Despite its frequent use for visualization of ureteral efflux during pelvic/abdominal surgery, there are limited data on indigo carmine pharmacokinetics and duration of blue color in postdose urine. Understanding how long the blue color persists allows the clinician to make accurate assessments of the urinary system during complex surgical procedures. This study observed the plasma and urinary pharmacokinetics of indigo carmine in healthy volunteers and the voided urine color. This study was an open-label, randomized clinical trial in 16 healthy participants who received either a 2.5-mL or a 5.0-mL intravenous injection of indigo carmine. Blood (pre, 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 hours post) and urine (predose, 0-2, 2-6, 6-12 hours post) were collected. The first postdose stool was collected. Plasma concentration peaked within 5 minutes, and all plasma concentrations were below the limit of quantification by 2 hours postdose. The estimated plasma half-life of indigo carmine was 12 minutes. Voided urine through 2 hours postdose was visibly discolored compared with the matched predose urine. In some cases, urine discoloration persisted through 6 hours (10/16) and 12 hours (1/16). Unchanged indigo carmine eliminated in stool was observed in 4 of 16 participants (25%). The short half-life and rapid urinary excretion of indigo carmine favor its clinical use for intraoperative cystoscopy and are consistent with the reported median time of 6 minutes postinjection to ureteral efflux in patients undergoing surgical procedures.

Feasibility, co-benefits, and trade-offs of climate mitigation and adaptation strategies in blue food systems

ABSTRACT Indigo carmine, a semi-synthetic blue dye encountered in historical textiles, poses conservation challenges due to its poor wash fastness and tendency to transfer during aqueous treatments. Textile fibers dyed with indigo carmine often exhibit color migration during conservation wet cleaning, complicating preservation efforts. Due to the nature of indigo carmine interactions with proteinaceous textile fibers, this study assessed the pH-dependence of the wash fastness of indigo carmine combined with absorbance spectroscopy as a simple identification technique, mostly to differentiate it from non-soluble and more stable blue dyes. First, the pH-dependent wash fastness of wool samples dyed with indigo carmine was assessed and compared to samples dyed with natural indigo and madder as a negative control. Wash fastness tests conducted using water adjusted to pH 4, 5, 7, and 8.5 revealed strong pH dependence for only indigo carmine, with minimal dye migration at acidic pH, some dye migration at neutral pH, and the highest degree of dye migration occurring at pH 8.5. pH-dependent microextraction tests were then conducted for few-fiber samples using sub-milliliter wash volumes, successfully detecting indigo carmine in both replica and historical samples. HPLC was used to confirm the presence or absence of indigo carmine in selected historical samples. We note that identification of indigo carmine could be complicated by the fiber’s age, sample size, color, presence of a water-insoluble finish, or degradation. Overall, these findings contribute to the understanding of indigo carmine’s behavior and provide guidance for historical dye identification and decision-making in textile conservation treatments.

The denim industry, a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and resource consumption, is under increasing pressure to adopt more sustainable practices. While life cycle assessment (LCA) has been applied to denim products at the product level, large-scale, process-specific environmental assessments of conventional industrial indigo rope dyeing remain limited. The purpose of this study is therefore to provide a detailed environmental evaluation of that process, identify key environmental hotspots, and support targeted mitigation strategies at the process level. To this end, a gate-to-gate environmental LCA was conducted for conventional indigo rope dyeing IRD, using recent (2025) primary data collected from a large-scale Tunisian denim dyeing facility and complemented with relevant secondary datasets. The results indicate that the production of 1kg of indigo-dyed rope generates 2.34kg CO₂ eq. Contribution analysis shows that electricity and steam consumption mainly supplied by fossil-based cogeneration are the primary contributors to global warming potential (GWP) and abiotic depletion, while sodium dithionite is the main contributor to acidification. In addition, the consumption of steam and synthetic indigo dye is identified as a major contributor to terrestrial and marine aquatic ecotoxicity impacts. Scenario-based sensitivity analysis demonstrates that replacing fossil-based energy with renewable alternatives can substantially reduce the environmental burden of the dyeing process, particularly with respect to climate change and resource depletion. These findings highlight the critical role of energy transition and chemical substitution in improving the sustainability of denim dyeing.

Effective and affordable treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater remains essential for environmental protection. This study reports the synthesis of La0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (LZNF) nanoparticles via coprecipitation and their in situ polymerization with Chitosan to form LZNF/CS nanocomposites. The materials were characterized using EDX, FT-IR, VSM, XRD, TEM, SEM, and BET analyses. XRD confirmed nanocrystalline cubic spinel La0.5Zn0.5Fe₂O₄ as the main phase, with orthorhombic perovskite LaFeO₃ as a secondary component. LZNF showed high adsorption efficiency toward the anionic dyes indigo carmine (IC) and Acid Blue 25, achieving removals of 97.7% and 92%, respectively, while LZNF/CS achieved 92% and 69% under acidic conditions. Adsorption of both dyes followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was spontaneous and exothermic. IC and AB 25 adsorption on LZNF fitted the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption, whereas adsorption on LZNF/CS followed the Freundlich model, suggesting multilayer uptake due to Chitosan modification. Electrostatic interactions dominated the adsorption mechanism, with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions contributing secondarily. Both materials retained strong performance over five regeneration cycles, supporting their potential as efficient adsorbents for wastewater purification.

Pump-based chromoendoscopy is recommended for the surveillance of dysplasia associated with inflammatory bowel disease. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of pump-based pan chromoendoscopy (PCE) with white-light endoscopy (WLE) for the detection of colorectal neoplasia in patients at high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). This randomized controlled trial prospectively recruited 366 participants who were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the WLE group and the PCE group. adenoma detection rate (ADR); secondary outcome: mean number of adenomas per procedure (MAP), sessile serrated lesion detection rate (SDR), flat adenoma detection rate (FDR), and advanced adenoma detection rate (AADR). The ADR was significantly higher with PCE (86/167, 51.5%) versus WLE (57/165, 34.5%; RR 1.49 [95% 1.15 to 1.93]: p = 0.002). The FDR and SDR were significantly higher in PCE than in WLE (50.3% vs. 32.1% RR 1.57 [95% 1.20 to 2.05] p = 0.001; 10.8% vs. 2.4% RR 4.45 [95% CI 1.54 to 12.86] p = 0.002). This study demonstrated that using a novel spraying technique with low-concentration indigo carmine during colonoscopy achieved a significantly higher detection rate for colorectal lesions. Moreover, PCE significantly increased ADR, particularly for flat adenomas and the detection rate of sessile serrated lesions. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06596317.

Bimetallic isotypic heterojunction Mn-CN/Co-CN for enhanced PMS activation: Unraveling the synergistic Co(III)/Mn(II) catalytic redox cycle.

Background/Objectives: Accurate pT1b diagnosis in colorectal cancer is vital owing to the risk of lymph node metastasis. While Japan NBI (narrow band imaging) Expert Team (JNET) classification is widely applied, accurate diagnosis of type 2B lesions remains challenging, often requiring pit pattern analysis via magnifying chromoendoscopy with crystal violet staining (MCE). However, the clinical application of MCE is limited by potential carcinogenicity and prolonged procedure time. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of red dichromatic imaging with indigo carmine (RDI-indigo) in assessing the invasion depth of colorectal tumors. Methods: Ninety images were obtained from 30 colorectal tumor cases using RDI-indigo, NBI, and MCE. Six endoscopists classified images using JNET classification for NBI, and pit pattern classification for RDI-indigo and MCE. JNET type 3 and pit pattern classification V irregular, high grade/V non-structure were correlated with pathological depth ≥pT1b. The primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy for ≥pT1b. Results: Diagnostic accuracies for ≥pT1b were 85.0% (95% CI: 79.8–90.2%) for RDI-indigo, 79.4% (95% CI: 73.5–85.3%) for NBI, and 82.8% (95% CI: 77.3–88.3%) for MCE. Intraobserver agreement between RDI-indigo and MCE showed fair agreement (Cohen’s kappa = 0.39), while interobserver agreement was moderate for MCE (Fleiss’ kappa = 0.56) and fair for RDI-indigo (Fleiss’ kappa = 0.36). Gwet’s AC1 indicated substantial agreement across all assessments (0.69–0.80). Conclusions: As the first report evaluating RDI-indigo for colorectal tumors, this study suggests that RDI-indigo could serve as a complementary MCE-like tool for the diagnosis of ≥pT1b lesions.

Layered triple hydroxides and their calcined oxides offer distinct adsorption pathways for anionic pollutants, yet how thermal transformation redirects these mechanisms, particularly for bulky dye molecules, remains poorly understood. This study addresses this gap by synthesizing a Zn–Cu–Fe layered triple hydroxide (LTH) via coprecipitation and its calcined oxide (LTO) at 500 °C, comparing their behavior toward Indigo Carmine (IC) through integrated characterization, batch adsorption studies, and mechanistic analysis. Both materials were comprehensively examined using FTIR, FESEM-EDS, HRTEM, BET, and zeta potential, revealing that LTH possesses a high surface area with a well-ordered layered structure, while LTO comprises intimately mixed ZnO, CuO, and ZnFe2O4 phases with reduced surface area but enlarged mesopores and magnetic properties. Adsorption studies demonstrate that LTH achieves superior removal through monolayer coverage on homogeneous external surfaces following pseudo-first-order kinetics, while LTO exhibits lower capacity with faster initial kinetics and heterogeneous binding across its multiphase surface. Thermodynamic analysis confirms endothermic physisorption for both. Crucially, mechanistic elucidation through post-adsorption FTIR and FESEM reveals that despite LTH's layered architecture, IC molecules are too large to access the interlayer galleries; uptake instead proceeds via electrostatic attraction to external surfaces and edge-localized carbonate displacement. For LTO, a synergistic mechanism operates, pore-filling within the macroporous network, surface complexation on coordinatively unsaturated metal centers, and memory effect reconstruction that partially reforms layered domains incorporating additional dye. Maximum Langmuir capacities of LTH and LTO for IC at 35 °C, were 71.34 and 69.15 mg g−1. The PFO kinetic model best described IC adsorption on both materials with qexp of 48.6 mg g−1. The BET surface areas of LTH and LTO were 150.14 and 21.70 m2 g−1, with total pore volumes of 0.2645 and 0.1982 cm3 g−1 at p/p0 = 0.990 and the mean pore diameters were 7.05 and 36.53 nm, for LTH and LTO, respectively. These values provide a clearer snapshot of the performance and mechanistic differences between LTH and LTO. Both materials maintain IC selectivity in binary dye systems with minimal interference from NaCl or humic acid. The contrasting pathways demonstrate that calcination fundamentally transforms the adsorption mechanism, offering complementary strategies for anionic dye remediation.

In situ fabrication of cellulose-supported aluminum-glutamate complexes for highly efficient adsorption of indigo carmine.

Texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) is an image-enhanced endoscopy technique that facilitates gastric lesion visualization by enhancing color and texture. This study aimed to assess the tumor extent using a combination of acetic acid (AA) and indigo carmine (IC) staining (AA + IC staining) with TXI for gastric tumors. Between March 2022 and February 2023, we prospectively enrolled 50 consecutive patients with gastric tumors treated with endoscopic resection at Toho University Omori Medical Center. We compared color differences (ΔEs) between neoplastic lesions and surrounding mucosa using white light imaging (WLI) and TXI (modes 1 and 2). Each lesion was observed using the following three approaches: conventional observation (CO); IC staining; and AA + IC staining. The primary endpoint was improved tumor visibility with increased ΔE using TXI with AA + IC. A total of 49 lesions were analyzed. The ΔE observed with TXI mode 1 (TXI-1) was significantly higher than that observed with other modes (median ΔE: 18.7 with CO, 42.8 with IC, and 51.6 with AA + IC; p < 0.001). The highest ΔE was observed using TXI-1 with AA + IC (p < 0.001). Location (upper/middle vs. lower side; p = 0.020) and gastrointestinal scope (H290Z vs. EZ-1500 vs. XZ-1200; p = 0.006) were associated with ΔEs observed using TXI-1 with AA + IC. The highest color contrast between lesions and normal mucosa was observed using TXI-1 with AA + IC, indicating its potential to improve the visibility of gastric tumors.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is marked by the progressive development of bilateral kidney cysts, leading to compression of intact surrounding tissue and a subsequent decline in kidney function. Accumulation of ATP within the cyst fluid significantly drives cyst expansion by activating purinergic receptors, thereby promoting calcium-dependent chloride secretion. Moreover, the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in cyst-lining epithelial cells further enhances chloride conductance. However, the mechanisms underlying ATP release into the cyst fluid and the role of HIF-1α in cyst enlargement remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the ATP-release channel Pannexin-1 is regulated by HIF-1α in kidney tubular cells, leading to its prominent localization at the apical membrane of kidney cysts in both human and murine ADPKD kidney tissue. Apical ATP release is elevated in PKD1-deficient cyst-forming cells following pharmacological induction of HIF-1α and attenuated by two Pannexin-1 inhibitors, Probenecid and Brilliant Blue FCF (BB-FCF). HIF-dependent cyst growth invitro is inhibited by basolateral application of the cell-permeable Probenecid, whereas the cell-impermeable BB-FCF requires luminal application to exert its effect. In conclusion, HIF-1α promotes Pannexin-1 expression in cyst-lining cells, facilitating directional ATP release into the cyst lumen and driving ATP-dependent cyst expansion.

In this study, a simple ultra-irradiation technique was employed to synthesize perovskite metal titanates (MTiO3, where M = Sr, Zn, and Fe) for the electrochemical detection of synthetic dyes Indigo Carmine (IC), Sunset Yellow (SY), and Tartrazine (TRZ). The synthesized nanomaterials were integrated with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) and used to modify screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). XRD and HR-SEM analyses confirmed distinct morphologies: pebble-like SrTiO3, hexagonal ZnTiO3, and flake-like FeTiO3. Sensor performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Among the composites, FeTiO3/HNTs/SPCE exhibited superior sensitivity and selectivity toward all three dyes. The sensor demonstrated a wide linear detection range (0.03-1350µM) with low detection limits of 0.0011µM (IC), 0.0205µM (SY), and 0.0033µM (TRZ). Real sample analysis in Industrial wastewater and pond water confirmed the sensor's practical applicability, highlighting its potential for environmental safety monitoring.

Lab-based meat or cultivated meat (CM) is produced bygrowing edibleanimal cells using cellular agriculture techniques and eliminatesthe need to farm or capture live animals. Given the depleted stateof global fisheries and adverse environmental impacts associated withaquaculture, CM systems may be particularly suited to help meet therising demand for blue foods, especially high-value and luxury species,sustainably. Despite growing research into CM products and their potentialto lower the environmental impacts associated with animal-based foods,the environmental performance of CM blue foods remains largely unknown.Here, we use life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the cradle-to-gateenvironmental impacts associated with three CM blue food products.We find that CM blue foods have a cumulative energy demand of 40–45MJ kg–1, emit 2.1–2.3 kg of CO2 equiv kg–1 (global warming), require 1.1–1.6m2 a kg–1 (land use), consume 97–152L kg–1 (water use), and contribute 0.9–1.3g of P equiv kg–1 and 0.9–1.1 g of N equivkg–1 (freshwater and marine eutrophication). Theseimpacts are generally lower than those reported for cultivated farmanimals and for conventionally produced analogous blue foods. However,results reveal potential for environmental trade-offs (e.g., higherwater use) and underscore the need for multi-indicator environmentalevaluation of novel foods.

Abstract Mariculture (the cultivation of species in marine and coastal environments) is rapidly expanding globally forcing industries to navigate complex social and environmental perceptions which inform their social licence to operate. This study investigates stakeholder views on Tasmanian mariculture, where salmon aquaculture dominates both production and public debate. Through semi-structured interviews with 15 stakeholders representing government, industry, and local actors, combined with a novel use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) as a future-visioning tool, we explored perceptions of current practices, awareness of alternative approaches, and aspirations for future development. Stakeholders agreed that mariculture must persist in some form to support food security and livelihoods, but diverged in their preferred futures. Two contrasting discourses emerged: growth-based futures, characterised by offshore expansion, technological innovation, and cross-sectoral integration; and localised futures, centred on small-scale, community-led, and ecosystem-integrated operations. Across all groups, species diversification, particularly the inclusion of low-trophic species such as seaweeds and shellfish, was viewed as a key tool for environmental resilience and SLO. The study also critically reflects on the use of GenAI in participatory marine foresight, highlighting its accessibility and visual power while acknowledging representational and ethical limitations. Together, these insights illustrate how stakeholder-led visioning can inform more inclusive and adaptive pathways for sustainable mariculture and contribute to the broader transformation of blue food systems.

This study explores the natural dyeing of banana pseudo-stem (BSS) fibers as a sustainable material for plant-based leather applications through low-energy processes. Two dye types, lac dye and indigo blue, were applied, and the optimal dyeing parameters were systematically determined. Optimal lac dyeing was achieved using pre-mordanting with a binary mordant system comprising tannic acid and aluminum potassium sulfate (5 g L−1 each), a dye concentration of 10% owf, a pH of 4.23, and a dyeing duration of 6 h. For indigo dyeing, the optimal conditions involved 500 g L−1 wet indigo, 30 g L−1 sodium hydroxide, and 40 g L−1 thiourea dioxide, with a reduction step at 30 °C for 30 min. The dyed samples exhibited good to excellent perspiration fastness in terms of staining, while color change ratings remained low due to the intrinsic sensitivity of natural dyes. Light fastness was rated fair. The dyed BSS was subsequently laminated onto a polypropylene (PP) nonwoven substrate and coated with natural rubber (NR) latex, yielding bursting strengths of 51.8–54.8 psi. Moisture management testing confirmed inherent waterproof properties. Overall, this study presents a resource-efficient approach to transforming agricultural residues into sustainable, plant-based leather alternatives.

Bleeding after graft reperfusion is a significant challenge in pancreas transplantation (PTx). To reduce post-reperfusion bleeding, we developed a modified bench surgery technique, combining a vessel-sealing system (LigaSure™) with indigo carmine (IC) leak testing. This study evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of this method. We reviewed, retrospectively, 54 consecutive PTx procedures, with (n = 25) or without (n = 29) the novel LigaSure™ plus IC (L + IC) method, performed between 2010 and 2024. Surgical outcomes, postoperative complications, graft loss, and glucose tolerance were compared between the control and L + IC groups. The safety of IC (9.0µg/mL) for pancreatic islet cells was assessed through in vitro AO/PI staining and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assays. The L + IC group showed significantly less post-reperfusion bleeding than the control group (715 mL vs. 360 mL; p = 0.0122). Multivariate analysis identified that L + IC was independently associated with reduced post-reperfusion bleeding (odds ratio 0.2171, p = 0.0171). IC exposure did not impair islet cell viability or function. The HbA1c and C-peptide levels were comparable between the groups. Our novel L + IC bench surgery technique proved safe and effective for reducing bleeding after pancreas graft reperfusion. Further prospective multicenter studies should be carried out to confirm its impact on long-term surgical outcomes.

Electroanalysis of food dyes - A review.

Virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) is a multispot dye marking technique that requires real-time fluoroscopic guidance and post-mapping confirmation. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of lung mapping performed under endotracheal tube intubation and general anesthesia (ETGA), followed by post-mapping mobile cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) confirmation and thoracoscopic sublobar lung resection. We retrospectively enrolled 25 patients who underwent VAL-MAP, followed by video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resection between August 2024 and July 2025. Transbronchial markings were created using indigo carmine dye under ETGA with an ultrathin bronchoscope and a virtual bronchoscopy system. Post-VAL-MAP confirmation scans were performed using a mobile C-arm CBCT to visualize the actual markings. Clinical, procedural, and outcome data were retrospectively collected. During the study period, 25 consecutive patients with 28 lung lesions underwent single-stage VAL-MAP followed by thoracoscopic resection. The mean lesion size was 7.94 ± 2.51mm, with a median depth-to-size ratio of 1.82 (IQR, 1.26-2.67). The mean total localization time was 28.48 ± 14.64min, and the median radiation exposure was 139.56 ± 48.98mGy. Overall, 24 wedge resections and one segmentectomy were performed. Seven patients underwent the procedure in the supine position, whereas 18 were treated in the lateral position. Lung collapse occurred in three patients in the supine position but in none of those in the lateral position, representing a significant difference (p = 0.015). Single-stage VAL-MAP with post-mapping mobile CBCT confirmation under general anesthesia, followed by thoracoscopic surgery, is feasible and safe. Performing bronchoscopic VAL-MAP markings in the lateral position may help prevent lung collapse and improve marking quality.

The design of a single semiconductor nanocomposite for combined photocatalytic and sensing applications has gained considerable global attention. Herein, a NiO-ZnFe2O4 (NZF) nanocomposite was synthesized via a simple combustion method and systematically investigated photocatalytic and electrochemical properties. X-ray confirmed the coexistence of cubic NiO and spinel ZnFe2O4 phases, while SEM and EDX revealed a porous nanostructure. The band gap energy was determined to be 1.6eV, attributed to the p-n heterojunction and interfacial interaction. The BET surface area of 205 m2g-1 further enhanced the catalytic activity. Consequently, the NZF nanocomposite achieved 91% photocatalytic degradation of Brilliant Blue FCF under optimized conditions. Electrochemical sensing studies of hydrogen peroxide using NZF electrodes demonstrated a wide linear range (0.1-200µM) and a low detection limit of 2µM, attributed to synergistic charge transfer and reduced overpotential at the heterojunction interface. Hence, the NZF nanocomposite represents a promising multifunctional material for environmental remediation and electrochemical sensing.