The fall aِrmyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), causes significant yield losses due to its high fecundity, broad host range, defoliation capability, and voracious larval feeding. Biological control using microorganisms has gained attention as a sustainable alternative to chemical pest management. Entomopathogenic fungi employ distinct modes of action and produce secondary metabolites with insecticidal properties. This study aimed to isolate and identify indigenous entomopathogenic fungal species and evaluate their pathogenicity against S. frugiperda. Three isolates belonging to the division Ascomycota were recovered from soil samples and identified as Botryotrichum domesticum isolate MP3H-5, Albifimbria verrucaria isolate E16, and Purpureocillium lilacinum isolate WARSO2 6 8. When applied at a concentration of 1 × 109 conidia mL⁻1, the fungal isolates induced significant cumulative mortality (60 to 84.44%) in S. frugiperda larvae at 14days post-treatment. Albifimbria verrucaria was the most virulent, exhibiting the lowest LC50 (2 × 107 conidia mL⁻1)and LT50 (0.46days). At a lower concentration of 1 × 107 conidia mL⁻1, the P. lilacinum isolate caused the highest pupal mortality (80%) at 7days post-treatment. Crude fungal metabolites also demonstrated larvicidal activity, resulting in cumulative mortality rates of up to 50%. Furthermore, larvae treated with the entomopathogenic fungi showed elevated catalase activity. The high toxicity observed is likely associated with fungal secondary metabolites, which were characterized using GC-MS analysis. Under laboratory conditions, the tested entomopathogenic fungal isolates demonstrated strong potential as microbial agents for the control of S. frugiperda. However, further field-based validation is necessary to confirm their efficacy.

Somalia’s arid and semi-arid landscapes face severe degradation due to climate change, recurrent droughts, overgrazing, deforestation, and governance challenges, threatening livelihoods, food security, and national stability. Climate change acts as a risk multiplier, intensifying drought impacts, reducing tree seedling survival, and exacerbating degradation pressures on already fragile ecosystems. Forest and rangeland restoration, anchored in indigenous multipurpose species such as Boswellia and Commiphora, presents a strategic pathway to enhance ecological resilience, diversify livelihoods, and support climate adaptation. Community-led approaches, coupled with secure land tenure, strengthened governance, gender-inclusive participation, and market-oriented value chains, are critical to ensuring sustainable outcomes. Alignment with national policies: Vision 2060, Green Somalia, National Adaptation Plan, NDC 3.0, and continental initiatives including AFR100, GGWI, and Agenda 2063 provides a framework for coherent, scalable, and impactful restoration. This policy brief underscores the ecological, economic, and social imperatives of large-scale restoration in Somalia, highlighting actionable strategies for policymakers, donors, and development partners to transform degraded drylands into productive, climate-resilient landscapes.

In light of global climate change, identifying critical marine habitats and conserving them is essential. Marine conservation planning recommends designating cooler habitats as marine protected areas. The ‘deep‐reef refugia' hypothesis suggests that deeper, suitable habitats may allow species to undergo the evolutionary changes necessary to adapt to the growing environmental threats they face. This hypothesis has rarely been tested outside tropical ecosystems. This study, using a systematic approach, is the first to evaluate this hypothesis regarding fish communities in the east Mediterranean Sea (EMS), which is warming at an unprecedented rate. Fish were surveyed twice a year from 2015 to 2022 across three rocky habitats: shallow (10 m depth, 23% ± 11 of 1 m photosynthetically active radiation, PAR), upper mesophotic (25 m depth; 8% ± 4 of 1 m PAR), and lower mesophotic (45 m depth; 3% ± 2 of 1 m PAR), where summer maximal temperatures reach a mean of 29.69°C, 28.66°C, and 27.9°C, respectively. Data collected from 357 belt transects indicate that: 1) species composition and functional diversity of the shallow habitat are encompassed within those of the deeper habitats; 2) species diversity is greater in the upper mesophotic community compared to the shallow community; and 3) abundance is reduced at mesophotic depths. Unlike most findings on tropical coral ecosystems, our results suggest that a mixed fish community of indigenous and immigrant species is currently thriving at upper mesophotic depths. This habitat appears to act as a slightly cooler climate change refuge for a less diverse, shallower community, or a step along the way to tropicalization. The unique position of the EMS as a transitional marine environment emphasizes its potential role as an early indicator of changes in fish depth distributions that could globally impact subtropical ecosystems.

Rhizobia are a polyphyletic group of Proteobacteria comprising approximately 700 different species. Despite significant advancements in their taxonomy, evolutionary history, and ecological importance, substantial knowledge gaps remain regarding a detailed understanding of rhizobial biodiversity in a geographical context and the interest in studying and valorizing native rhizobial strains. This bibliometric study used data from the last four decades (1985–2025) to review the taxonomic and functional diversity of the documented novel taxa of rhizobia described from African ecosystems, as well as their valorization status as biofertilizers. It aims to discuss the interest in knowing, preserving, and valorizing native rhizobial resources in the global context of climate change and biodiversity erosion. The study revealed that the first African indigenous novel species of rhizobia was published in 1988, although research on rhizobia dates back to the 1950s in Africa. To date, ~63 species (approximately 9% of the total in the world) and two genera of rhizobia have been described using native isolates from 11 African countries, with substantial discoveries from the Succulent Karoo hotspot of biodiversity in South Africa. Approximately 51% of species are affiliated with Bradyrhizobium and Mesorhizobium, with Vachellia karroo and Senegalia spp. (formerly Acacia spp.) as their primary hosts. Most species-type strains (~89%) were found to be infective on legumes and are good candidates for biofertilizer development. However, there is a limited level of commercial valorization of indigenous isolates as inoculants, mainly because the production of biological intrants is still at the experimental stage in Africa. Interestingly, important breaking point discoveries have been made using native rhizobial strains from Africa, including the pioneering demonstration in 2001 that Burkholderia (beta-rhizobia) is a symbiotic genus with legumes. It also includes the discovery of stem-nodulating rhizobia and Nod factor-independent symbiotic processes in some rhizobia. Together, this review highlights the importance of native African rhizobial strains. This underscores the need to accelerate their agronomic valorization to better support the transition to more resilient and sustainable legume-based farming systems in African countries.

Recent field work in Niue has recognized the terrestrial orchids Calanthe amboinensis (Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit. and Liparis barbata Lindl. and the epiphytic Aeridostachya robusta (Blume) Brieger as new indigenous records. Liparis L.C.Rich. and Aeridostachya (Hook.f.) Brieger are new genera for the flora of Niue, while Calanthe R.Br. is also represented by C. tankervilleae (Banks) M.W.Chase, Christenh. & Schuit. The addition of these three species brings the number of indigenous orchid species to 22. Information is provided on each species’ biostatus, recognition, collections, distribution, and habitats. Based on collections made in 2025 from Niue, L. barbata and A. robusta are known from a single site at Lefuka in central Niue, and C. amboinensis has been collected from Lefuka and Toa (2 km to the Northeast of Alofi). At these sites, the three species occur in primary tropical forest in shaded and moist sites where they are associated with a suite of terrestrial and epiphytic ferns. Regional conservation assessments for the species occurrences in Niue are provided using the IUCN criteria, with Aeridostachya robusta and Liparis barbata being listed as Critically Endangered and Calanthe amboinensis as Endangered.

Traditional spontaneously fermented fish products offer a unique blend of flavors, aroma, taste, and texture that have been an integral part of global gastronomy. These products also represent a rich niche of indigenous bacterial species and fermentation-derived functional metabolites. It is important to identify the core bacterial species and their role in the fermentation process and synthesis of functional metabolites. This study presents an integrative profiling of bacterial communities and functional metabolites in Napham, a traditional fermented fish paste widely consumed by the Bodo tribe of Northeast India. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with untargeted GC-MS based metabolomics, we characterized the bacterial and metabolite compositions of Napham collected from different geographical locations of Assam. Our results revealed a core bacterial consortium dominated by S. saprophyticus, S. piscifermentans, S. debuckii and L. acidipiscis, which also showed a strong positive correlation with key functional metabolites, including essential amino acids, PUFA, MUFA, and SCFA. Notably, variations in bacterial community structure across the Napham samples were linked to differential metabolite profiles, highlighting the influence of region-specific bacterial diversity on fermentation outcomes. These findings would aid in the development of starter-culture assisted fermented fish product with optimal functional properties on human health and wellness.

One of the fishery potentials in Rawa Pening Lake, Semarang Regency, is the indigenous fish. The indigenous fish in this lake have declined due to changes in water quality, intensive fishing activities, and interspecies competition for resources. Some indigenous fish species in this lake include the spotted barb, silver barb, three-spot gourami, and marble goby. The purpose of this study was to analyze the food composition of four indigenous fish species. This study was conducted from October to December 2023. The sampling locations consisted of three stations at different depths (0, 1, and 2 m). Food composition analysis used the index of preponderance. This study found that four indigenous fish of Rawa Pening Lake utilize litter as the main food, phytoplankton as a complementary and additional food source. Zooplankton serve as an additional food source for spotted barb and three-spot gourami. Small fish serve as additional food for the marble goby. These differences in fish diet composition are due to adaptation to available food sources in the water.

Heracleum sosnowskyi is considered to be a dangerous invasive plant species that has successfully naturalized within a variety of plant communities across numerous countries. As a result of its superior competitiveness, the alien species is able to displace the indigenous species from their native habitats, thus changing the ecosystems and decreasing biodiversity. The phytochemicals present in the H. sosnowskyi aqueous extracts were revealed using GC/MS and HPLC/DAD/TOF techniques. Isopsoralen, methoxsalen, (iso)pimpinellin and/or bergapten were determined to be major compounds in the leaf, inflorescence and root extracts. Glutaric, quinic, linolenic, (iso)chlorogenic and other polyphenolic acids were identified in the extracts. Furthermore, a number of furanocoumarins, including hermandiol, bakuchicin, candinols (A and C) and candibirin F, and coumarins, umbelliferone and yunngnins (A and B), were identified in the roots. Additionally, the presence of flavonoids, including astragalin, quercetin 7,3,4-trimethyl ether, nicotiflorin and rutin, has been detected in the flower and leaf extracts. Allelopathic effects of H. sosnowskyi aqueous extracts were tested on four model plants, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and three native Lithuanian meadow herbs, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), using the Petri dish method. H. sosnowskyi flower and leaf extracts demonstrated the strongest inhibitory effects on the germination and growth of the tested plant seeds. At the highest relative concentrations, 0.5 and 1.0, extracts of Sosnowsky's hogweed inflorescences inhibited timothy seedling growth by 95.47% (from 19.64 ± 2.57 mm to 0.89 ± 0.73 mm) and 100%, respectively. The leaf extracts exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects on white clover seedlings. The highest relative concentrations tested (0.5 and 1.0) suppressed clover seedling growth by 94.66% (from 41.22 ± 2.53 mm to 2.20 ± 0.63 mm) and 100%, respectively. Additionally, the germination rate and vigor index of model plants were assessed. The research is of significance for the regulation and monitoring of the spreading of aggressive H. sosnowskyi plants. Moreover, it is important for the development of natural herbicides based on active phytotoxic compounds from these plants.

Abstract. Khambali, Denanda ET, Rusmiati, Nurmayanti D, Wardoyo IRE, Wardoyo S. 2025. Phytoremediation efficiency of Crinum asiaticum in enclosed spaces based on morphological traits and CO absorption dynamics. Biodiversitas 26: 6205-6211. Indoor air pollution, particularly carbon monoxide (CO), poses a serious health risk in poorly ventilated environments. This study evaluates the phytoremediation potency of Crinum asiaticum, a native ornamental species, in reducing indoor CO concentrations—an area with limited prior investigation. A quasi-experimental design was employed using a 1.2 m × 0.9 m × 0.7 m test chamber, into which CO gas sourced from a 110 cc petrol-powered motorcycle was introduced. Five groups were assessed: one control (no plants) and four treatment groups containing one to four C. asiaticum specimens. CO levels were measured before and 45 minutes after exposure using a calibrated gas detector. Descriptive analysis revealed a dose-dependent reduction in CO levels, with the T4 group achieving the greatest decrease of 28.40%. The T3 and T2 groups treatments reduced concentrations by 14.59% and 7.34%, respectively. The T1 group showed a modest reduction of 4.47%, indicating limited absorption capacity at minimal biomass. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences among groups (p<0.001), confirming a positive correlation between plant quantity and CO absorption capacity. Although final CO concentrations remained above national indoor air quality standards, the findings underscore the potential of C. asiaticum as a natural biofilter. Its integration into indoor environments not only supports air remediation but also enhances biodiversity through the use of indigenous phytoremediator species. This study presents a novel, eco-friendly approach to mitigating indoor air pollution and advancing environmental health strategies.

This issue of Smart and Green Materials Journal brings together a diverse yet coherent collection of studies that collectively advance sustainable materials and structural hydraulic performance for resilient infrastructure systems. The contributions span material innovation, performance optimization, and experimental validation across concrete technology, pavement engineering, masonry materials, timber structures, and open-channel hydraulics. Several articles address the sustainability and performance of cement-based systems through improved curing strategies, internal curing using super-absorbent polymers, optimized sand grading, and the incorporation of natural fibers as eco-friendly reinforcements. Complementing these efforts, the mechanical characterization of indigenous timber species and the reuse of reclaimed asphalt pavement as recycled aggregates highlight the role of locally sourced and recycled materials in reducing environmental burdens while maintaining structural reliability. Extending beyond material behavior, this issue also includes an experimental investigation into hydraulic jumps over rough and sloped beds, emphasizing the importance of boundary conditions in energy dissipation and flow stability. Together, these studies demonstrate how sustainable material choices and performance-oriented design can be synergistically applied to develop infrastructure systems that are both environmentally responsible and resilient to increasing operational demands.

Background: The Himalayan region is globally recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, harboring a broad spectrum of medicinal plant species with significant therapeutic potential. Ethnomedicinal practices in this region have long guided traditional healthcare systems, yet many indigenous species remain underexplored for their pharmacological properties and bioactive compounds. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of ethnomedicinal plants from the lower Himalayan regions with reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties, highlighting their phytochemical composition and therapeutic relevance. Methodology: An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted involving 133 informants, including 20 traditional healers, through semi-structured interviews, participatory group discussions, and in-field observations. Plant identification was confirmed using photographic records and, when possible, direct verification in natural habitats. Relevant literature was also synthesised to contextualise traditional claims within existing pharmacological evidence. Results and Discussion: A total of 90 plant species were documented, many of which are traditionally used to manage chronic inflammatory conditions, oxidative stress, and diabetes. These species are rich in pharmacologically active constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and proanthocyanidins, which modulate key biochemical pathways associated with inflammation, oxidative damage, and glucose regulation. Despite consistent ethnomedicinal use, scientific validation of most species remains limited, underscoring the need for bioactivity-guided isolation, phytochemical standardization, and preclinical-to-clinical evaluation. Conclusion: Lower Himalayan ethnoflora represents a valuable reservoir of pharmacologically significant plants with promising therapeutic applications. Bridging traditional knowledge with modern pharmacological research can enable drug discovery and development of novel phytotherapeutics targeting prevalent chronic diseases.

ABSTRACT The tank goby ( Glossogobius giuris [ G. giuris ]), a vital indigenous freshwater species in Kaptai Lake, Bangladesh, supports local livelihoods and nutrition but faces escalating fishing pressure due to rising market demand. This study presents the first comprehensive length‐based stock assessment of the species by applying a multimodel approach using TropFishR, Length‐based Bayesian Biomass (LBB), and Length‐Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB‐SPR) on an 8‐month length‐frequency data set. The LBB analysis estimated an asymptotic length ( L ∞ ) of 17.5 cm, with a length at first capture ( L c50 ) of 6.45 cm, significantly below the optimal capture length ( L c_opt = 9.7 cm) and length at maximum biological yield ( L opt = 12.0 cm), confirming high exploitation of juveniles and recruitment overfishing. Biomass indicators revealed a current‐to‐virgin biomass ratio ( B/B 0 ) of 0.27 and a current‐to‐maximum sustainable yield biomass ratio ( B/B MSY ) of 0.75, classifying the stock as grossly overfished ( B/B 0 < 0.5). The fishing‐to‐natural mortality ratio ( F / M = 1.07) exceeded unity, confirming intense fishing pressure. LB‐SPR complemented these findings, estimating an L c50 of 6.12 cm, well below the length at 50% maturity ( L 50 = 11.85 cm), and a spawning potential ratio (SPR) of 8% (6%–10%), far below the target (40%) and limit (20%) reference points, signaling severe recruitment overfishing. Sensitivity analyses across ±5% parameter variations demonstrated the robustness of both models. These results underscore the urgent need for management actions, including enhanced gear selectivity (e.g., larger mesh sizes) and minimum size limits (9–10 cm), to protect immature fish and restore G. giuris stock sustainability in Kaptai Lake.

Litter decomposition is crucial for restoration of burned areas in the alpine forests of northwestern Sichuan. With the indigenous tree species in the alpine region of Ganzi, Quercus semicarpifolia and Abies fabri, as the research objects, we set up five treatments, including single Q. semicarpifolia litter (Q), single A. fabri litter (A), and 3 mixed treatments (the two were mixed at a ratio of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3, namely QA3:1, QA1:1, and QA1:3). All the litters were incubated in a 600-day field decomposition experiment in forest burned areas. We explored the decomposition characteristics of recalcitrant substances (lignin, cellulose, and total phenols) during decomposition. The results showed that the lignin degradation rate of mixed litter was generally lower than that of single Q. semicarpifolia (except for QA3:1 decomposed for 600 d), but higher than that of single A. fabri (except for 120 d of decomposition). The degradation rates of cellulose and total phenols in mixed litter were generally higher than those in the two single tree species (except for the cellulose degradation in QA3:1 at 240 d, and the total phenol degradation in QA1:1 and QA1:3 at 120 and 240 d, respectively). During the decomposition process, the observed degradation rates of lignin, cellulose and total phenols were higher than the predicted values in 58.3%, 77.8% and 86.1% of the mixed leaf litter samples, respectively, exhibiting a synergistic trend. For the QA1:3 mixture, both cellulose and total phenol degradation rates exhibited significant synergistic effects throughout the 600-day decomposition. Lignin degradation rate at 240 d of decomposition was significantly correlated with initial lignin and total cellulose content, while it was significantly correlated with initial total phenolic content, total carbon, and total nitrogen content at 480 d of decomposition. Our results showed that litter mixture with a 1:3 ratio of Q. semicarpifolia and A. fabri facilitated the decomposition of the recalcitrant substances, thereby promoting soil organic carbon accumulation.

Eucalyptus plantations have increasingly transformed the Ethiopian landscape due to their high economic returns from timber, fuelwood, and household income generation. Their rapid expansion has become particularly prominent in smallholder farming systems and periurban areas. Despite these socioeconomic benefits, Eucalyptus plantations have raised serious environmental concerns, especially in water-scarce and biodiversity-rich regions. A comprehensive evaluation of their environmental trade-offs is therefore essential to support evidence-based and sustainable land-use planning. This review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed literature and empirical studies on Eucalyptus cultivation in Ethiopia. The analysis focuses on documented impacts on water resources, soil properties, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning while also assessing reported mitigation practices. The review reveals that Eucalyptus plantations exhibit high water consumption, often exacerbating local water scarcity and competing with adjacent agricultural crops. Soil nutrient depletion, increased erosion, and reduced understory vegetation are frequently reported, alongside declines in native plant and faunal diversity. Allelopathic effects further limit the regeneration of indigenous species. Although environmental drawbacks are evident, Eucalyptus plantations contribute to carbon sequestration, fuelwood supply, and rural livelihoods. These benefits indicate the need for improved management rather than complete exclusion of Eucalyptus from farming landscapes. Sustainable management approaches, particularly agroforestry and mixed-species systems, can reduce negative impacts while maintaining socioeconomic benefits. Integrating Eucalyptus with indigenous and multipurpose species such as Cordia africana, Faidherbia albida, and Acacia abyssinica is recommended to enhance soil fertility, maintain biodiversity, and promote ecosystem resilience.

Semecarpus anacardium L., an indigenous medicinal species from the Anacardiaceae family, possesses significant ethnopharmacological value due to its wide range of therapeutic properties, including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities. However, overexploitation, habitat degradation, and inherently low seed germination rates (30-40%) pose serious threats to its survival, highlighting the need for sustainable biotechnological solutions. Recent advances in plant biotechnology have demonstrated successful in vitro propagation, metabolite enhancement, and genetic transformation to address these challenges.

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), the primary causative agent of colibacillosis, is a major and growing threat to global poultry production, leading to significant economic losses. In Southern Africa, the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) is an economically, culturally, and nutritionally important indigenous poultry species for local communities. However, its production is constrained by infectious diseases such as colibacillosis posing a significant yet understudied challenge. This review synthesises the current, albeit limited, knowledge on APEC in Southern African guinea fowls. We detail the key virulence genes including adhesins (fimH), iron acquisition systems (iutA, fyuA), and immune evasion factors (iss) that facilitate pathogenesis. A critical concern is the convergence of these virulence genes with multidrug resistance (MDR) on mobile genetic elements. This fusion drives the emergence of dangerous, high-risk bacterial clones. Genomic studies confirm that APEC shares significant genetic overlap with human extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), such as sequence types ST95 and ST131, underscoring a substantial zoonotic threat. While conventional PCR has been instrumental in initial virulence profiling, we advocate for the widespread application of Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) to elucidate the unique population structure of guinea fowl APEC, precisely assess zoonotic risk, and guide interventions. Effective control requires an integrated, One Health approach encompassing stringent antibiotic stewardship, enhanced genomic surveillance, and the development of targeted strategies such as vaccines, phage therapy, and robust biosecurity measures tailored to guinea fowl farming systems. Filling these knowledge gaps is essential for safeguarding guinea fowl health, ensuring food security, and mitigating the public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance.

In alignment with the objectives of the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework, renewable energy sources have been identified as a key driver in global efforts to mitigate climate change. For Africa, renewable energy represents a pathway toward achieving low-carbon energy self-sufficiency. Biomass derived from energy crops forms part of this renewable portfolio; however, competition between land for food and energy production remains a major constraint. To ensure meaningful contributions to energy sustainability, the cultivation of energy crops should prioritize marginal lands, particularly tailings storage facilities (TSFs). The use of such crops for phytoremediation presents a multifunctional approach that simultaneously facilitates soil decontamination and biomass production. Transforming mining waste into secondary resources is central to advancing circular economy principles in the extractive sector. Effective management of these waste streams requires an integrated framework that promotes reduction, reprocessing, upcycling, and responsible disposal to achieve long-term environmental and economic sustainability. Repurposing TSFs for bioenergy production offers a dual benefit: valorizing mining residues while reducing land-use conflicts between food and energy systems. In South Africa, where land availability is highly contested, extensive tailings deposits present a unique opportunity to convert degraded sites into bioenergy hotspots. However, realizing this potential necessitates reforming existing regulatory frameworks that prioritize biodiversity conservation in remediation practices. Differentiating between ecological restoration of footprint areas, such as former mining sites and waste storage zones, and resource-oriented remediation of TSFs is critical for sustainable transformation. This perspective advocates for the strategic cultivation of suitable bioenergy crops, including indigenous species and noninvasive alien plants such as Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver grass), on stabilized tailings. This review synthesizes current practices, challenges, and emerging trends in sustainable tailings remediation in South Africa. It highlights the potential to reframe mine TSFs as valuable bioenergy resources, aligning environmental rehabilitation with national energy security goals and supporting the transition toward a circular and low-carbon mining economy.

An imminent threat to indigenous freshwater ichthyofauna is the introduction of exotic fish species that can alter the behaviour, population dynamics, and community structure of local fish populations. Understanding the feeding behaviour is necessary to prevent ecological degradation. At the head Qadirabad (River Chenab), feeding habits of both native (Labeo calbasu, Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla and Labeo rohita) and exotic (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon Idella, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, and Oreochromis niloticus) species of fish were investigated from January to December 2019. A total of 36 mature fish specimens were used to investigate the feeding habits by gut content analysis. Results indicated that Labeo rohita, Ctenophyaryngodon idella and Oreochromis niloticus were herbivorous, while Labeo calbasu, Cirrhinus mrigala, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Cyprinus carpio were detritivores. Catla catla and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix behaved as planktivorous, whereas Carassius auratus were omnivorous fish species. Significant feeding overlap (Schoener's Index Value: 0.60-0.99) has been observed among coexisting native and exotic species. The current study presents astonishing results, showing that the Hypophthalmichthys nobilis diet was altered to become a detritivorous feeder, which may represent a leading step towards divergent evolution. Present data will help to investigate trophic niche overlap based on stable isotope analysis and further molecular studies. Amendment in the feeding behaviour of exotic fish is a strategy for becoming successful invaders, which aligns with the observations of the current study.

Inland fisheries (IF) may exhibit diversity, locality, and significant seasonality. This intricacy poses issues for monitoring, resulting in many IF species having little data and being inapplicable to assessment methodologies often used for commercial sea fisheries. Moreover, human influences on ecosystems, the pervasive presence of indigenous species, and the frequent implementation of improvement and rehabilitation strategies, such as stocking, influence stock patterns. This study evaluates Fish Stocks and Sustainable Management of Inland Fish Populations (EFS&SM-IFP). This document delineates diverse stock evaluation and data-gathering methodologies that may be tailored to a broad spectrum of IF and administration issues. This study delineates issues in evaluation while emphasizing realistic, flexible, and transferable solutions.

Human health is inextricably linked to the health of ecosystems, which provide a multitude of goods and services. The provision of ecosystem services is of greatest importance in the prevention of disease and the enhancement of human health. Despite the vital functions they perform, ecosystems are subject to a multitude of threats, both natural and anthropogenic.In Senegal, there is a paucity of studies that have examined the variation in floristic diversity between the natural forest site and the urban city. It is essential to undertake a comparative analysis of species diversity in urban areas and natural forests in order to gain insight into floristic changes and to enhance biodiversity management in both natural forests and urban city. This study examines the floristic similarities between natural forests and urban city and investigates the contribution of forest and urban tree species to human physical and mental health. Floristic and socio-economic data were collected in the Fathala forest and in Fann Point E Amiti municipality(FPAM) as well as among the two local populations, respectively. A total of 58 tree species were identified within the Fathala classified natural forest, while 83 tree species were recorded within the FPAM.The two sites shared 12 common species, but 45 indigenous species were found in the municipality, while in the natural forest, one exotic species was present. Of the total 129 plant species that have been identified, 35 of these are used for medicinal purposes. These applications include the treatment of pain, infections, and a range of pathologies and symptoms, as well as for mental health.