The effect of gender on cancer-specific survival (CSS) was assessed using Cox regression analyses. Two propensity score methods were conducted to control the confounding bias between genders. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to model the association of gender and age with mortality flexibly. Multiple mediation analysis was applied to estimate the direct or indirect effect of gender on CSS.ResultsOverall, 7026 males and 2320 females were analyzed. The crude CSS was significantly higher for females than males (10-year CSS 78.4% vs 70.3%; P < 0.001). Similar results were observed after adjusting for confounding bias. Gender disparities in NPC-specific mortality were age-dependent, where they would increase with age until peaking at age 55–60 years and decline rapidly afterward. Subgroup analyses revealed that females’ survival advantage was observed in the 18–45 age group and was more prominent in the 46–55 age group, but vanished in the > 55 age group. Either confounder or mediation effects only accounted for approximately 20% of the gender differences.ConclusionsGender disparities in cancer-specific mortality for patients with NPC were age-dependent. The differences mostly cannot be explained by confounder or mediation effects.

Are Women Less Effective at Passing Bills? Exploring the Direct and Indirect Effects of Gender

Are women as effective as men at passing legislation? What are the institutional pathways through which gender affects bill approval? I argue that gender does not have a direct effect on a legislator’s ability to gain legislative approval. Instead, women are marginalized in their access to influential institutional positions—committee leadership positions, influential committee assignment, and bill content—which may have consequences for bill approval. I examine these relationships using causal mediation analysis on bill data from Argentina from 1983 through 2007. I do not find a direct effect of gender on bill approval. Instead, women are negatively affected by their lack of access to committee leadership positions. While women do not experience legislative consequences directly, by virtue of being women, they do face indirect consequences through the positions they receive. This article makes important methodological and substantive contributions to understanding relationships between gender and legislative outcomes.

Interactive role of personal and work related factors in psychological burnout: a study of Pakistani doctors.

To evaluate the direct and interactive role of personal and work-related factors in psychological burnout among doctors. The cross-sectional study was conducted in September, 2018, at three hospitals of the twin cities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan, and comprised doctors aged 24-49 years. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and the self-reporting Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Of the 161 doctors, 66(41%) were males and 96(59%) were female. The overall mean age of the sample was 26.44 4.80 years (range: 24-49 years). There was significant direct effect of work setting and indirect effect of gender and work setting on psychological burnout (p<0.05). Doctors experienced more burnout in emergency room settings compared to wards and outpatient departments (p<0.05). Further, young and low-salaried doctors were more prone to psychological burnout, and continuous working hours added to the adversity of burnout (p<0.05).. Personal and workplace related factors were found to play a significant role in psychological burnout which may possibly affect the overall efficiency of doctors.

Interactive Role of Personal and Work Related Factors in Psychological Burnout: A Study of Pakistani Doctors

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the direct and interactive role of personal and work-related factors in psychological burnout among doctors. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted in September, 2018, at three hospitals of the twin cities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan, and comprised doctors aged 24-49 years. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and the self-reporting Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. RESULTS Of the 161 doctors, 66(41%) were males and 96(59%) were female. The overall mean age of the sample was 26.44 4.80 years (range: 24-49 years). There was significant direct effect of work setting and indirect effect of gender and work setting on psychological burnout (p<0.05). Doctors experienced more burnout in emergency room settings compared to wards and outpatient departments (p<0.05). Further, young and low-salaried doctors were more prone to psychological burnout, and continuous working hours added to the adversity of burnout (p<0.05).. CONCLUSIONS Personal and workplace related factors were found to play a significant role in psychological burnout which may possibly affect the overall efficiency of doctors.

The Hidden Role of Dominance in Career Interests: A Bifactor Analysis of Agentic and Communal Goal Orientations

Agentic and communal goal orientations are widely used to predict career interests. However, the number of dimensions that underlie measures of goal orientations remains unclear. Across two studies, using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor confirmatory factor analysis, we found that communal goal orientation was unidimensional. However, agentic goal orientations comprised a single global agentic factor that represents a competence dimension plus two domain-specific factors: dominance and self-direction. Structural equation modeling indicated that gender differences in goal orientations, as well as the indirect effects of gender on career interest via goal orientations, were small. However, goal orientations exhibited sizeable direct effects on career interests, with agentic dominance goals the strongest predictor of organizational fit (Study 1 with 318 U.S. college students) and career interests (Study 2 with 789 U.S. MTurk workers). Future studies should consider the multidimensional structure of agentic goals and examine how dominance goals may help us better understand gender differences, social roles, and career preferences.

Mediators of gender effects on depression among cardiovascular disease patients in Palestine

BackgroundAmong patients suffering from coronary heart disease (CHD) and comorbid depression, women experience a higher burden compared to men. Little is known on the characteristics that differentiate men and women with both diseases and whether these factors mediate gender effects on depression. This study assessed whether women are more likely to suffer from depression and which characteristics mediate gender effects on depression among a cardiac population in Palestine, specifically addressing the role of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).MethodsUsing a cross-sectional design, patients consecutively admitted with a CHD to one of the four main hospitals in Nablus, Palestine, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire with validated instruments. Data was also obtained from hospital medical records. Patients were assessed for depression using the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS). Bivariate analysis was conducted to compare characteristics of women and men with and without depressive symptoms. Mediators (direct and indirect effects) of the association between gender and depression were evaluated using a structural equation model (SEM).ResultsWomen were more likely to suffer from severe depression than men (28.7% vs. 18.8%). Female gender was positively associated with higher PTSD symptoms, comorbidities, somatic symptoms and income, and with lower resilience, self-esteem, quality of life, education, prevalence of smoking and physical activity. Structural equation modeling revealed negative indirect effects of gender on depression (CDS score) through resilience, self-esteem and physical activity, whereas positive indirect effects of gender on depression were observed through PTSD, comorbidities, somatic symptoms and smoking. There was no direct effect of gender on depression.ConclusionThis study found a higher prevalence of severe depression in female patients with cardiac disease compared to male cardiac patients. Our findings provide novel information on mediating factors of the association between gender and depression among cardiac patients, in particular PTSD. The results emphasize the need for further research on potential mediating factors that could account for gender differences in depression and the need to provide support programs for female patients with comorbid CHD and depression to improve their psycho-social well-being.

Using path analysis to investigate the relationships between depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life among patients with coronary artery disease.

Demographic and clinical indicators usually influence depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to assess the direct and indirect association that existed among the identified variables, psychosocial status, and HRQoL in CAD patients. CAD patients with at least one of the main coronary artery and/or branch stenosis over 50% were eligible for inclusion. HRQoL, depression, and anxiety were tested by questionnaires within 3days after angiography. Mono-factor and multiple linear regression models were used to examine the independent associations of depression, anxiety, and HRQoL. A path analysis was conducted to examine the association among demographic/clinical indicators, depression, anxiety, and HRQoL. The sample consisted of 414 subject, patients with depression accounted for 40.82%, and patients with anxiety accounted for 25.12%. The direct effects of SAS scores on HRQoL (B = - 0.26, β = - 0.16), of SDS scores on HRQoL (B = - 0.70, β = - 0.47), of gender on HRQoL (B = 4.05, β = 0.17), and of NYHA classification on HRQoL (B = - 3.46, β = - 0.18) were significant (p < 0.001). The indirect effects of gender on HRQoL (B = 2.16, β = 0.09) and of Gensini scores on HRQoL (B = - 0.06, β = - 0.08) were also statistically significant (p < 0.001). Depression and anxiety were common CAD patients and played an important role in HRQoL. Gender differences were found in determinants of HRQoL and the state of depression and anxiety directly, and women's anxiety, depression, and quality of life were worse than men's. NYHA classification and Gensini scores also played direct and indirect role in HRQoL, respectively.

The Pay Gap: Pay Inequality but Pay Equity Found in the Construction Industry

Pay inequality was found for Project Managers (N=317) in an organization with a history of high pay satisfaction and that has been deemed a “best place to work.” Women made 87 cents on the male dollar. However, Hayes conditional process modeling found that when productivity-relevant inputs (company experience, previous experience, performance ratings, education) were included there were neither direct effects of gender on pay nor were there indirect effects of gender on company experience–pay, previous experience–pay, performance rating–pay or education–pay relationships. Implications include support for the notion that equality and equity may not be synonymous.

Addressing the Enduring Primary Care Physician Shortage in The United States: The Direct and Indirect Effects of Gender on the Medical Specialty Decision-Making Process

Background: There has been an enduring primary care (PC) physician shortage in the United States (U.S.) for decades, which is projected to worsen. With women entering PC at significantly higher rates than men, the aim of this study was to explore various pathways through which gender may affect the medical specialty decision-making process. Methods: Using data from the National Survey of Attitudes and Choices in Medical Education and Training (ACMET) II on a sample of 492 medical residents, this study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore how gender shaped residents’ preferences for future practice and their perceptions of PC, and how their experiences with faculty affected the medical specialty decision-making process. Results: As expected, women were significantly more likely than men to report choosing PC. This study also found that there were several indirect pathways through which gender affects specialty choice, including through negative perceptions about PC and the time spent with PC faculty in medical school. Conclusion: Given the multiple pathways through which gender affects the medical specialty decision-making process, this study highlights a need for gender-specific interventions when addressing the enduring PC physician shortage in the U.S. Specifically, the results of this study suggest that increasing the time that male medical students spend in PC through structural changes in medical education might mitigate negative perceptions about PC and encourage males to enter PC at higher rates. Future research should assess the effectiveness of such gender-specific interventions.

Research on Chinese College Teachers' Organization Identity Based on Path Analysis

College teachers are the main body of the development of colleges and universities in China, and their organizational identity degree is related to the survival and development of colleges and universities. This paper uses the path analysis method to study the direct effect and indirect effect of gender, age, education, title and annual income on the organizational identity of college teachers. The results show that there is a weak correlation between the gender and organizational identity of college teachers, and there is a strong correlation between age and education and organizational identity. To improve the degree of organizational identity of teachers, colleges and universities on the one hand to create a good scientific environment to ensure that the title of promotion and fair assessment of justice, the other party to improve teacher income and improve the quality of life of teachers, with particular attention to the growth of female teachers.

The indirect effect of gender on perceived career and influence among German national parliamentarians

ABSTRACTThis article investigates mechanisms behind career and influence (in)equality among men and women in the German Parliament (Bundestag). The German members of parliament (MPs) comprises a particularly interesting political elite to study as the parliament already contains a critical mass of women, although the gender regime setting of the country is relatively conservative. To collect the data required for this study, a survey was conducted on the entire German Parliament. This article employs a Structural Equation Model which was confirmed to fit the empirical data well, and shows that, although no general effects of gender were apparent, gender indirectly, through housework demands, affected career and influence as perceived by the MPs themselves (self-assessed).

Gender differences in two motivational pathways to political conservatism

Gender differences in strategic interests provide a theoretical framework to account for the heterogeneous landscape of gender differences in political preferences. Men's greater scores on social dominance orientation are consistent with a preference for social hierarchy, and women's greater scores on sexual disgust, a construct tapping aversions to sexually adventurous behavior, are consistent with a preference for restricted sexuality. We analyze how these psychological motives relate to political orientation (N=757) and find that (a) there are indirect effects of gender on conservatism through social dominance orientation and sexual disgust, (b) there is a suppressor effect such that controlling for the indirect effect through sexual disgust leads the direct effect of gender to become substantially larger, (c) gender moderates the effect of sexual disgust on conservatism such that sexual disgust is a stronger predictor of conservatism among women, and (d) conservative moral foundations mediate the effect of sexual disgust on political conservatism.

Má rekja mun á lesskilningi kynjanna til mismikillar þátttöku í skólastarfi?

Kynjamunur á lesskilningi, þar sem stúlkur standa sig betur en drengir, er nokkuð þekktur víða um heim. Einnig er vitað að virk þátttaka stúlkna í skólastarfi er meiri en drengja en tengsl virkrar þátttöku í skólastarfi og lesskilnings eru hins vegar minna þekkt. Aukin þekking á þessu sviði getur átt þátt í að bæta lesskilning ungmenna auk þess að draga úr þeim kynjamun sem fram kemur á lesskilningi. Markmið rannsóknarinnar var að kanna (1) hvort kynjamunur kæmi fram á lesskilningi og virkri þátttöku í skólastarfi, (2) að hve miklu leyti kynjamunur á virkri þátttöku í skólastarfi geti skýrt kynjamun á lesskilningi (miðlunartilgáta) og (3) hvort virk þátttaka í skólastarfi skipti jafn miklu máli fyrir drengi og stúlkur þegar kemur að árangri í lesskilningi (tilgáta um mismunandi áhrif). Rannsóknin er byggð á gögnum úr langtímarannsókninni Þróun sjálfstjórnunar og farsæll þroski ungmenna á Íslandi. Alls tók 561 nemandi þátt. Mæling á virkri þátttöku í skólastarfi fór fram við upphaf 9. bekkjar og notaðar voru niðurstöður sömu nemenda úr lesskilningshluta samræmdra prófa í íslensku við upphaf 10. bekkjar. Formgerðargreining var notuð til að prófa tilgátur rannsóknarinnar. Drengir komu verr út úr lesskilningsprófum og sýndu minni virka þátttöku í skólastarfi en stúlkur. Virk þátttaka miðlaði að fullu áhrifum kyns á lesskilning og ekki fannst greinanlegur munur á forspá virkrar þátttöku í skólastarfi um lesskilning eftir kyni. Því er hugsanlegt að kynjamuninn á lesskilningi hafi mátt rekja til skorts á virkri þátttöku drengja í skólastarfi og að aukinn stuðningur við virka þátttöku í skólastarfi sé líklegur til að skila sér í auknum lesskilningi hjá báðum kynjum.

Gender and leadership aspiration: the impact of organizational identification

PurposeAlthough nowadays more women occupy leadership roles, they still are a minority. Because aspiration is a precursor of advancement, examining conditions fostering female leadership aspiration is important. A neglected perspective is the impact of organizational identification. Identification can be argued to foster leadership aspiration because the essence of leadership is the pursuit of collective interests, and identification motivates such pursuits. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey design with an n=400 fulltime employed men and women, working for various organizations was selected.FindingsThe initial prediction was that identification is more important to women’s leadership aspiration to the extent that gender is associated with communal orientation, because women tend to have stronger communal orientation with associated greater affiliation needs, and organizational identification can be expected to cater to those needs. The communal orientation by organizational identification interactive influence on leadership aspiration was supported. Also, the indirect effect of gender on leadership aspiration via this interactive influence of communal orientation and organizational identification was supported.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the selected survey approach the data are correlational and as a result no reference to matters of causality can be made. Thus (field) experimental data is needed to confirm these findings.Practical implicationsWithin the paper the discussion focuses on the importance of creating an environment that is more conducive to organizational identification and as such speaks to the communal orientation – being more pronounced among women – to act in favor of the organization by aspiring leadership positions.Originality/valueThe presented results depict an important step toward understanding how organizational identification and communal orientation interact and how they interact with women’s leadership aspiration.

Effects of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Intonation on Secondary Science Teachers’ Evaluation of Spoken Responses

To explore the role of teachers’ biases in the underrepresentation of minorities and women in STEM, 128 secondary science teachers were asked to evaluate responses spoken with either falling or rising intonation by African American, Latino, and White ninth-grade boys and girls. Responses spoken by minority students were evaluated less favorably than identically worded responses spoken by White students, and rising intonation responses were evaluated less favorably than falling intonation responses. Female speakers have been shown to use rising intonation nearly twice as often as male speakers, so this bias against rising intonation responses disproportionately affects female students (an indirect effect of gender).