Indian Institute Of Pulses Research Research Articles

Characterization, phylogeny and recombination of Rhynchosia yellow mosaic virus infecting Rhynchosia minima, a wild relative of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) from India.

Rhynchosia minima grown at Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India, showed yellow mosaic symptoms on leaves and were suspected to be caused by begomovirus(es). Leaves from five different plants (Rhm1-Rhm5) were tested for the presence of four viruses in PCR. PCR assays revealed the presence of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in four samples, whereas one sample (Rhm2) was negative. Processing of Rhm2 sample using rolling circle amplification and restriction digestion indicated the presence of DNA molecules of ~ 2.6-2.7kb. These molecules were sequenced after cloning and found to be of 2741 and 2658 nucleotides in size. BLAST analysis revealed that DNA-A (OQ269467) and DNA-B (OQ269468) molecules of rhynchosia yellow mosaic virus (RhYMV) with 99.09% and 93.74% nucleotide similarity with DNA-A (KP752090) and DNA-B (KP752091) of the RhYMV isolate, respectively. These sequences had a genome organization typical of legume-infecting Old World bipartite begomoviruses. Full genome sequences obtained from Rhm2 are, therefore, considered to be an isolate of RhYMV, designated as RhYMV-IN-Knp. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that RhYMV-IN-Knp was grouped with other isolates of RhYMV followed by Cajanus scarabaeoides yellow mosaic virus. DNA-A of RhYMV-IN-Knp showed two recombination events. The Old World bipartite begomovirus squash leaf curl China virus (AM260205) was identified as the major parent, whereas New World bipartite begomovirus rhynchosia golden yellow mosaic Yucatan virus (EU021216) was identified as the minor parent. RhYMV holds the potential of infecting cultivated legume crops, therefore regular monitoring is crucial especially for pigeonpea breeding programs.

Assessment of genetic diversity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes using D2 statistics

The present investigation consists of 35 genotypes of chickpea including one check, these genotypes were obtained from ICAR – Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, U.P. The experiment was conducted during Rabi, 2020 at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad), in RBD having three replications. The data was recorded on 13 characters to study the variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance per cent mean and genetic divergence. Analysis of variance revealed that there was considerable genetic variability in the available germplasm for all the characters studied. Per se performance for grain yield and its components depicted that genotypes Phule-4-5, was found best followed by RVG-202, ICC-244263, NEC-799, JG-24 and PUSA-362(Check). A close perusal of variability co-efficients revealed that the difference between GCV and PCV was indicated little influence of environment on the expression of the characters studied. High estimates of GCV and PCV were recorded for seed yield per plant, seed weight, no of seeds per plant, no of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, no. of seeds per pod and harvest index. High heritability in conjunction with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for No. of seeds per plant, Seed weight, no of primary branches per plant, no of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, no of pods per plant, biological yield per plant. Divergence analysis revealed that highest inter cluster distance (140.42) was found between clusters I and II indicates that there is ample scope for selection of better parents.

Identification and Characterization of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Associated with Rhynchosia bracteata Benth. Ex Bak. of Wild Derivatives of Pigeonpea from India

Background: Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], an important grain legume crop that is predominantly cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Nene and Sheila, 1990). Crop wild relatives (CWR) are valuable source of novel alleles for economic traits which when transferred to cultivated species adapt well to changing biotic stresses, farming practices, market demands and climatic conditions. Under proposed study the detailed symptomatology, cultural, morphological and pathogenic characteristics of the causal agent and molecular identification of the pathogen were identified. Methods: Of the total 79 accession of wild relatives of pigeonpea (Cjanus cajan) planted in the experimental fields of ICAR- Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur during 2017-18, one accession (ICP-817) of Rhynchosia bracteata was found to be affected by a disease characterized by leaf and stem blight symptoms. Disease symptoms appeared in January–February, 2017 and 2018. Presence of water soaked lesions on the leaves and stem which later turned chalky in appearance, cottony white mycelium on the affected plant parts along with black coloured irregularly circular sclerotia resembled those of white mold fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary were observed. Result: Pathogenicity of the fungus was proved using detached leaf/twig inoculation techniques. Morphological characters and the sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungus confirmed the causal agent of the disease to be Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary. This is the first report of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Rhynchosia bracteata not only in India but also in the world.

Yield gap analysis of major pulses in India

In order to assess the nature and extent of yield gap in major pulses in India, published data from different official records were used for different time periods and comparison was made between states and India regarding yield difference of different pulses. Yield gap II was assessed with the help of data obtained from annual reports of Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur for major pulses crops. Both yield gap I and Yield gap II was examined in case of chickpea for the period of 2011-12 taking an aggregated yield data. The result revealed that most of the major pulses growing states were having lower yield of total pulses than national average while minor states showed higher yield during 2006-2012. With the positive growth in yield of individual pulses minor states were moving forward and showed potential increase in production of pulses. Yield gap II of major pulses in India showed an increase in the recent period over 2006-07. In case of chickpea frontline demonstration data for the period of 2011-12 revealed that yield gap II ranged from 7.63% in Karnataka to 24.37% in Madhya Pradesh among major chickpea producing states while this gap was 15.80% in Chattishgarh and 29.09% in Bihar among minor states. Yield gap for the same period was observed to be 28.46% in Madhya Pradesh, 28.75% in Karnataka and 28.56% in Maharashtra. These states contribute more than 50% of area share indicating tremendous untapped potential. Factors causing exploitable yield gap could be managed with effective implementation of government program along with participatory research and extension services ensured within the time frame.Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science.Vol. 33-34, 2015, page: 213-219

Simultaneous selection model based evaluation of arsenic tolerance in black gram (Vigna mungo L.) using morphological parameters

The evaluation of black gram under arsenic stress is important to identify the arsenic-tolerant genotypes for cultivation in arsenic affected soil and for crop improvement programs. Thirty-two black gram genotypes were received from Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR) Kanpur, India was grown in sand and exposed to three arsenic toxicity levels (control, 150 and 300 µM NaAsO2). Root length, root weight, shoot length, shoot weight and total biomass of plants were recorded in the vegetative stage.The plants were grown in pots (45×30×20 cm)following CRD during Kharif 2014 and experiment was performed in three replications.The morphological characters of almost all genotypes were significantly decreased with increased concentration of arsenic in supplied nutrients, shoot length; root length was less affected, whereas shoot weight, root weight and total biomass were much decreased under arsenic stress condition. Selection of genotypes according to simultaneous selection index model suggests that genotypes IPU 99-176, IPU 25, IPU 2K 99-224 and IPU 99-3 are much successfully able to tolerate arsenic toxicity. The arsenic tolerance capacity of UH 82-14 and UPU 8335 were decreased with increasing concentration of NaAsO2 as compared to other genotypes. The genotypes IPU 99-235, UPU 8335, UH 82-14, LBG 623 and IPU 99-115 has very less capacity to cope arsenic toxicity. The genotypes IPU 99-176 and IPU 25 are appropriate for cultivation in arsenic affected soil as well as these genotypes may be much useful for hybridization program to develop the arsenic-tolerant heterotic cultivars. The root biomass and shoot biomass should be improved to develop arsenic tolerance in black gram. The ranking of genotypes based on multiple morphological parameters has great advantage on conventional methods under abiotic stress.

New sources of resistance in land races and advance germplasm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 2 causal agent of chickpea wilt

Fifty nine land races from 42 countries and 62 elite breeding lines developed at Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, were screened against Fusarium wilt (race 2) under sick-field. Among land races the per cent wilted plants at seedling and reproductive stages ranged between 0 to 31.5% and 3.1 to 100%, respectively. Eightland races (ILC8632, ILC8666 ILC10729, ILC0, ILC1313, ILC211, ILC68 andILC0) were found highly resistant.The per centage of early wilting among elite breeding lines consisting of ‘desi’ and ‘kabuli’ types ranged between 0 to 28.5% and late wilting ranged between 0 to 100%. In ‘kabuli’ type chickpea, 10 genotypes (IPCK2012-129, IPCK2012-141, IPCK2012-258, IPCK2012-306,IPCK2012-132, IPCK2012-137, IPCK2012-138, IPCK2012-140, IPCK2012-143, IPCK2012-144)) and in ‘desi’ type, 15 genotypes(IPC2012-03, IPC2012-10, IPC2012-20 and IPC2012-28, IPC2012-02, IPC2012-04, IPC2012-05, IPC2012-13, IPC2012-18, IPC2012-19, IPC2012-21, IPC2012-24, IPC2012-25, IPC2012-26 and IPC2012-29) were found highly resistant/ resistant. Local severity index (LSI) was higher for land races (71.7%) compared to elite breeding lines (27.8%). Among elite breeding lines least LSI was noticed in ‘desi’ type (23.6%) in comparison to ‘kabuli’ type genotypes (32.1%). In the present study, high level of resistance was observed in elite breeding lines compared to land races. The genotypes found resistant to wilt in the present study may be exploited for development of Fusarium wilt resistant varieties.

Online database and information system for mungbean germplasm

Online database and information system for mungbean germplasm addresses the data management need in this crop by producing a user-friendly menu driven system that generates data entry forms, queries and reports and maintains a comprehensive database. The basic objective of this experiment was to develop online database and information system for mungbean germplasm, alongwith their characteristics and to analyze relationships between these characteristics. The developed system provides statistical summary for each evaluation descriptor and its various descriptor states. Presently, the database contains data on 550 mungbean germplasm accessions with evaluation for 26 descriptors. It provides secure data storage that can be shared over Intranet of Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur and will be linked with the website of Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur for access by genetic resource specialists, breeders and planners to differentiate genetic materials from possible duplications. A user-friendly interface for data entry has been developed for entry of data related to different characters of germplasm. 4 main reports viz., qualitative report, quantitative report, query-based report, and details report have been designed to enable quick and accurate retrieval of data.

Weed management using post-emergence herbicides in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) + mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping system

A field study was conducted at Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur during winter season of 2008-09 and2009-10 to study the weed control efficiency of different weed management practices including post-emergence herbicides in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) + mustard (Brassica juncea L.) intercropping system. Treatment comprised two different doses of quizalofop-ethyl, imazethapyr and chlorimuron-p-ethyl along with pendimethalin and manual weeding. Cyperus rotundus, Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Polygonum plebejum and Phalaris minor were the dominant weeds. Cyperus rotundus was the most dominant weeds with highest relative density and relative dry weight. The toxic effect of imazethapyr and chlorimuron was recorded on both chickpea and mustard. Among herbicide treatments, significantly lowest weed density and weed dry weight and highest weed control efficiency, weed control index, nodule specific weight and plant dry matter were recorded in quizalofop-ethyl @ 60 g/ha. Similarly, higher chickpea and mustard yield, system productivity, net return and B/C ratio were recorded in quizalofop-ethyl @ 60 g/ha and manual weeding.

A Study on Comparative Fertility Restoration in A2 and A4 Cytoplasms and Its Implication in Breeding Hybrid Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh

Exploitation of hybrid vigour has been visualized as the most efficient option for increasing productivity in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh]. Cytoplasms from various wild relatives of pigeonpea have been transferred to develop CMS lines in the background of cultivated pigeonpea. However, A2 (Cajanus scarabaeoides) and A4 (Cajanus cajanifolius) cytoplasms have been utilized most frequently. In order to study fertility restoration efficiency in F1 hybrids having either A2 or A4 cytoplasms, an experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur during 2008-2012. Four CMS lines namely Hy4A, H28A (each with A2 cytoplasm), ICP 2039A and ICP 2043A (both with A4 cytoplasm) were crossed with ten genotypes/restorers of long duration pigeonpea for two years. The F1 hybrids so-obtained were assessed in the succeeding years for pollen fertility and pod setting. All the pollinators except IPA 203 restored fertility in F1 hybrids derived from ICP 2039A and ICP 2043A (both having A4 cytoplasm). However, none of the restorers were effective in restoring fertility in hybrids derived from Hy4A and H28A (each with A2 cytoplasm). This could be ascribed to undesirable linkage drag still present in these two CMS lines having A2 cytoplasm. The F2 progenies derived from 4 hybrids (ICP 2039A × NA-1, ICP 2039A × Bahar, ICP 2043A × NA-1 and ICP 2043A × Bahar) segregated approximately into 3 fertile: 1 sterile plants. However, 2 F2 progenies having Pusa 9 as the restorer revealed approximately 15 fertile:1 sterile ratio. Thus monogenic and digenic duplicate gene action with complete dominance for fertility restoration was observed in F1 hybrids derived from CMS lines having A4 cytoplasm. F3 progenies from individual F2 plants of these crosses also confirmed the same pattern of fertility restoration. This study indicated that CMS lines based on A4 cytoplasm would be more desirable as these might have more number of restorers compared to those having A2 cytoplasm.

Molecular Evidence for the Association of Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus with a Leaf Curl Disease of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

AbstractA leaf curl disease with symptoms typical of begomoviruses was observed in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) at the Main Research Farm of the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. Infected plants had severe distortion of leaves and the plants were unproductive. PCR indicated the involvement of French bean leaf curl virus (JQ866297), a recently described Begomovirus, and Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV). The full‐length genome of ToLCGV associated with leaf curl disease of bean was 2757 nucleotides long and had maximum identity (97–98%) with seven isolates of ToLCGV (AY234383, AF449999, EU573714, GQ994098, AY190290, FR819708, AF413671) and is designated as Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus‐(IN:Knp:Bean:2013) (KF440686). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of ToLCGV infecting a leguminous host, P. vulgaris.

First report of Groundnut bud necrosis virus infecting wild species of Vigna, based on NP gene sequence characteristics

Symptoms such as chlorotic and necrotic spots on leaves, necrosis of the stems and petioles, broadly resembling those induced by Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) in cultivated species of Vigna were observed in twelve accessions of wild species/sub-species of Vigna ( V. umbellata, V. glabrescens, V. hainiana, V. mungo var. mungo, V. radiata var. radiata and V. radiata var. sublobata ) grown at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India during August-November 2011. Disease incidence ranged between 7.13- 40.3%. The identity of the virus was confirmed on the basis of symptoms on diagnostic host (cowpea cv. Pusa Komal) and nucleocapsid protein ( NP ) gene sequence characteristics. Analysis of NP gene of intra-field isolates of GBNV revealed 1-4% diversity in nucleotide and 0-4% in amino acids. However, diversity among intra-field isolates and isolates from cultivated Vigna ranged 2-7% at nucleotide level and 0-6 at amino acids level. This paper reports for the first time GBNV infection in these wild species/sub-species of Vigna and analyze the intra-field diversity in the NP gene of 12 GBNV isolates.

Identification of Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus infecting Vigna mungo var. silvestris L.

Normal 0 14 false false false IT ZH-TW X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Tabella normale; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Yellow mosaic of Vigna mungo var. silvestris , a wild relative of blackgram ( Vigna mungo [L.] Hepper), was noticed at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India during 2008–2010, with an incidence of 100 per cent. The observed symptoms, consisting of veinal yellowing and scattered bright yellow spots, were suggestive of infection with a begomovirus. To characterize the virus, several sets of primer pairs were designed to amplify the targeted DNA fragments of the causal virus. The sequence data revealed that the coat protein (AV1) gene of the begomovirus under study contained a single open reading frame with 774 nucleotides, coding for 257 amino acids. Comparative analysis of the coat protein (AV1) gene of the virus under study (FJ821189) showed a 97 and 99% similarity with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV)-Mungbean strain at the nucleotide and the amino acid levels respectively. Sequence homology of different genes (AC1, AC2, AC3 and AC4) of the isolate under study (FJ663015) with MYMIV-Mungbean (EU523045) was 94–97% for the nucleotides and 91–99% for the amino acids sequence. Therefore, the begomovirus infecting V. mungo var. silvestris at Kanpur is to be considered a strain of MYMIV and is designated as MYMIV-VSKN. This appears to be the first report of the molecular characterization of MYMIV infecting V. mungo var. silvestris .

Oscheius amsactae n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditida), a necromenic associate of red-hairy caterpillar, Amsacta moori (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from Kanpur district, India

Oscheius amsactae n. sp. is described as a necromenic associate of red-hairy caterpillar Amsacta moori (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) from Vigna radiata ((L.) Wilczek) cultivated field at Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India. This new species resembles with Rhabditis (O.) columbiana (Stock et al. 2005), however, it differs in having smaller body length (♀ L = 1100–1288 μm), lesser b value (b = 4.9–6.1), much smaller body length (c = 14–20.5), smaller spicule length (56–57 μm) and small gubernaculum length (20–27 μm), number of genital papillae and position of excretory pore. O. amsactae n. sp. can be compared with R. (O.) guentheri (Sudhaus and Hooper 1994) but differs in having a leptoderan bursa, different shape of spicule, number and arrangement of genital papillae. It also differs from R. (O.) necromena (Sudhaus and Schulte 1989) in having longer and narrower stoma and difference in shape of glottoid apparatus, smaller body length and shape of bursa. The new species closely resembles O. shamimi (Tahseen and Nisa (2006)) but differs in having narrower lip region (lip region diameter 7.1–7.9 μm vs. 11–12 μm in O. shamimi); shorter males (L = 594–804 μm vs. L = 1012 μm in O. shamimi). Moreover, the shape of spicule is also different, O. amsactae n. sp. has crochet-needle shaped tip of spicule whereas it is slightly curved in O. shamimi. Bursa is leptoderan in O. amsactae n. sp. whereas it is pseudopeloderan in O. shamimi. Additionally, molecular characterisation and electron microscopic studies confirm that it is distinctive from other species of the genus and it is a new species.

Effect of fertilizers and tillage management in rice (Oryza sativa)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping system under varying irrigation schedules

A field experiment was carried out during 2000-01 and 2001-02 at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, to study the effect of fertilizers, tillage and irrigation management in chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) raised after rice (Oryza sativa L.). Significantly higher growth and yield attributes of chickpea were obtained under- treatment 30:60:40 kg NPWha, deep ploughing with spade (23 cm deep) and cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) of 60 mm compared to 20:40:40 kg NPWha, normal ploughing and CPE of 80 rnrn. Significantly higher grain and straw yield of chickpea, chickpea-equivalent yield and monetary returns were obtained with 30:60:40 kg NPWha than 20:40:40 kg NPWha. Among the various tillage practices, deep ploughing with spade (23 cm deep) re- corded significantly higher grain and straw yields of chickpea, chickpea-equivalent yield and economics than normal ploughing. Significantly higher productivity and monetary returns of chickpea was obtained at CPE of 80 mm compared to CPE of 80 mm. The NPK uptake by rice and chickpea and total uptake by the system were sig- nificantly higher under CPE of 60 mm, deep tillage and 30:60:40 kg NPWha than CPE of 80 mm, normal tillage and 20:40:40 kg NPWha. Bulk density, particle density, water-holding capacity, pore space and volume expan- sion of soil were greatly influenced by different tillage and nutrients management. The residual effect of nutrients management and tillage practices applied during the winter (rabo season was also seen in the preceding crop of rice in second year.