Indian Cities Research Articles

Transported dust modulates aerosol pollution domes over rapidly urbanizing Indian cities

Abstract Elevated anthropogenic emissions over cities are said to form distinct pollution domes. Here, we characterize them, exploring their general patterns for 141 Indian cities using satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth data from 2003 to 2020. We show the existence of a distinct north-south pollution dome pattern across the Indian cities, with the domes for the highly polluted northern cities generally punctured due to regional or long-range transported aerosols, especially dust. Our study highlights the significant role of large-scale circulation and the requirement for synergistic regional and local aerosol pollution mitigation measures for clean air and urban sustainability.

Assessing the Influences of Leaf Functional Traits on Plant Performances Under Dust Deposition and Microplastic Retention

Since airborne microplastics (AMPs) are a recent and unexplored field of study, there are several unresolved issues regarding their effects on plants. The accumulating potential of AMPs and their effect on the biochemical parameters of ten different plant species in an Indian city environment were assessed. The four types of AMPs deposited in the phyllosphere—fragment (30.76%), film (28.95%), fiber (22.61%), and pellet (17.68%)—were examined using stereomicroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) was determined, and other biochemical parameters such as proline, phenol, malondialdehyde, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were also measured. The findings showed that in the case of polymers type, PE (30%) was more abundant than others, followed by PET (17%), PP (15%), PVC (13%), PVA (10%), PS (7%), ABS (5%), and PMMA (3%). Clerodendrum infortunatum L., Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, and Mangifera indica L. all showed a strong APTI and also exhibited significantly higher amounts of AMP accumulation. Principal component analysis showed a stronger association between phyllospheric AMPs and biochemical parameters. Additionally, the correlation analysis revealed that the presence of accumulated AMPs may significantly influence the biochemical parameters of the plants. Thus, it can be concluded that the different plant species are uniquely specialized in AMP accumulation, which is significantly impacted by the plants’ APTI as well as other biochemical parameters.

Exploring the feasibility of construction and demolition waste recycling in an emerging Indian city using a dynamic modeling approach

Abstract In emerging economies like India, infrastructure development is expected to grow in the coming decades. Buildings, an important infrastructural asset and anthropogenic material source, need adequate exploration as potential raw material repositories. This study introduces a novel “Material FLow and market Behavior Assessment (MaLBA)” model to evaluate building material circularity prospects while integrating dynamic stock modeling for material flow and the Bass diffusion model for market maturity. The MaLBA model studies the feasibility of construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling at the regional scale for Thane City, India, and highlights the influence of marketing mechanisms such as advertisement and word of mouth in recycled CDW product adoption at the regional scale. The model predicts a 20% decadal increase in CDW generation in the region, while the material required for new construction activities in Thane is expected to correspondingly rise by 13% between 2024 and 2050. Considering the present Indian policies focus on CDW recycling as the major CDW management strategy, the MaLBA model suggests that expanding Thane's recycling capacity from 300 to 700 Mt/Day can prove counterproductive to meet the national targets as the technical limitations of recycled material usage and limited user acceptance might lead to an oversupply of recycled CDW products by 2050. Therefore, this study recommends focusing on market development by doubling efforts to advertise recycled products and expand recycling infrastructure in alignment with regional infrastructure growth. Additionally, this study also suggests diversifying the CDW management approach by including strategies such as reduce and reuse for long‐term benefits.

A comprehensive overview of patient journey and management decision pathway for myelofibrosis in India: INLAND survey

BackgroundMyelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by stem cell-derived clonal myeloproliferative and anomalous production of cytokines with genetic mutations in the JAK/STAT signalling pathway playing a distinctive role in its pathophysiology. Diagnosis of MF presents a challenge due to vague and overlapping symptoms. The present strategy for managing MF is not well defined and relies on a symptomatic approach. Ruxolitinib is the first drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2011. Drug Controller General of India approved Ruxolitinib in 2013 as a first-line treatment in patients with MF. This comprehensive survey aims to understand the MF patient journey and the perceptions/practices of Indian hematologists/oncologists regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and disease management of myelofibrosis.MethodsA cross-sectional, multicentric, qualitative survey was conducted across 17 Indian cities from October 2021 to November 2021. One-on-one telephonic interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire based on the study objective. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the obtained data.ResultsOverall, 50 physicians and 154 patients (primary MF: 51, post-PV: 78 and post-ET: 25) completed the survey. The most common symptoms reported by patients and physicians at the time of diagnosis were, abdominal pain/discomfort (81% vs. 70%), fatigue/tiredness/weakness (77% vs. 73%) and fever (54% vs. 48%). A 10-month delay was observed from the symptom onset to the final diagnosis and a further 9-month lag from final diagnosis to treatment initiation. In our survey, the physicians preferred Hydroxyurea (88%), blood transfusion (82%) and Ruxolitinib (78%) as the treatment regimen. The majority of the patients were aware of their treatment. Hydroxyurea constituted the predominant treatment option (n = 85); however, satisfaction was highest with Ruxolitinib (50%, n = 13). The physicians considered improving overall survival as an important treatment goal, while patients prioritized symptom relief.ConclusionThe survey highlights the importance of understanding symptom burden and treatment goal perceptions in shaping management decisions. The results emphasize the need to align the physicians and patients on the actual treatment outcomes through patient education. Strengthening this alignment will enhance treatment adherence, improve patient satisfaction, and ensure better clinical outcomes, ultimately leading to a more patient-centred approach to managing the disease.

Sustainable Plastic Waste Collection and Distribution Strategies in Operations Management

The global plastic waste crisis necessitates effective collection and distribution strategies aligned with principles of Operations Management and Sustainability. This study investigates efficient methods for managing plastic waste, focusing on mechanisms such as buy-back facilities, door-to-door collection systems, and reverse vending machines (RVMs). Among the various types of plastics, only PET, HDPE, PP, and LDPE are widely recyclable, with PET being the most preferred due to its high recyclability and potential for reuse in manufacturing. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The study involved a comparative analysis of different plastic collection strategies across various countries and regions, including deployments of RVMs in the UK, Sweden, Australia, Canada, the USA, and selected Indian cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai. Findings reveal that RVMs offer a superior method for plastic collection due to their integrated sorting capabilities and user-friendly design. The global proliferation of over 100,000 RVM units illustrates their scalability and acceptance. Furthermore, the study highlights the environmental and economic benefits of optimized plastic waste collection, including natural resource conservation, energy savings, job creation, and reduced ecological impact. The integration of sustainable collection strategies, particularly through the deployment of RVMs, holds significant promise for enhancing waste management systems. The study emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate technologies and infrastructures to support a circular economy. These insights contribute to operational improvements in waste logistics and support long-term sustainability goals.

Unlocking Nagpur's Event Potential: An Analysis of Challenges and Future Opportunities in Event Management

This study employs a qualitative research approach, primarily utilizing a systematic literature review to analyze the challenges and future opportunities inherent in unlocking Nagpur's event management potential. Focusing on insights from Indian authors and relevant secondary data, the methodology involved a multi stage process of identifying, evaluating, and thematically synthesizing information from academic databases, industry reports, and government publications pertaining to event management, urban development, and economic trends in Nagpur and similar Indian Tier-2 cities (Government of India, 2023; Jones & Patel, 2024; Kumar & Singh, 2024; Sharma & Gupta, 2025). Key findings reveal that Nagpur's event sector faces significant impediments, including a pervasive infrastructure deficit, persistent urban mobility and connectivity issues, a nascent skilled workforce, and complex regulatory and funding frameworks. These challenges collectively hinder the city's capacity to host high-profile MICE events and limit its economic diversification through event tourism. Conversely, the analysis identifies compelling opportunities driven by Nagpur's projected economic boom, increasing disposable incomes, a flourishing hospitality sector, and its commitment to "Smart City" initiatives. The city's rich cultural heritage, the potential for cultivating emerging niche markets, and the strategic integration of advanced technologies present avenues for substantial growth. The study concludes that unlocking Nagpur's full event potential necessitates a multi-pronged, collaborative approach, prioritizing targeted investments in modern infrastructure, comprehensive skill development programs, streamlined bureaucratic processes, and strategic branding around its unique cultural offerings. By systematically addressing these foundational challenges and proactively leveraging identified opportunities, Nagpur can transform into a competitive and vibrant event destination, fostering economic prosperity and solidifying its regional prominence.

A multidimensional spectrum of passenger travel in Indian cities

A multidimensional spectrum of passenger travel in Indian cities

Transforming urban spaces for 15-min city implementation: a two-stage SEM-ANN approach to enhancing quality of life

This study employs a two-staged structural equation modeling-artificial neural network (SEM-ANN) approach to examine the necessity of urban spatial restructuring (USR) for implementing the 15-Min City (15MC) framework and its impact on quality of life (QoL) in Gwalior, a Tier Two Indian city. Data collected from 457 respondents reveals that USR significantly enhances the implementation of the 15MC framework and QoL. The results highlight that spatial accessibility to amenities (SAA) mediates these relationships, underscoring the importance of proximity to essential services in improving urban living standards. Socioeconomic status (SS) moderates these relationships, with higher SS amplifying the positive impacts of USR and 15MC on QoL. The study demonstrates the utility of combining linear and non-linear modeling techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing QoL in urban areas. By identifying key drivers of livable urban environments, this research contributes to evidence-based decision-making for sustainable urban development.

Resource utilisation and cost of hospitalisation with community-acquired pneumonia among older adults in India, 2018–2020

IntroductionCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important cause of hospitalisation among older adults. Assessing costs of CAP hospitalisation aids in economic evaluation of preventive interventions and guides policy decisions.MethodsWe estimated resource utilisation rates and costs from a societal perspective among adults aged >60 years admitted with CAP in eight public and eight private hospitals in four Indian cities (ie, National Capital Region—Delhi, Kolkata, Pune and Chennai) from December 2018 to March 2020. We interviewed patients, reviewed medical records and bills to estimate resources used, direct medical cost of diagnosis and treatment; direct non-medical cost of travel, lodging and food; and indirect cost of patients and caregivers’ lost income from admission to discharge. Mean costs with SD by hospital type, age group, chronic condition, critical care (intensive care unit, ICU) and virus detection are presented in US dollars (US$). Linear regression after log transformation was conducted to identify determinants of total cost.ResultsWe analysed data from 1009 CAP patients in private (63%) and public (37%) hospitals with a median age of 68 (IQR: 63–75) years. Influenza was detected in 121 (12%) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 21 (2%). Mean length of stay was 6.2 (SD 4.8) days; 37% required ICU admission. Antibiotics and antivirals were used in 96% and 23% of admissions, respectively. Mean (SD) CAP hospitalisation cost was US$305 (244) in public and US$1210 (1019) in private hospitals; US$1024 (1095) in influenza and US$943 (778) in RSV-associated CAP. Regression analysis showed that cost was higher in hospitalisation in private hospitals, those requiring ICU care and among persons with comorbid conditions.ConclusionsSubstantial resources were used, and costs were incurred during CAP hospitalisation among older adults. The findings could aid in cost–benefit analyses of interventions to reduce pneumonia burden, including influenza, RSV or pneumococcal vaccination in older adults.

Property taxation systems and revenue performance of urban local governments: a comparative analysis of select Indian cities

Property taxation systems and revenue performance of urban local governments: a comparative analysis of select Indian cities

Thermal Performance Assessment of Nano‐Enhanced Phase Change Material‐Based Building Envelopes for Tropical Climatic Cities in India

ABSTRACTThe manuscript aims to assess numerically the thermal performance of building envelopes (integrated with nano‐enhanced phase change material) for the tropical climatic cities in India during the hottest months of May/June. A building envelope of size 5 m (Length) × 4 m (Width) × 3.5 m (Height) integrated with a 25 mm thick Rubitherm phase change material layer on its walls and roof is considered for the analysis. The numerical model is developed using the Design‐Builder software by considering the dissimilar Indian climatic zones (composite, hot‐dry, and warm‐humid) and buildings of the different Indian cities (Delhi, Ahmedabad, and Chennai). The goal is to reduce the peak temperature in the buildings of these cities. The maximum solar intensity for these cities is found between 11 AM to 1 PM for the hottest month, May/June of the year, which is very high (22 kW) in Delhi, followed by Chennai (20 kW), and then Ahmedabad (18 kW). The phase change material stores heat during the peak hours (daytime) and releases the same during the off‐peak hours (nighttime) when integrated into the building envelopes. The results show that the building temperature was reduced by 4°C, 5.8°C, and 1.2°C for Delhi, Ahmedabad, and Chennai, respectively. The heat gain reduction from conventional buildings compared to the phase change material‐integrated buildings of Delhi, Ahmedabad, and Chennai is 33.47, 35.59, and 26.14 kWh/m2, respectively. The thermal enhancement ratio, which captures the building performance with and without using phase change material, is calculated as 0.988, 0.982, and 0.996 for Delhi, Ahmedabad, and Chennai, respectively. This confirms the significant role of phase change material in lowering the peak loads in Indian buildings.

Navigating Event Management Challenges in Pune: Analyzing Operational Hurdles, Regulatory Constraints, and the City’s Emerging Opportunities for Sustainable Event Planning and Execution

This study explores the evolving landscape of event management in Pune, a fast-developing Indian city witnessing a surge in demand for diverse public, private, and corporate events. The research investigates the key operational hurdles such as infrastructure limitations, traffic congestion, logistical inefficiencies, venue scarcity, and a lack of skilled event personnel, which collectively impact the seamless delivery of events. At the same time, the study examines the layered regulatory framework involving multiple civic departments, including municipal corporations, police, fire, and environmental authorities, where the absence of streamlined approval mechanisms results in delays, increased costs, and administrative confusion. Despite these barriers, Pune presents several emerging opportunities for sustainable event planning. As part of its Smart City initiative, the city is witnessing gradual shifts toward digital governance, improved public infrastructure, and greater awareness of environmental sustainability. This study highlights the growing integration of eco-friendly practices such as digital ticketing, waste segregation, solar-powered setups, and green certifications, which are gaining momentum among organizers and stakeholders. Using a qualitative methodology involving interviews, document analysis, and field observations, the research offers a comprehensive view of how operational inefficiencies and regulatory complexities interact, while also identifying areas where innovation and collaboration can foster more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable event management. The findings suggest that Pune is at a pivotal point where policy reform, public-private partnerships, technological tools, and sustainable planning models can come together to transform the event ecosystem. The study concludes with strategic recommendations aimed at bridging current gaps and promoting a resilient, eco-conscious, and well-regulated event industry that aligns with the city’s broader urban development goals.

Role of practical medical training in the provision of respectful intrapartum care: insights from two large public teaching hospitals in Southern India

BackgroundFor over a decade, the maternal health discourse has focused on a phenomenon that is alternatively termed “obstetric violence,” “disrespect and abuse” (D&A) or the “mistreatment of women” in institutional obstetric care. The search for what drives D&A includes questions around the role of medical education in shaping not just what doctors know, but how they learn to treat women as well. However, medical education as an additional pathway to D&A is under-studied. We explore how one aspect of medical education– practical medical training during internships and residencies– operate in labour rooms in public teaching hospitals.MethodologyWe conducted 37 semi-structured in-depth interviews with a cross-section of obstetric care providers representing all cadres of two large public teaching hospitals in a south Indian city. We coded the interview transcripts thematically, examined themes related to teaching and learning, and considered their implications for Respectful Maternity Care (RMC).ResultsWe identified four pathways through which practical medical training had implications for RMC: (a) professional hierarchies and social hierarchies; (b) institutional and educational prioritization of clinical outcomes over respectful care; (c) limited presence and supervision by senior providers in labour rooms; and (d) teaching responsibilities primarily falling on inexperienced and overworked peers. The results suggest that ad-hoc teaching adaptations prompted students to rely on informal learning, which fostered an obstetric practice which runs counter to the principles of RMC.ConclusionReforms in practical medical training, particularly with regard to intrapartum care in resource-constrained public hospital settings, can help in the realization of RMC.

Removal of Emerging Contaminants Using Low-Cost and Advanced Treatment Technologies: Evidence from Six Indian Cities

Emerging contaminants (ECs)—including pharmaceuticals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and microplastics—pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health due to their persistence, bioactivity at trace levels, and resistance to conventional wastewater treatment processes. This study investigates the occurrence, seasonal dynamics, and treatment efficiency of selected ECs across six major Indian urban-river systems: Varanasi (Ganga), Delhi (Yamuna), Indore (Kahn), Kolkata (Hooghly), Nashik (Godavari), and Thiruvananthapuram (Killi River). Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons from four strategic points in each city, including upstream reference sites and downstream effluent receptors. Quantitative analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS for pharmaceuticals and PFAS, and FTIR spectroscopy for microplastic polymers. Results revealed widespread presence of ciprofloxacin (1.6–3.2 µg/L), diclofenac (0.8–1.6 µg/L), PFOS (92–145 ng/L), and microplastics (145–240 particles/L), with higher loads in densely urbanized areas. Seasonal trends indicated dilution during monsoon and contaminant mobilization post-monsoon. Bench-scale treatment trials using coagulation, UV/H₂O₂, activated carbon adsorption, and nanofiltration showed variable removal efficiencies, with nanofiltration achieving the highest (>90%) across all EC classes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) distinguished high-risk zones based on EC clustering and hydrological influence. The findings underscore the urgent need for EC-inclusive regulatory frameworks, decentralized treatment upgrades, and seasonally adaptive monitoring protocols in India. This study provides a foundational dataset and a scalable methodology for future EC management and policy development.

Conservation Engineering in Urban India: Addressing Policy Gaps in Historic Core Management

Abstract: India’s historic urban cores—dense, culturally rich zones with layered histories—are increasingly under threat from unregulated urban development, inadequate legal protections, and fragmented governance structures. This paper investigates the disconnect between conservation policies and on-ground realities in preserving heritage precincts within growing Indian cities. Drawing from secondary data and urban planning literature, the study identifies key shortcomings in institutional frameworks, assesses challenges posed by commercialization and infrastructural pressure, and compares Indian conservation policies with international best practices like UNESCO’s Historic Urban Landscape (HUL). The paper concludes with strategic recommendations to reform planning regulations, promote participatory conservation, and reposition heritage as an integral part of sustainable urban development.

A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms for Flood Risk Prediction

Floods are one of the most frequent and devastating natural disasters, significantly affecting human life, infrastructure, and the environment. Accurate and timely flood prediction is essential for disaster preparedness and mitigation. This study presents an intelligent flood risk prediction framework using machine learning and deep learning techniques applied to four Indian cities—Pune, Nashik, Kolhapur, and Satara—each associated with major rivers such as the Mula-Mutha, Godavari, Panchganga, and Krishna, respectively. The dataset incorporates a comprehensive set of hydrometeorological and environmental features including rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind speed, water level, discharge, groundwater level, soil moisture, atmospheric pressure, evaporation rate, and historical flood events. Four algorithms—Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), XG-Boost, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)—were trained and evaluated to predict the flood_risk level. The model performances were compared using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC. The results demonstrate that the integration of multiple data sources and ensemble techniques significantly improves predictive performance. This research contributes to the development of smart, data-driven flood early warning systems tailored for regional hydrological conditions.

Plastic Free India: A Comprehensive Assessment of Policy Implementation, Public Awareness, and Environmental Impact

India faces a critical environmental challenge with plastic pollution, generating approximately 4 million tonnes of plastic waste annually. This research examines the effectiveness of India's plastic-free initiatives, focusing on the implementation of the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2021, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies, and single-use plastic bans. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with 1,000 participants across major Indian cities and qualitative analysis of policy documents. Key findings reveal that while 68% of respondents are aware of plastic-free initiatives, only 45% actively participate in sustainable practices. The research identifies significant gaps between policy formulation and ground-level implementation, with urban areas showing better compliance (62%) compared to rural regions (34%). The study highlights the role of biodegradable alternatives, which have seen a 78% increase in adoption among environmentally conscious consumers. However, challenges persist in infrastructure development, public awareness, and economic incentives for sustainable practices. The research concludes that India's journey toward becoming plastic-free requires strengthened enforcement mechanisms, enhanced public-private partnerships, and accelerated development of circular economy models. Policy recommendations include establishing robust monitoring systems, incentivizing green alternatives, and strengthening the informal waste management sector. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights for policymakers, environmental organizations, and industry stakeholders working toward India's plastic-free future, demonstrating that while progress has been made, sustained multi-stakeholder collaboration is essential for achieving the ambitious goal of a plastic-free India by 2030. Keyword: Extended producer Responsibility, Robust monitoring system, Public-private partnership, Circular economy, Multi stakeholders’ collaboration.

Prioritising bus station operational factors using machine learning–based principal component analysis

Bus transport is the main mode of public transit in Indian cities, necessitating efficient bus station layouts. As service complexity increases, improved traffic management and enhanced pedestrian facilities become essential. This study conducted questionnaire survey at major bus stations across India to identify the key operational factors. The research began with a site investigation to identify the general issues, followed by the development of a questionnaire based on expert recommendations to gather the stakeholder feedback. The collected responses were converted into a normalised matrix. Initially, a chi-squared test was performed to validate the field data, followed by principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction using machine-learning algorithms. The factors were then ranked based on their average normalised scores. The findings offer valuable insights for prioritizing key factors in the planning and design of new bus station layouts. These insights enable transit planners to effectively address critical considerations during the design process. Ultimately, the research contributes to the development of bus stations that facilitate smooth and unobstructed traffic flow.

Quick Commerce in India: Navigating Challenges and Unlocking Opportunities for Sustainable Growth

Indian economy has shifted its paradigm from agri-based to service-driven and all-inclusive economy in due course. Due to globalization, privatization and technological advancements, trade and commerce activities are flourished. The next evolution of e-commerce, quick commerce (Q-commerce), has taken off in India thanks to shifting consumer lifestyles, digital adoption, and the growing need for lightning-fast deliveries. With a focus on its implications for long-term sustainability, this study examines the opportunities and problems related to the expansion of Q-commerce in India. On the one hand, Q-commerce sites like Blinkit, Zepto, and Swiggy Instamart are using hyperlocal delivery models to redefine convenience and generate job opportunities. However, there are a number of obstacles they must overcome, such as high operating costs, ineffective inventory management, environmental issues brought on by excessive packaging, and labour exploitation in the gig economy. The lack of regulations and infrastructure limitations in India's cities and semi-urban areas that hinder scalability are also examined in the study. By means of an extensive examination of secondary

Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand of Untreated Sewage in Sironj Tehsil, District Vidisha, India

- In this study, untreated sewage from five suburban sites in Sironj Tehsil, district- Vidisha, India, was evaluated for seasonal and spatial variations in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in 2024. The APHA 5210 B and 5220 D procedures for BOD and COD, respectively, were used to analyse 100 sewage samples from Kahra Bazar, Kathali, Bhawani Nagar, Katra Mohalla, and Hajipur. Due to runoff-driven organic matter, the BOD ranged from 159.16 to 186.96 mg/L, with Bhawani Nagar recording the highest value (186.96 mg/L) during the monsoon season (mean 180.98 mg/L). Bhawani Nagar had the highest COD (571.32 mg/L), which ranged from 337.15 to 571.32 mg/L and peaked during the monsoon (mean 511.21 mg/L). The seasons with the lowest BOD (mean 161.35 mg/L) and COD (mean 358.09 mg/L) were winter. Statistical analysis showed site-specific influences on COD (F(4,80)=8.63, p<0.001) and significant seasonal effects on both BOD (F(3,80)=36.90, p<0.001) and COD (F(3,80)=114.14, p<0.001). According to these results, there are moderate to high levels of organic pollution, which means that to prevent oxygen depletion during monsoon peaks, biological treatment with increased aeration is required. These findings support the need for customised wastewater management plans in Sironj and are consistent with those of similar Indian cities. Key Words: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sewage analysis, Seasonal variation, Sironj Tehsil, Organic pollution, Wastewater treatment