Indian Writers Research Articles

Women issues in the English Fiction by Indian Writers: A Theoretical Study

Women issues in the English Fiction by Indian Writers: A Theoretical Study

INVESTIGATING THE EAST-WEST ENCOUNTERS: A POSTCOLONIAL RE-ORIENTALIST READING OF KAMILA SHAMSIE’S BURNT SHADOWS: A NOVEL

Kamila Shamsie’s (2009) Burnt Shadows is based on fictionalizing certain historical events as it narrates the histories of the two families’ sufferings during World War II, the atomic bombing of Japanese cities, colonialism in India, the division of the sub-continent into Pakistan and India and the conflicts between Pakistan, Afghanistan, and America in the wake of post-9/11. This study explores the novelist’s politicized and partial depiction of the characters belonging to the East and West. Shamsie (2009) treats the characters based on their national affiliations, the characters belonging to the USA/West have been positively represented while those representing the Non-western countries have been negatively portrayed in the novel. Utilizing Lisa Lau and Om Prakash Dwivedi's and Lau and Ana Christina Mendes’ insightful commentaries on the ideological role of re-orientalism in South Asian English writings as articulated in their respective seminal works Re-Orientalism and Indian Writing in English and Re-Orientalism and South Asian Identity Politics, this study argues that Shamsie’s (2009) strategic use of unreliable narration and unfavourable descriptions of the Eastern characters against the Western characters in the novel may underscore her a re-orientalist writer who consciously or unconsciously sustains and celebrates the erstwhile orientalists or colonisers’ perceived expectations about the orientals. Keywords: Orientalism, Re-orientalism, Misrepresentation, Representation,

The Victimized Personas in Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Feminism Perspectives

The Wide Sargasso Sea - (1966). After years of contemplating Charlotte Bronte's Creole madwoman Bertha Mason, Jean Rhys set out to give voice to what is mute in Bronte’s Jane Eyre. Rhys lets Antoinette narrate her tale, revealing the "other side" of Bronte's story: what occurred in the years before and after Mr. Rochester's first marriage in Jamaica. As a twentieth-century West Indian writer, Rhys was able to expose implicit assumptions and ideals in Bronte's writing, such as imperialist England's attitude toward her colonies. The natural environment is a mirror of interior states of being and emotion, a remark on the novel's characterization and action. Even though the two books seem to be identical, they are not. Rhys flips Bronte's Victorian Romantic symbols, Wide Sargasso Sea appears more contemporary and realistic. This paper aims to highlight the victimized characters in both novels and gives a real comparison of the most victimized ones. Both works, respectively, show women fighting patriarchy and injustice at any historical time. From a feminist standpoint, this study compares, Bertha Mason, in the two narratives. Even though Wide Sargasso Sea is a forerunner to Jane Eyre, Rhys expressed a more progressive and revolutionary feminist viewpoint. Bertha Mason is a more victimized female than Jane of the patriarchal system and colonization. These feminist works have left an indelible effect on literature. Most literary commentators have concentrated on Jane, the protagonist of Charlotte Bronte's narrative, on the other hand, there is Bertha Mason, the insane lady on the upper floor imprisoned, as just Jane's evil twin. Bertha has received much less attention than Jane, not as an evil side of Jane, but as a stand-alone figure. This study compares Bertha Mason's representation in Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea. Bertha, who acts as an impediment to Jane's pleasure in Jane Eyre, is recognized as a victim of society.

Touching Untouchability: Social Evils in Mulk Raj Anand’s Novel “Untouchables”

In this study, we shall come to know how Mulk Raj Anand, the prolific Indian writer in English, exposed social evils in his novels and put them in front of us. This study deals with the sufferings and miseries of the downtrodden and underprivileged people inflicted on them by the high castes Hindus. This study demonstrates that Anand, though being born into a high caste Hindu family, will successfully portray the agonies of Bakha, a sweeper boy and the untouchable, who was not accepted in the high society. How Bakha must endure insults, and abusive epithets and bear physical assault if he unintentionally crosses a high caste person.

Politics of Food and Gender in Bulbul Sharma’s The Anger of Aubergines and Eating Women, Telling Tales

ABSTRACT Food is the most elementary aspect of human society and culture. It embeds in itself multiple contexts and discourses which makes it a perfect conveyor of social structures and cultural systems across diverse cultural spheres. Indian writer, Bulbul Sharma capitalizes on this discursive and multi-contextual significance of food to represent the gendered nature of the Hindu domestic sphere in her works by focusing on women’s culinary practices. The present paper attempts to analyze women’s food practices in two of her select works titled The Anger of Aubergines and Eating Women, Telling Tales to deconstruct how women are brought into the structures of patriarchy through their consumption and production of food. The paper intends to unveil the norms and politics of gender in shaping and controlling women’s food choices which keep them under the patriarchal yoke. The paper also aims to represent how food provides women with a site of agency to resist and subvert the normative structures of patriarchy.

COLONIZATION'S LINGERING INFLUENCE: EXAMINING THE IMPACT ON INDIAN ENGLISH LITERATURE

India is a rich site for studying intertextuality and influence due to its contemporary and colonial history of postcolonial culture. British imperialism in India was more pragmatic than other colonial powers, being motivated by economics rather than evangelism. During the emergence of Orientalism, India was the first nation to have a literary impact on the West, but this equation was reversed during colonial intervention. While some critics denounce or acclaim the West's effect on India, Indian writers' responses show complex instances of intertextuality and influence in the form of reception. The literary movement in India has been shaped by the traditional attitudes, culture, social life, and politics of the local people. British rule in India lasted for more than two hundred years and its authority halted the ruling power of the Indian subcontinent. The impact of British colonialism on Indian literature and social life is evident. Understanding English literature history is crucial for understanding English people's way of life, including their educational, social, and cultural attitudes. This research paper examines in detail the effect of colonial rule on English literature in India.

INDIAN ENGLISH DRAMA-A DISCOURSE

Drama is a composite ne art. It is mimetic like any remaining performing expressions in writing literature. It imitates life, specially reecting the three unities of drama- time, place and action. As Somnath Sarkar says: "It is intended for portrayal on the stage by entertainers who act the parts of the characters of its story, and among whom the account and the discourse are conveyed." India has a long and fertile history in Drama, beginning from Sanskrit plays of Vedic Age. Dramatists of Indian Writing in English have scaled the length and expansiveness of the experimentation in dramaturgy of India during and after independence. To understand the profundities of Indian Drama in English certain characteristics features are to be remembered. Fundamentally, the Indian Writings in English during Modern Age articulate the growing and the all around present authors as well as the impact of Existentialism, Globalization, Surrealism, Dadaism, Magic Realism and the Post Colonial issues. India had been under the provincial shackles for a time span of 300 years and indeed the colonial language and culture had cast its direct shadow on the Indian literary venues

Editorial: Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future

Editorial: Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future

Ethnicity and multiculturalism in Namesake and Interpreter of Maladies

India is a land of multiculturalism and Ethnicity. Multiculturalism is the key feature of postcolonial literature. Indian writers of diaspora have immensely contributed to the growth of fiction in English. Postcolonial writers like Bharati Mukherjee’s, SashiTharoor, and Rohinton Mistry, JhumpaLahiri and Harikunjru have all made their names while residing abroad. They searched the root of ethnicity and multiculturalism through their works to show uniformity. The aim of present paper is to find out the unity in diversity in immigrant people on the basis of ethnicity and multiculturalism in the novels of JhumpaLahiri.

Swami Nem Pal’s India Malcontent: Political Trends and Reflections

A thorough reading of India Malcontent gives the idea that Swami Nem Pal has poured his painful political experience into it. Swami Nem Pal is one of a few poets whose poetry deal with politics, patriotism, and the plight of the poor. Political principles are very ancient, and great sages preached them as well. It is true that the creation of art is influenced by the global political and ideological atmosphere, or that art is intimately related to humanity's everyday concerns and fears. Politics ruins a nation, as evidenced by the fact that traditional Indian writings such as the Rigveda and the Mahabharta, as well as Kashemendra's (11th century) satires and Bhartendu's (19th century) compositions, were penetrated by politics. Swami New Pal places a high value on fostering the scriptures' ideals: Satyam, Shivam, Sundaram, or the truth, the good, and the beautiful. The poet addresses young men and encourages them to embody this ideal in their actions. This ethical triangle can be viewed in this manner. The truth is the measurement by which the good (Shivam) and the beautiful are measured (Sundaram). People should do well for others and avoid corruption and immorality in order to make the world a more lovely place. Virtues are not drugs to be prescribed, but they do need earnest efforts to cultivate into habits.

Prejudicial Treatment in Asif Currimbhoy's Goa

Inequalities are ubiquitous throughout the world and have been a defining aspect of society since prehistoric times. They typically get smaller as civilization develops, but they still exist. They have to do with the unfair distribution of certain highly valued characteristics, such as earnings, wealth, standing, expertise, and power among various units, including people, dwellings, social classes, religious congregations, organizations, castes, regions, and nations. An analysis of disparities' primary objective is to identify the factors that influence how the writer is distributed among relevant units and to explain their causes and effects. An Indian writer who writes in English, Asif Currimbhoy, was familiar with experimental American theatre. He wrote plays with modern themes. He addressed issues of race, class, and gender. Post-colonialism is made up of these three components. His dramas thus draw their themes from the currents of modern politics and existence. He has been referred to as a karma yogi and India's first theatre attention voice. For him, the 1965 drama "Goa," which had its world premiere at Michigan State University, is very special. The Indian invasions of Goa in December 1961 are the subject of the drama.

Impact of Colonization on Indian English Literature

India, along with the contemporary and colonial history of the postcolonial culture, is seen to offer the study's a rich site that has intertextuality and influence. Furthermore, British imperialism is far more pragmatic as compared to several colonial powers. The motivation is not evangelical but economic. Under the emergence of Orientalism”, India was the first Nation to lay literary impact on the West, such an equation was then reversed during colonial intervention. The changes made by the British in the society of India appeared to be at the top. Where few critics of India are only focused on denouncing and acclaiming the effect of West, Indian writers discriminating response gives complex instances of intertextuality amd influence being reception forms. The literary movement has been shaped by values and essential beliefs of traditional attitude, culture, social life and politics of local people. Authority of British along with the Indian subcontinent ruling power halted for more than two hundred years. Furthermore, it turns simple when you need to have an understanding of the English Literature history being related to the English people life. This attitude across the educational, social, and cultural way of living. The movement of the British colony in the given subcontinent has the testimonial impact of the literature on the people social life style. The current paper of research lays the study on the Effect of the Colonial Rule on The English Literature in India in details.

A study of diasporic elements in the select works of Margaret Atwood, Jhumpa Lahiri and Kiran Desai

After the two world wars and India's independence from the British in 1947, English-language writing in India has advanced significantly. Since the two world wars and India's independence from the British in 1947, Indian Writing in English, as it was once known, has advanced significantly with a few countable writers on the horizon. There weren't many writers in the corpus of works that were produced in the English language by Indian writers, especially before the label changed from Indo-Anglian Literature (that was named such before) to Indian Writing in English. The two most recent female authors to contribute to the field of Indian English literature are Kiran Desai and Jhumpa Lahiri, yet their creativity transcends the confines of gender. They speak to an Indian culture that has experienced social anguish and cultural displacement both inside and outside of their own nation as a result of globalisation and immigration. They express the suffering of Indian immigrants who have migrated in foreign countries and are filled with sentiments of loneliness and displacement while having no other options for freedom on many fronts. The selection of these two highly regarded and award-winning authors was made for a variety of reasons, including the fact that they are both contemporary writers with a wide range of parallels and differences. They share a lot of traits, yet they also naturally vary in overt and subtle ways. Nonetheless, the literary output they provide readers with is overwhelmingly impressive, and they give voice to the world's silent immigrants. They present sorrowful, yet true, stories. For instance, the fictional character Biju from Kiran Desai's novella “Inheritance of Loss” has heart breaking anecdotes to share with us about his status as an illegal immigrant and how he concealed from American Immigration police agents by vanishing from the restaurant and through the hotel's mouse hole. There are now tens of thousands of Bijus living in countries like the United States, Germany, France, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, etc. Lahiri contrasts the two lives of two brothers who are travelling in opposite directions in her novel “Lowland”, which is a poignant and emotional depiction of immigrants. State terrorism claims the life of a young man as the wealthy continue to amass ever-increasing wealth at the expense of the poor, who continue to live in poverty. The “Lowland”, which was nominated for the prestigious Man Booker Prize in 2013, is sensitive to the brutal realities of society and the way the state uses the rural and ignorant majority for political purposes. The handling of female characters in immigrant stories also calls for a critical examination of Lahiri and Desai's literary creations. Another one of the well-known female writer Margaret Atwood in her novel “Surfacing” the main subject is separation. This is established in the opening chapter, as it is revealed that the narrator is politically dispossessed as an English speaker living in Quebec at a period when Québec was wanting to become an independent French-speaking nation. The narrator compares human contact to that of animals because she feels cut off from the people around her. As an illustration, the narrator thinks of an animal "at the instant the trap closes" while overhearing David and Anna having sex. Extremist David, who argues that Canada would be better off without the "fascist pig Yanks" and advises that they be driven out of the country by assault beavers, is the face of nationalism. The researcher opted to pick these two Indian immigrant women writers and Margaret Atwood for the dissertation as a result.

Mapping Global Literary Decadence: Jeet Thayil's The Book of Chocolate Saints

Mapping Global Literary DecadenceJeet Thayil's The Book of Chocolate Saints Robert Stilling (bio) In Oscar Wilde's 1891 novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Lady Henry persuades Dorian to attend her parties by telling him: "You must come. I can't afford orchids, but I spare no expense in foreigners. They make one's room look so picturesque."1 The moment illustrates how in late-Victorian decadent literature, the "foreign" is so often appreciated to the extent that it is rare, commodified, decorative, and domesticated. Foreigners, arranged like flowers, do not create beauty so much as they add to an overall aesthetic impression. And yet, Wilde's novel, being written by an Irishman in London, also illustrates the open-ended possibilities for cross-cultural identification that decadent literature makes possible.2 Upon reading the "poisonous" book given to him by Lord Henry and seeing himself in its protagonist, Dorian realizes that "one had ancestors in literature, as well as in one's own race." With this realization, the "whole of recorded history" becomes available to Dorian as if it were "the record of his own life." That history, however, proves to be a tale of vice, extravagance, and tyranny. The figures Dorian identifies with are Roman emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Domitian, Nero, and Elagabalus, "those strange terrible figures that had passed across the stage of the world and made sin so marvellous and evil so full of subtlety."3 Fin-de-siècle decadent literature is made of such tensions between cosmopolitan xenophilia and exoticism, between aesthetic genealogies that lie beyond the confines of race and nation, and extravagances underpinned by imperial brutality. It is precisely because of these tensions [End Page 145] that decadent literary strategies remain vital for contemporary postcolonial and diasporic writers. By engaging with a literary movement that seems hopelessly entangled with exoticism and orientalism, writers and artists such as Jeet Thayil, Shola Von Reinhold, Yinka Shonibare, Hanif Kureishi, Anita Desai, Bernardine Evaristo, and others, turn such tropes on their head, extending the cultural relevance of fin-de-siècle literature into the twenty-first century.4 If Lady Henry spares no "expense" in foreigners, contemporary writers presume a world literary market in which, as Sarah Brouillette notes, "particularity and difference" have themselves become commodities.5 These writers therefore redeploy decadent literary strategies to satirize the systems of consecration by which literary value is established. Contemporary decadent writing offers a vision of the literary field based not on the classics of "world literature," an idea that, as Aamir Mufti has argued, arose in conjunction with the project of orientalism, but one based on counter-canons of marginalized and peripheral artists who nevertheless stake a claim to global visibility and recognition.6 In tracing the ongoing entanglement of dominant cultural institutions with the legacies of colonialism, contemporary decadent writing demonstrates how literature of the previous fin de siècle has gained resonance among those who whom Lady Henry might have invited to the party, but not included in the conversation, scrambling the origins and trajectories of decadent literature in the process. To illustrate this point, I turn to Jeet Thayil's 2018 novel The Book of Chocolate Saints, which tells the story of Newton Xavier, a painter, poet, and aging enfant terrible of the Bombay art scene.7 Xavier is known for painting dark-skinned portraits of Christian saints who have been whitewashed in the blond, blue-eyed annals of art history. The novel thus satirizes how acts of canonization, be it religious, literary, or artistic, bestow whiteness and erase color. Thayil's related novels Narcopolis (2012) and Low (2020) further highlight the entanglement of elite cultural institutions with the wealth accumulated through the opium trade in India and China.8 Given the pervasive orientalism of fin-de-siècle literature, for an Indian writer to engage with decadence is to risk self-exoticization and "re-Orientalization" by appealing to Western stereotypes of addiction [End Page 146] and destitution.9 But to embrace decadence is also to reveal how the deliriously dystopian forms of "post-millennial" Indian writing in English are rooted in an earlier fin de siècle apocalypticism, just as the "social damages" wrought...

How is the Rani of Jhansi Memorised in the History of the Nineteenth-Century India? Selection of Historical Accounts

The article examines the visual sources and historical first-hand accounts depicting Rani Lakshmi Bai, the queen of the princely state of Jhansi, who became a symbol of Indian resistance against British rule during the 1857–1858 struggle for freedom. The study covers the colonial period of Indian history. The paper’s main argument is that there are differences in the representation of Rani by British and Indian authors. Within their narratives, Indian writers favourably present the queen, while the British tend to show her less flattering portrayal. Concentrating on visual sources, the study analyses Rani’s figure by looking at two stages of her life: the youth and the time of the revolt. The article also focuses on the queen’s image in the contemporary political discourse. The paper is based on a qualitative approach emphasising historical perspective. Therefore, it analyses the printed materials, including archival primary sources. Based on a postcolonial literature review, the use of British and Indian sources is comparative.

ANALYSIS OF THE PSYCHE OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN SUDHA MURTHY’S DOLLAR BAHU

This study explores the psyche of female characters in Sudha Murthy‟s 'Dollar Bahu.' 'Psyche' refers to the totality of elements forming the mind – all the elements that form a human mind are collectively called the psyche. To understand someone‟s psyche, we need to comprehend their thoughts, behavior, and personality. This paper aims to analyze the psyche of only the female characters in the novel 'Dollar Bahu.' Upon its publication, the book garnered significant success. Within its pages, Sudha Murthy skillfully portrays the Indian value system and family relationships. Sudha Murthy is a distinguished Indian writer who consistently addresses reallife incidents in her novels.

RETREVING KEY INSIGHTS FROM KHUSHWANT SINGH’S SHORT STORIES

Khushwant Singh was a prolific Indian writer, best known for his novels and short stories. Khushwant Singh's short stories often incorporate humor to lighten up serious themes. He uses satire, irony, and wit to criticize social norms and practices. Humor is a key tool in his storytelling, and it helps to engage readers while also conveying a message. Singh's short stories often focus on human nature and the complexities of human relationships. His characters are flawed, and he portrays their struggles, aspirations, and contradictions with empathy and understanding. Singh's short stories often explore social issues, including gender roles, class disparities, and religious tensions. He highlights the problems and challenges faced by individuals and communities in Indian society and sheds light on their experiences. Khushwant Singh's short stories often use symbolism to convey deeper meanings. He uses objects, events, and even characters to represent abstract concepts and ideas. Khushwant Singh’s short stories often deal with sexuality, including taboos and sexual desires. He is known for his frank portrayal of sex and the human body, which was considered controversial in his time.

Međunarodni odnosi

Special missions are a form of diplomatic communication and are one of the oldest forms of diplomatic relations. They are a form of ad hoc diplomacy that can be bilateral or multilateral. What is characteristic of special missions in the past is that they had a predominantly representative character, and now they have almost exclusively a functional character. Historically, such missions have been used since ancient times in China, the Greek states, Assyria, Egypt, and it should be especially mentioned that they are mentioned in ancient Indian writings around 2500 BC. Such missions were also used by the medieval Serbian state in relations with other states. Nowadays, these missions are important for resolving a specific issue, ie an international problem, and their existence is usually related to the duration of that problem, ie conflict.

AYURVEDA’S ROLE IN BOOSTING HEALTH TOURISM IN INDIA

Ayurveda is one of the world’s oldest medical systems that originated in India. There are so many people in world who experiences Ayurveda for their wellbeing. Ayurveda in Sanskrit means "Knowledge of Life" ( Ayur - lifespan, and Veda-knowledge). The basis of this medical form is solid Indian writings of old, compiled over a 2 century period between 2500 BC and 400 AD, when many experts put down their observations and experiences. In past few years, India has originated as one of the most important hubs for Health Tourism. The country is emerging as a great destination for Health Tourism People from across the world now come to India for Ayurveda, yoga and meditation, that is practiced since centuries. In fact India has fast emerged as a health tourism destination because of these. Since time immemorial, India has been known for its spirituality, religious and yoga tolerance and its secular character. India is internationally renowned for its ancient healing practices and alternative therapies. For more than thousands of years now, we have followed our own indigenous healing systems and medicinal practices such as Ayurveda, Naturopathy, and Pranic Healing to name just a few. It is no wonder then that people from all over the world are turning to the Indian sub continent for guidance towards a more spiritually satisfying way of life. Health/Medical tourism is a booming niche tourism market in the tourism industry. This research paper aims to profile the tourists visiting India for Ayurvedic treatment and to identify the key factors responsible for affecting the Ayurveda’s role in Boosting Health tourism. In order to analyse the objectives, the Descriptive Statistics, Factor Analysis and One-way ANOVA were employed and the results revealed that Ayurveda has important role in boosting health tourism in India The present study identifies the perceptions of residents towards the Ayurveda’s role in Present Health tourism status in India.

The Language Question in the Indian English Novel

The discourse of nation, nationalism and its derivatives has become inseparable from literature and language. In order to define and give expression to one’s self, one needs a language, a medium. Since the colonial process itself begins in language, language being the colonizer’s gift to the colonised, it remains a fundamental site of debate and struggle for the nationalistic writers. In India, English as a medium of expression of the self has found its place in novels, poetry, songs etc. Initially, the use of English by the Indians remained confined to writing or drafting pamphlets, speeches and articles on the burning issues and problems of the time. It is called the imitative stage. Very soon the natives became deft in using the language as an expression of their literary sensibilities too. Professor Iyengar’s large and detailed book on Indian Writing in English, published in 1962, was a pioneering effort which succeeded in establishing Indian writing in English as a distinct genre. In the African context, Ngugi wa Thiong’o says that “Language carries culture, and culture carries, particularly through orature and literature, the entire body of values by which we come to perceive ourselves and our place in the world.” In fact, post-colonial writers who write in English have used it as a “cultural vehicle” through which they introduce “world audience” to culturally diverse societies.