Indigenous Livelihoods Research Articles

Adaptasi dan Keberlanjutan Mata Pencaharian di Kampung Naga: Peran Pendidikan dalam Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal

Kampung Naga, as a traditional community rich in customs, faces significant challenges from modernization. This study examines the relationship between education and the livelihoods of the indigenous people in Kampung Naga, Tasikmalaya, with a focus on adaptation and local economic sustainability. Kampung Naga, known for its cultural wealth and traditional customs, struggles to maintain its traditional livelihoods amid social and economic changes. The research employs qualitative methods, including interviews and direct observations, to explore how education can contribute to the economic empowerment of indigenous communities. The findings indicate that integrating traditional knowledge with formal education can enhance economic skills, strengthen economic resilience, and preserve local culture. Recommendations from this study include developing education curricula relevant to the needs of indigenous communities and increasing support from government and educational institutions to facilitate this adaptation process. This research aims to provide insights for policymakers and educators in designing programs that support the sustainability of indigenous livelihoods while preserving their cultural heritage.

The Effects of Economic Globalization on Indigenous Communities

Purpose: The general purpose of this study was to look into the effects of economic globalization on indigenous communities. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to economic globalization on indigenous communities. Preliminary empirical review revealed that economic globalization had diverse and often adverse impacts on indigenous livelihoods, cultures, and environments. It found that while some communities experienced short-term economic gains, many faced displacement, land dispossession, and environmental degradation. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of recognizing and protecting indigenous rights, advocating for more inclusive and equitable development approaches. Collaboration between indigenous communities, governments, and civil society is crucial for addressing the challenges posed by economic globalization and promoting sustainable development that respects indigenous sovereignty and fosters social justice. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: World-Systems theory, Cultural Hybridity theory and the Dependency theory may be used to anchor future studies on economic globalization on indigenous communities. The study offered valuable recommendations that contributed to theory, practice, and policy in addressing the challenges faced by indigenous peoples. By synthesizing existing theoretical frameworks and advocating for culturally sensitive development policies, the study provided a comprehensive approach to understanding and addressing the impacts of economic globalization on indigenous livelihoods, cultures, and environments. The recommendations emphasized the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge, strengthening legal frameworks for indigenous rights protection, and fostering collaborative partnerships among diverse stakeholders. Overall, the study's recommendations aimed to empower indigenous communities, promote social justice, and advance a vision of sustainable development that prioritizes indigenous well-being.

Arctic waters: port Sabetta development

Port Sabetta, located in the Russian Arctic along the Northern Sea Route, epitomizes the intersection of geopolitical interests, economic imperatives, and environmental challenges in the Arctic region. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Port Sabetta's development, focusing on its environmental impact, socio-economic implications, and comparative analysis with other Arctic and non-Arctic ports. The geopolitical context and economic significance of Port Sabetta are explored, highlighting its strategic importance in Russia's Arctic strategy and global energy dynamics. An environmental impact assessment reveals the ecological risks associated with port construction, maritime operations, and industrial activities, emphasizing the need for proactive mitigation measures and regulatory oversight. The socio-economic implications of Port Sabetta's development are examined, including its effects on local communities, regional economies, and indigenous livelihoods. Case studies and comparative analysis of Arctic and non-Arctic ports provide insights into best practices and lessons learned for sustainable port development. The sustainable development of Port Sabetta requires a holistic approach that balances economic growth with environmental protection, social equity, and geopolitical stability.

The Application of Supply Chain Risk Management Assessment in Smallscale Fisheries in Bangka Belitung, Indonesia Using Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) Method

Indonesia’s small-scale fisheries contributed as the second large fishing country which create an economy of scale throughout the food security. However, fish capturing from the indigenous livelihood weighed an inefficiency on the production volume due to limited resources and knowledge. The research aims to benefit by applying supply chain risk management on fishery products in Bangka Belitung, Indonesia across its regencies with product-hub placement. The objective is to identify the local risk distributions and most vital causes to cumulative losses for specific fish commodities. The research would specify the least to most common risk occurred. The research is a triangulation method consisting of probabilistic risk analysis, interviews, and direct observations. The result showed there is a significant level of risk outspread around each municipality in Bangka Belitung, showing from the capture, sampling, and fishery businesses production data. The lead time in days and price per unit became the two main factors as it validates the risk occurrence. The government strategy was limited on the high number of volume and potentials, a case would be shrimps. Indeed, there is an indication that high risks are occurring in most small lead time fishery businesses across Bangka Belitung with mackerel fish as the main spoilage, followed by crab, and yellow-tail scads. The findings showed there is an average of 35,00% risk inside 30,36% fishery businesses in Bangka Belitung and the risk impact per business capture ranged between 0,33 to 0,77 probability. The total risk for price reached 94.78% of the total fish commodities. Keywords—Probabilistic Risk Analysis; Product-Hub; Risk Management; Small-Scale Fisheries; Supply Chain

The Relevance of Gendered Division of Labour to Sustain Indigenous Livelihood Resources in the Era of Climate Change

Rural communities procure household food requirements by raising cattle and subsistence crops as well as by collecting wild edible plant materials, which are recently characterized by poor production as a result of climate change. The present study described the impacts of climate change on indigenous food resources and discusses the importance of indigenous gendered division of labour in food procurement using these resources today. Participatory research with a sample of 155 participants was used to collect data. The study findings show that the indigenous division of labour for men and women exists to a lesser extent for the provision of household food requirements. The natural resources exploited for household food security are climate-reliant, and therefore, their production is reduced due to unfavorable rainfall and temperature episodes. Paid labour led men and women to leave their cultural responsibilities, a practice that compromised the indigenous division of labour. The study contributes to the need for a coordinated labour force suggested to ensure food security, which could aid in attaining Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Keywords: Climate change, livelihood resources, gendered-labour division, patriarchy, Limpopo Province

Mountain agropastoralism: traditional practices, institutions and pressures in the Indian Trans-Himalaya of Ladakh

Animal husbandry of agropastoral communities in the mountainous region of Leh, Ladakh, has been transformed in response to socio-economic and geo-political changes. This study investigates the current state of agropastoralism in the Trans-Himalaya of Leh, Ladakh, focusing on two objectives: understanding grazing management practices and examining socio-environmental factors affecting traditional pastoral livelihoods. Through a mixed-methods approach, including interviews and focus group discussions, this study explores resource utilisation patterns and decision-making processes within local communities and institutions based on a comparative approach in three pastoral areas of Ladakh. The resource utilisation pattern differs from village to village as a response to meet seasonal fodder demands; accordingly, high-altitude pastures are assessed in winter and/or summer seasons. Key stresses to the perpetuation of traditional pastoral knowledge include livelihood diversification, increasing dependence upon exogenous food production system and diminishing significance of traditional livelihood practices with improved connectivity, higher education aspirations and development of tourism and military services. Broadly, changes could be perceived from the abandonment of regular seasonal migration to pasturelands, in livestock composition and size and the decreasing number of households practising animal herding. Apart from socio-economic and developmental pressures, pastoral practices are simultaneously threatened by wild predators as well as by global warming-induced occurrence of extreme climatic events and pest attacks. While pastoral practices are carried on by a limited number of households in the three detailed study sites, knowledge pertaining to resource management, pastureland system and grazing pattern is still intact considering the resource seasonality and range of social and environmental pressures the region experiences. Ladakh’s agropastoral practices, rooted in local ecological knowledge, face challenges from socio-economic changes, risking climate resilience, ecosystem degradation, cultural loss and food security for agropastoral communities and broader societal contexts. Thus, it becomes vital to safeguard these indigenous livelihood practices and to promote a participatory approach to enhance capacity building for the continuation of the practice, which could contribute to local economies in areas with similar socio-environmental settings.

Indigenous collective land titling and the creation of leftovers: Insights from Paraguay and Cambodia

AbstractCollective land titling often drags on for decades, while private land concessions and holdings do not face the same problem, creating ‘leftovers’ of land available for Indigenous peoples to attempt to collectively title. In two ethnographic case studies in Cambodia and Paraguay, we analyse community‐based Indigenous land titling by focusing on the on‐the‐ground dynamics of property relations, Indigenous livelihood shifts and ecological change. In both countries, large agricultural players implemented a staggering change in local landscapes through deforestation, configuring new realities that in turn feed into local environments and titling processes. Adapting their livelihoods to living in the leftovers, in Cambodia, the Indigenous Bunong shifted from rice to rubber as they navigated the slow titling process. In Paraguay, some Indigenous Guarani shifted from corn to cattle by renting out their collectively titled land. The case studies show that the liberal titling approach to secure Indigenous lands overestimates the ability of title to remove land from capitalist logics such as the push to rent or sell, while some spaces of autonomy are opened. We critique the liberal approaches to formalising title, where Indigenous struggles for their ways of life are funnelled into fighting for collective property.

Illicit crops in the frontier margins: Amazonian indigenous livelihoods and the expansion of coca in Peru

ABSTRACT This paper explores illegal coca crop expansion in indigenous Amazonian communities in Peru. The ethnographic study sheds light on the historical development of these areas as frontier spaces, where the growth of illicit crops intertwines with socio-ecological transformations and gives rise to conflicts over new forms of land control, opportunities for capital accumulation, and political power dynamics. The paper argues that this expansion is shaped by dual processes: from ‘below,’ involving small-scale migrant farmers from the Andes, and from ‘above,’ primarily driven by state-led agrarian interventions. Consequently, communities experience significant tensions, as they adapt to the forces of market expansion to secure their livelihoods, while simultaneously facing risks of violence and insecurity.

Anthropological Study of a Typical Drought-Prone Village in India: Strategies for Sustainable Rural Habitat

Drought-prone villages are constantly facing the challenges of agricultural productivity, lack of alternative livelihood opportunities due to ecological vulnerability, predominance of wasteland, inadequate water supply, and absence of physical and socio-cultural infrastructure. The study aims to develop a comprehensive policy framework to mitigate the socio-economic and environmental issues against the threat. The methodology comprises an anthropological study from micro to macro level to synthesize the dynamics of drought in the economic, ecological, and socio-cultural indices of a typical agrarian village of Purulia District in West Bengal, India. The results illustrate ecological susceptibility such as extreme climatic condition, futile wasteland cover, rocky undulating landform, top soil erosion, and human-made contingencies including deforestation, absence of water conservation practices, over utilization of existing water bodies resulting in water scarcity, loss of biodiversity, and absence of major agrarian livelihood. Lack of alternative livelihood practices such as agro-forestry and non-farm activities, appropriate knowledge regarding drought mitigation, sustainable living practices, inadequate physical infrastructure. and pressing issues in housing with population growth results in degradation of socio-economic profile of the residents, loss of natural resource. and poor socio-spatial livability quotient. It also increases the risk of habitat loss with regular drought occurrence. The study can be further adapted and strengthened according to varied rural settlements according to their geographical context, climatic vulnerability, predominant livelihood contingencies, and socio-cultural resonance. Most research in this domain focuses on the geophysical and meteorological parameters while the anthropo-geographical aspects such as local ecology, indigenous livelihood patterns, and native strategies of drought management are largely overlooked. The policy framework has been suggested to facilitate an integrated measure for the ecological and economic sustainability against drought with diversified livelihood opportunities, environmental upgradation, and augmentation of physical infrastructure. This policy can be further strengthened with retrofitting strategies of housing for future expansion and optimization of socio-cultural spaces to foster a sustainable economy, cohesive socio-cultural well-being, and resource optimization.

Controlling the “Wilderness” Through a Rationalised Reindeer Husbandry: The Establishment of the Sámi Nomad School in Sweden, 1906–1917

This article discusses the Swedish nomad school system (nomadskola, 1913–1962), targeting the children of the reindeer herding Sámi, in an environmental history perspective. Earlier research has highlighted demographics (especially social Darwinism), national economy, and reform pedagogy as the ideological foundation of the nomad school system. This article shows that the fixing of a frontier between society and wilderness was at the confluence of all of these ideas. Reindeer as a vehicle for domesticating Arctic “wilderness,” furthering economic goals in peripheries, and modernising indigenous livelihoods has been noted in the North American and Russian/Soviet contexts, as well as in Scandinavia for the second half of the 20th century. This connection has not been explicitly made in the research concerning the early years of the nomad school system. The article concludes that the Swedish government did not have the expertise to control and economically exploit the “wilderness” of the high Scandes, but the reindeer-herding Sámi did. Swedish educational authorities launched the nomad school system in order to harness this expertise and make the reindeer herding livelihood more suitable to the needs of the Swedish economy.

Community Development for Bote in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: A Political Ecology of Development Logic of Erasure

The conflict between development and conservation concerns is a perennial topic in sustainable development, and especially significant for marginalized social groups. In Nepal, fortress conservation in protected areas (PA) gave way to a community-based development and natural resource management (CBNRM) narrative of inclusion and participation in so-called buffer zone (BZ) initiatives around national parks. Studies to date show mixed outcomes of the community-based model for marginalized communities, especially for traditional indigenous river and forest dwellers. Academic and government reports of successes and failures of community-based projects in Nepal assume progress is based on traditional indigenous livelihood practices being abandoned and participation in state modernization initiatives in parks and reserves. Thus, despite promises of participation, evidence to date shows a de facto continuation of fortress conservation thinking and erasure of customary knowledge and livelihoods. Based on an ethnographic inquiry informed by political ecology conducted in two villages of Bote IPs (in the buffer zone area) of the Nawalparasi District of Chitwan National Park (CNP), we describe how state interventions and regulations under the guise of community-based participation actively ignore the moral ecology of traditional riverine livelihoods while pursuing a modernization project. Echoing calls by other scholars and stakeholders, we argue that a new approach to conservation and development that respects the environmental ethics of traditional livelihoods is long overdue in Nepal.

The ABC of Sakhalin’s Indigenous Livelihoods at the Beginning of the 21st Century

The ABC of Sakhalin’s Indigenous Livelihoods at the Beginning of the 21st Century

The ebb and flow of the Seaflower marine biosphere reserve: Law entanglements and socio‐environmental justice in the southwestern Caribbean Sea

AbstractThis paper explores the spatio‐legal dynamics of marine protected areas and their relation to socio‐environmental justice. It adopts a critical legal geography perspective to unpack ocean lawscape configurations triggered by territorial claims, the international mechanisms for maritime boundary‐making, and state sovereignty instruments. It is empirically focused on the Seaflower marine biosphere reserve, a protected area amid a geopolitical contestation between Nicaragua and Colombia in the southwestern Caribbean. By analysing its spatio‐legal history over two decades (2000–2021), the paper sheds light on the marine legalities of this region, which are often contradictory and overlapping. Focusing on the marine lawscape of Colombia, it explores the relationship between protected areas and marine territorialisation, also reflecting on the governance regimes' effects on indigenous livelihoods and marine biodiversity. The paper concludes that (i) marine protected areas are regularly being disrupted, re‐bordered, and reconfigured by the international ocean regimes governing the oceans; (ii) the link between the creation and management of marine protected areas and territorial jurisdiction compromises social and environmental justice, and (iii) inclusion of indigenous legalities might enhance equity and sustainability in ocean governance.

Facing the blue Anthropocene in Patagonia by empowering indigenous peoples’ action networks

Chilean Patagonia is a globally significant ecosystem for biodiversity, and simultaneously a global center for the aquaculture industry. Environmental crises have accelerated over the last decades with the installation of salmon farms, increasing impacts on indigenous livelihoods and the habitats of marine species. Indigenous Marine Areas (IMA) have confronted the effects of the blue Anthropocene in Chilean Patagonia, causing diverse indigenous communities to evolve mechanisms to enhance ocean health and sustainability. Based on an analysis of the main socio-spatial trends of IMA in Patagonia and their action networks in the Los Lagos Region, this study demonstrates the importance of a multiple agent network to mobilize the implementation of IMA. The study shows how indigenous people face the challenges of the UN Ocean Decade, enhancing the sustainability pathways of blue Patagonia.

Paying for ecological services in Ecuador: The political economy of structural inequality

AbstractPaying Indigenous communities to conserve land for carbon sequestration is a controversial way of tackling climate change. Critics argue that paying for ecological services (or ‘PES’) in the form of carbon offset programmes reduces land and social relations to an economic transaction that devalues Indigenous livelihoods and communities. At the same time, empirical studies have shown that Indigenous communities have accepted and even embraced the idea of being paid to conserve land for climate change mitigation. This paper explores this apparent contradiction by investigating the implementation of Programa Socio Bosque (PSB), a PES carbon sequestration programme in Ecuador. Drawing upon primary fieldwork in the highland province of Chimborazo, it makes the case that PES programmes need to be understood as form of state power that reconfigures and reinforces the ways in which Indigenous peoples engage with the state. Particularly important in this regard is the role of the state in reinforcing the agrarian conditions under which Indigenous communities use and interpret PES payments while at the same time reconfiguring new forms of land conservation. Empirically, the research reveals important complementarities between the goals of carbon sequestration PES programmes and Indigenous land‐use practices. Methodologically, it highlights the importance of situating the study of PES programmes in a context of land struggles, community–state relations and agrarian change.

Hydrogen justice

For a rapid energy transition to renewable energy, green hydrogen is increasingly considered a solution to a myriad of challenges: climate neutrality, clean energy supply, and decoupling of growth and carbon emissions. However, whether the global hydrogen transition will indeed be a just transition is far from certain. This paper introduces the concept of hydrogen justice as an analytical toolkit to help examining justice challenges of the global hydrogen transition. Placing hydrogen justice at the nexus of energy, water and climate justice, and incorporating crucial insights from political ecology and decolonial studies we highlight potential hydrogen injustices and suggest a six-dimensional concept of hydrogen justice: procedural, distributive, restorative, relational, recognitional and epistemological justice. Our research explores socio-ecological, political and economic conditions in hydrogen target countries and examines emerging hydrogen projects and partnerships. Hydrogen injustices may manifest around issues of energy access in countries with high rates of energy poverty, water access in arid regions, as well as forced displacements, impairments of Indigenous livelihoods and the strengthening of authoritarian rule. We conclude that hydrogen injustices result from the interplay of global hydrogen governance and local conditions in producing countries. We illustrate this with examples from transnational hydrogen projects situated in Morocco and Namibia. Finally, we suggest strategies for redressing hydrogen injustices by integrating justice principles at all scales of hydrogen governance.

DEFORESTATION AND BIODIVERSITY DEGRADATION IN MADHUPUR SAL FOREST AT TANGAIL REGION

The study was conducted to investigate the deforestation and biodiversity degradation in Madhupur sal forest of Tangail region during April to September 2010. Households from different garo villages of two selected unions under the forest were contacted for interview to identify the resource consumption pattern and to know their views about deforestation and biodiversity degradation in the forest. Various commercial activities such as large scale plantation of pineapple, banana and papaya trigger the environmental degradation inside the forest through many ways therefore degrading the remaining forest patches, soil quality of the forest and reducing the forest biodiversity. Most of the respondents mentioned that major causes for biodiversity loss including deforestation followed by commercial logging, loss of habitat and lack of conservation initiatives. Results of the study suggested that restriction on human interference inside the forest is the effective solution for reducing deforestation and biodiversity degradation. The study identified that the loss of biodiversity in the forest depended on the effect of deforestation, threats to indigenous livelihood, enhanced greenhouse effect, lowering ground water levels and soil erosion, respectively.

Indigenous perceptions and adaptive responses to the impacts of climate variability in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

The exposure, risks, and impacts of climatic changes are most acute for marginalized and disenfranchised groups, particularly Indigenous Peoples. Worldwide, Indigenous Peoples are exposed to a wide range of climate threats that generate a broad spectrum of risks to their wellbeing. Responding to a request from the Arhuaco, this paper examines Arhuaco Indigenous perceptions of climatic variability, the impacts of this variability, and the response to such impacts. The empirical basis of the paper is the fieldwork on four Arhuaco settlements in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. We gathered data through surveys, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups. The results of our qualitative and quantitative analyses are: (1) Indigenous perception of climatic variability is consistent with meteorological data; (2) Loss of traditional crops is the most relevant impact; (3) Social and cultural capitals are the most used for adaptation strategies to climate variability; and (4) vulnerability results from non-climatic factors which shape the response capacity to environmental change. Insights from our work contribute to generate new knowledge about impacts of climate variability on Indigenous livelihoods, the responses to such impacts, and to understanding the linkages among climate, capitals, and adaptive responses from marginalized groups in Western society. Finally, our results provide valuable Indigenous practices and perspectives for improving policies to adapt to climate change and strengthen the resilience of local populations.

Reduced forest vulnerability due to management on the Hualapai Nation

Tribal nations in the US have worked to uphold their long history of managing forests in ways that reduce fuels, support ecosystem functioning, and enhance Indigenous livelihoods. Forests on the Hualapai Nation at the western end of the Grand Canyon have been actively managed for decades using fire and other treatments. We collected data on tree size and age structure, forest understory characteristics, and surface fuels to explore how the legacy of forest management, historical surface fire, and recent prescribed fire, have influenced the contemporary structure of the ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forest on the Hualapai tribal lands (hereafter Hualapai forest). Current overstory tree density (range: 361.1 to 1664.0 trees ha−1) and basal area (16.0 to 29.8 m2 ha−1) place the Hualapai forest in an intermediate state among more open vs. denser southwestern forests, but additional characteristics set the Hualapai forest apart from others in the region. In particular, diameter distributions of live ponderosa pine in the Hualapai forest are dominated by mid-diameter trees (trees ∼18-33 cm dbh), while diameter distributions of live ponderosa pine on forest lands across Arizona indicate a higher number of small-diameter trees (trees <23 cm dbh) and a lower number of large-diameter trees. This finding of a relatively lower number of small-diameter trees, which serve as ladder fuels, in the Hualapai forest may indicate better protection against severe wildfire, although some individual sites might be at greater risk due to higher numbers of small live trees and snags, seedlings and saplings, along with higher levels of coarse woody debris. Beyond fire risk, the Hualapai forest is lacking in large live trees and snags that support cultural needs and sustain its ecological functioning. Current management approaches are helping support the recovery of large trees and snags. While the Hualapai forest is at risk due to its location at the lower elevational limit of ponderosa pine in the Southwest, the legacy of past management and prescribed fire has differentiated it from similar forests in the region. Continued management informed by Indigenous perspectives can best position the Hualapai forest to sustain its structure and function as climate warms as well as achieve socio-cultural and ecological outcomes most important to the people of the Hualapai Tribe.

No Surrender: The Land Remains Indigenous by Sheldon Krasowski (review)

Reviewed by: No Surrender: The Land Remains Indigenous by Sheldon Krasowski Paulina Johnson (bio) No Surrender: The Land Remains Indigenous by Sheldon Krasowski University of Regina Press, 2019 WRITTEN BY NON-INDIGENOUS SCHOLAR Sheldon Krasowski, No Surrender: The Land Remains Indigenous details the negotiations during the Numbered Treaties, focusing specifically on the first seven Treaties of the eleven in Canada. Krasowski's main argument is that the Canadian government through its crown negotiators misled the Indigenous nations they wanted to build relations with because Canada wanted land and these Treaty territories stretch across Manitoba to Alberta today. Chapter 1 examines Treaties 1 and 2, and how outside promises made by crown negotiators in the negotiations were left out of the written texts, but the "cede, release, surrender, and yield up" clause was added without Indigenous knowledge (72). Chapter 2 challenges the previous Treaty research that relied heavily on the unbiased use of Treaty texts by crown officials and ignored Indigenous oral narratives and eyewitness accounts of negotiations. This bias benefits the crown and the Government of Canada as it limited the glimpse into the ceremonial aspects of Treaty 3 and, more importantly, Indigenous philosophical and economic views of natural resources and land. Chapter 3 presents the "conflicts" between the Cree and Saulteaux Nations during Treaties 4 and 5, but as Krasowski points out, these conflicts were not about Indigenous animosity toward one another but about the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) impact on their territory. Tensions over ownership of land were prevalent at the time, which increased with the Cypress Hills Massacre, which led Canada to form the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) in 1873. Chapter 4 examines the negotiations of Treaty 6 and the discontent among the Cree Nations in Saskatchewan, where political tensions were high concerning access to land and ownership. This is one of the first negotiations [End Page 124] where missionaries, the NWMP, and interpreters were in attendance, as only three missionaries had witnessed the prior treaty negotiations. Chapter 5 focuses on the 1877 negotiations of the Treaty 7 at Blackfoot Crossing with the Siksika, Piikani, Kainai, Tssu T'ina, and Stoney Nations. The chapter details the negative impacts of the American whiskey trade within their territory and how the creation of the NWMP protected their territories. The concluding chapter forwards the interrelations between Treaty 1 through Treaty 7 as much literature focuses on each separate Treaty, but together we are aware of the negotiation strategies that discuss only the "benefits of treaty" and "ignore[s] its liabilities" (272). Indigenous peoples and settlers understood the importance of a treaty relationship, but Canada had no interest in maintaining the relationships entailed by the Treaties. Krasowski calls into question scholars overuse of treaty texts, yet he defends the documents when statements made by Indigenous academics refer to them as "lies on paper" (citing Venne 1997, 212). Can you blame Indigenous peoples for having such a view when written and official documents have been disingenuous and deceitful? These were not just political agreements; they are representations of Indigenous livelihood. Unfortunately, Krasowski does not mention Indigenous women; this work still falls within the heteropatriarchal view of Canadian history. Lack of recognition of the role that women play in Indigenous societies replicates the patterns of sociopolitical misrecognition carried out by the Crown and state during the treaty negotiations. Krasowski also does not incorporate concepts of Indigenous kinship or reciprocity, both of which are important for the maintenance of relationships. There is mention of oral narratives and eyewitness accounts, yet these are significantly limited. The spiritual importance of the pipes used in the negotiations are only referenced at the end of the book. Cree scholar Winona Wheeler acknowledges in her foreword that Krasowski was an accomplice to the integration of Indigenous oral narratives rather than just written texts on the Treaties because "the more evidence, the stronger the case" (xiv), yet the incorporation of Indigenous spiritual philosophies on Treaties are lacking, and this evidence has more merit than any settler text. For those who do not know the complexity of Indigenous and settler relations extending from the Treaties, No Surrender does provide a look into Canada's emergence based on the...