Index Of Layer Research Articles

How to Evaluate the Operating Performance of Mid-Deep Geothermal Heat Pump Systems (MD-GHPs): A Study on a Multistage Evaluation Index System

Mid-deep geothermal heat pump systems (MD-GHPs) use mid-deep borehole heat exchangers (MDBHEs) to extract heat from the geothermal energy at a depth of 2–3 km, and have been used for space heating in China over the last decade. This paper proposes a comprehensive and multilevel evaluation-index system to analyze and evaluate the energy performance of MD-GHPs. The multilevel evaluation index system consists of a target layer, a criterion layer, and an index layer, where the criterion layer is subdivided into six aspects and the index layer includes 26 specific indices, reflecting the geothermal resources, heat transfer performance of the MDBHEs, energy efficiency of the heat pump systems, building space heating demand, grid dynamic response capability, and energy-saving and economic benefits. Then, based on both expert survey results and case study data, the entropy weight method and the analytic hierarchy process are integrated to determine indicator weight coefficients among the multilevel evaluation indices, comprehensively considering both subjective and objective analyses. Furthermore, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is conducted to integrate these weighted indices into a multi-criteria evaluation of MD-GHP performance. Finally, the proposed method was applied to evaluate the practical performance of four projects, returning scores of 61.56, 58.33, 72.73, and 78.41. These evaluations enable an overall assessment of the energy performance of MD-GHPs, reflecting the technical weaknesses and offering optimization guidance for system design and operation.

Spatial Patterns of Productivity and Human Development Potentials for Pinus pinea L.

Pinus pinea (stone pine), a Mediterranean species, is valued for its highly nutritious pine nuts and its ability to adapt to different environmental conditions. The species has been increasingly planted in Chile, where its main ecological requirements are met across a vast area. However, new plantations are established without considering social dimensions. Policymakers can regulate private decisions on tree planting through the appropriate design of economic incentives to foster social well-being. The objective of this work was to describe spatial patterns of potential areas for the cultivation of the exotic nut-bearing conifer P. pinea in central Chile and the possible correlation of those patterns with human development indices. Spatial data layers of the municipality development index (MDI), elevation, edaphoclimatic variables, and stone pine nut’s productive potential were overlapped at the municipality scale along 1225 km in central Chile. A spatial principal component analysis (sPCA) was used to integrate multiple dimensions, summarizing covariation structures, and identifying spatial patterns in the study area. Key results showed that spatial patterns of the potential productive index (PPI) were strongly regulated by the spatial pattern of climate and soil variables, whereas the spatial pattern of MDI showed a cryptic pattern and that the three dimensions of MDI—welfare, economy, and education—showed a different spatial movement, especially education and welfare. The results allow us to recommend that public policies boost municipality development through the promotion of P. pinea plantations and should target areas with a high productive potential and low MDI to generate socio-economic improvements. These findings are useful for the strategic spatial planning of the species cropping in Chile.

Regional water cycle health evaluation and obstacle factor analysis: A case study of the Yellow River basin in Henan Province, China

Ecological and socioeconomic systems are interconnected through water cycles. Due to intensive anthropogenic activities and global climate change, the water cycle has undergone profound changes over the last few decades. This study aimed to evaluate the health status of the regional water cycle, explore the etiology of water cycle disorders, and provide suggestions for improving the health of the water cycle. Based on the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, an index system was constructed to evaluate regional water cycle health. The water cycle was evaluated using a random forest (RF) model, which can achieve desirable fitting and generalization properties. The Yellow River Basin in Henan Province (YRBHN), China, was used as an example to demonstrate the application of this system. An Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST)-Cloud model was used to validate the evaluation results of the RF model. The main influencing factors in the water cycle process were then identified using the obstacle degree model, and ensuing policy recommendations were presented. The results demonstrated that the health state of the water cycle in the YRBHN shifted from unhealthy to sub-healthy during 2011–2020, with the response layer showing the most evident positive change. The health states of Zhengzhou and Luoyang were superior to those of the other cities, with average health index numbers of 3.1006 and 3.0078, respectively. Although the evaluation index numbers of the EFAST-Cloud and RF models were slightly different, their evaluation results were similar, indicating that the RF model was applicable for water cycle health evaluation. The proportion of ecological water use and the response (R) layer provided the greatest obstacle degree in the index and criterion layers, respectively. Based on the current state of the water cycle in the YRBHN, some policy implications were proposed. This study proposed a new method for regional water cycle health evaluation and decision making that provides theoretical support for regional water resource management and is of considerable practical significance.

The role of photonic crystal based architectures on tailoring the laser induced fluorescence from green emitting cesium lead bromide nanocrystals

Researchers have long been fascinated by fluorescence and its potential to be boosted as it unlocks a treasure trove of promising applications. In this context, this experimental study investigates the amplification of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) emission from cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite nanocrystals (PNC) using two distinct all-polymer photonic crystal (PC) architectures made of poly 9-vinyl carbazole (PVK) and cellulose acetate (CA) as high and low refractive index (RI) layers, respectively. First structure is a photonic crystal micro cavity (PCMC) where PNC incorporated PVK (PNC:PVK) polymer matrix forms the defect layer sandwiched between two similar PCs. In the second structure, PNC:PVK composite itself functions as high RI layers within the PC. These two designs exploit different mechanisms to achieve fluorescence enhancement. The findings demonstrate the promise of simple, solution processed polymer PCs on applications demanding intensified fluorescence output and pave way to the development of flexible photonic devices capable of manipulating light emission.

Risk Factors for Step-off Deformity of the Donor Site Following Abdominal Flap-based Breast Reconstruction.

Step-off deformity is a suboptimal aesthetic outcome at the donor site following abdominal flap harvesting for breast reconstruction. This study assessed the prevalence of step-off deformities post-autologous breast reconstruction and explored the associated risk factors. This retrospective study evaluated step-off deformities among consecutive patients who had undergone autologous abdominal flap-based breast reconstruction between January 2019 and December 2022. The postoperative evaluation utilized medical records and photos, defining step-off deformity as a thickness discrepancy in the upper and lower abdominal tissue with reference to the scar line and angles <165°. Moreover, we explored potential risk factors, including abdominal subcutaneous tissue thickness based on computed tomography. In total, 187 patients underwent abdominal flap-based breast reconstruction; 38 exhibited step-off deformity. The case group exhibited significantly higher body mass index (BMI) and greater subcutaneous layer thickness in both the upper and lower abdomen compared to those of the control group. The groups did not differ significantly in postoperative complications, including abdominal bulging or hernia. Multivariable analysis revealed notable risk factors for step-off deformity development: BMI (p=0.026), presence of preoperative abdominal fold (p=0.028) and thickness differences between the upper and lower abdomen (p=0.011). The cut-off values were 26.1 kg/m2 for BMI and 9.5 mm for thickness differences. Higher BMI, presence of abdominal fold, and significant upper-lower abdomen tissue thickness differences may be associated with an increased risk of donor step-off deformity after abdominal flap harvest. Our findings may inform patient counseling and warrant attention when closing donor wounds in high-risk individuals.

Plasma-Etched Black GaAs Nanoarrays with Gradient Refractive Index Profile for Broadband, Omnidirectional, and Polarization-Independent Antireflection.

Black GaAs nanotip arrays (NTs) with 3300 nm lengths were fabricated via self-masked plasma etching. We show, both experimentally and numerically, that these NTs, with three gradient refractive index layers, effectively suppress Fresnel reflections at the air-GaAs interface over a broad range of wavelengths. These NTs exhibit exceptional UV-Vis light absorption (up to 99%) and maintain high NIR absorption (33-60%) compared to bare GaAs. Moreover, possessing a graded layer with a low refractive index (n = 1.01 to 1.12), they achieve angular and polarization-independent antireflection properties exceeding 80° at 632.8 nm, aligning with perfect antireflective coating theory predictions. This approach is anticipated to enhance the performance of optoelectronic devices across a wide range of applications.

Frequency tunable mid-infrared split ring resonators on a phase change material

Meta-surfaces arrays are 2D meta-materials with a periodicity below the diffraction limit that permits to obtain homogeneous layers of resonant effective refractive index. In this work we present an analytical model that describes the electromagnetic behavior of meta-surfaces constituted by split-ring resonators (SRR). SRR resonance frequency can be adjusted by choosing their geometric parameters and the materials they are made of. Their deposition on a phase change material enables an optical modulation of resonance peak during the phase transition. We demonstrate a mid-infrared tunable SRR meta-surface using Vanadium dioxide (VO2) as phase change material deposited on III-V semiconductors by low temperature pulsed laser ablation technique. The presented measurements exhibit a maximum of 100 cm−1 resonance shift. This result is very promising for the conception of monolithic, robust, compact, frequency tunable III-V based devices in the mid-infrared.

SiNx/SiO2-Based Fabry-Perot Interferometer on Sapphire for Near-UV Optical Gas Sensing of Formaldehyde in Air.

Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs), comprising foundry-compatible dielectric thin films on sapphire wafer substrates, were investigated for possible use in chemical sensing. Specifically, structures comprising two vertically stacked distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), with the lower DBR between a sapphire substrate and a silicon-oxide (SiO2) resonator layer and the other DBR on top of this resonator layer, were investigated for operation in the near-ultraviolet (near-UV) range. The DBRs are composed of a stack of nitride-rich silicon-nitride (SiNx) layers for the higher index and SiO2 layers for the lower index. An exemplary application would be formaldehyde detection at sub-ppm concentrations in air, using UV absorption spectroscopy in the 300-360 nm band, while providing spectral selectivity against the main interfering gases, notably NO2 and O3. Although SiNx thin films are conventionally used only for visible and near-infrared optical wavelengths (above 450 nm) because of high absorbance at lower wavelengths, this work shows that nitride-rich SiNx is suitable for near-UV wavelengths. The interplay between spectral absorbance, transmittance and reflectance in a FPI is presented in a comparative study between one FPI design using stoichiometric material (Si3N4) and two designs based on N-rich compositions, SiN1.39 and SiN1.49. Spectral measurements confirm that if the design accounts for phase penetration depth, sufficient performance can be achieved with the SiN1.49-based FPI design for gas absorption spectroscopy in near-UV, with peak transmission at 330 nm of 64%, a free spectral range (FSR) of 20 nm and a full-width half-magnitude spectral resolution (FWHM) of 2 nm.

Research on an Index System for the Earthquake Disaster Resistance Capability of Highway Tunnels

To evaluate the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels, it is necessary to study an index system for the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels. This paper uses a literature research method. The damage of highway tunnels in 12 earthquake disasters recorded in detail in China and abroad was investigated. According to the types of hazard-beating bodies and damage forms, 17 seismic damage scenes of highway tunnels are classified. According to different damage scenes, the fault tree analysis model is used to identify the damage-causing factors. Combined with the industry standards, norms and research results related to the earthquake resistance of highway tunnels, the evaluation indices are analyzed from three perspectives: engineering geological factors, tunnel structural factors and operation management factors. According to the principle of index system construction, a four-level index system is constructed, which takes the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels as the target layer; engineering geological factors, tunnel structural factors and operation management factors as the criterion layer indices; 12 indicators as the index layer and 35 specific indicators. The established index system for the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels has strong scientific, rational and application value and can provide a reference for the evaluation of the earthquake disaster resistance capability of highway tunnels and can also provide important support for the safe operation and sustainable development of highway tunnels.

Enhancing landslide hazard prevention: Mapping vulnerability via considering the effects of human factors

Vulnerability mapping is necessary to reduce the effects of a landslide disaster. This study presents an approach to map vulnerability induced by a landslide hazard. The vulnerability was assessed by improved multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), in which the effects of human factors were incorporated. In the proposed approach, the weights of the indicators and factors were calculated using an integration method, including a grey decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to calculate each index and factor's weight. The effect of human factors is expressed as the ability of residents to cope with hazards in a community, which is evaluated by the adaptability index layer. The adaptability index layer includes four factors: gender ratio, age, education and medical resources. VIKOR is used to score and rank the adaptability index layer. The vulnerability is then mapped using geographic information system (GIS). A case study of historical landslides in Heyuan, China, was used for validation. The results demonstrate that 17.91 % of Heyuan has the highest vulnerability, which is higher than that from the traditional method (13.76 %). The model, considering adaptability, can predict areas with high vulnerability more accurately. Management recommendations are proposed via the following four specific aspects: i) urban vulnerability management and planning; ii) inter-regional differences in socio-economic vulnerability; iii) individual perceptions of landslides and iv) enhancing urban planning and strategies in similar cities.

Research on Light Pollution Based on AHP and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Methods

In the current context of increasing global light pollution, we urgently need an effective control system. In this study, we constructed an extensive and objective evaluation model through the AHP method to classify light pollution into standard and index layers, and successfully established an evaluation model that accurately predicts the level of light pollution. Through practical tests, we found that light pollution is higher in cities, followed by suburbs, and lower in rural areas and protected areas. Based on the established evaluation model, we propose three most effective intervention strategies: regulating the use of LED billboards, reducing the use of reflective building materials, and controlling nighttime construction lighting. In response to the possible negative impacts, we propose specific solutions and verify the effectiveness of the intervention programs through a multi-objective planning model, achieving significant results in reducing light pollution levels. This study provides a useful reference and lesson for light pollution management.

Research on the evaluation of the renovation effect of existing energy-inefficient residential buildings in a severe cold region of China

The renovation of existing energy-inefficient residential buildings is an important measure to improve building energy efficiency and achieve CO2 emission reduction strategic tasks. At present, existing energy-inefficient residential buildings suffer from high energy consumption for heating, low efficiency, and poor indoor thermal comfort. It is necessary to implement energy-saving renovation on existing residential buildings and evaluate the renovation effect. This article took existing energy-inefficient residential buildings as the research object and selected a targeted evaluation system. Based on expert research, the hierarchical-grey correlation degree method was used to determine the weight of indices. Actual testing was conducted on the three nodes of the heat exchange station, secondary network, and the building ontology during the heating seasons of 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 (before and after renovation). Based on measured data, a fuzzy membership degree evaluation model was constructed, and the evaluation results were determined using a linear weighted method to form a complete evaluation system. The evaluation system covered 12 evaluation indices, and the evaluation indices with the largest weight in the criterion and index layer were energy consumption (0.308) and economic contribution rate (0.183), respectively. The average linear weighted evaluation scores before and after the renovation of each node were 14.16 and 29.04, respectively.

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CHOROIDAL ALTERATIONS AND EARLY NEURODEGENERATION IN DIABETES WITHOUT DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: Insights From Ultra-Widefield Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Imaging.

To identify associations between choroidal alterations and the reduction of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in diabetes without diabetic retinopathy (nondiabetic retinopathy, NDR). This retrospective cross-sectional study included 143 eyes from 83 patients with NDR and 124 eyes from 82 matched healthy controls. Ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography was used to automatically measure retinal and choroidal thickness (ChT), retinal vascular density, and choroidal vascular metrics. Data were analyzed using Student's t-tests, generalized estimating equations, and generalized linear mixed models. Patients with NDR exhibited significant reductions in perifoveal ChT (e.g., perifoveal inferior region: 253.42 ± 86.59 µm vs. 281.01 ± 80.25 µm, P = 0.026 in GEE test) compared with the controls. The NDR group showed a significant decrease in the choroidal vascular index (P = 0.012 in GEE test), and an increase in the choroidal stromal index (P = 0.012 in GEE test). The average pRNFL thickness significantly decreased in patients with NDR (114.58 ± 11.88 µm vs. 120.25 ± 16.36 µm, P = 0.005 in GEE test). The thickness of the outer nuclear layer and total retina significantly decreased in patients with NDR (P < 0.05). In multivariate models, ChT was significantly correlated with pRNFL thickness (β = 0.041, P = 0.001), even after adjusting by confounding factors (β = 0.056, P = 0.001). In NDR, there were decreases in ChT, choroidal vascular index, pRNFL thickness, and outer nuclear layer thickness. The reduction in ChT was independently associated with the reduction in pRNFL thickness, suggesting that ChT could serve as a predictor of retinal neurodegeneration in NDR.

Edible bird's nest improves the premature ovarian failure induced by tripterygium glycosides.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common disease in the field of gynecological endocrinology that seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. Previous studies found that edible bird's nest (EBN) could improve uterine function. These suggested that EBN might also have an ameliorating effect on POF. Therefore, in this study, tripterygium glycosides (TGs) were used to induce POF in rats, and the effect of EBN on the improvement of POF was investigated. After the administration of EBN for 14 days, ovarian index and uterine index, serum hormone levels, apoptosis rate of ovarian granulosa cells, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) protein expression level, and the histopathological examination of the ovaries were determined. It was found that administration of medium and high EBN dose groups increased the ovarian index and granular layer thickness of rats with POF. Particularly, higher follicle-stimulating hormone levels and lower corpus luteum content were observed in the high EBN dose group. In addition, there were lower luteinizing hormone levels and fewer atretic follicles but higher progesterone levels in the medium EBN dose group. These results indicated that EBN had preventive and curative effects on POF induced by TGs. Its mechanism of action might be related to the reduction of ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, regulation of hormones and receptors, and inhibition of follicle closure.

Sensitivity analysis of typhoon-induced floods in coastal cities using improved ANP-GIS

This study developed an analytical network process (ANP) incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS; abbreviated as ANP-GIS) to assess flood sensitivity in coastal cities. A new consulting process is proposed to improve the ANP analysis by determining range scores of assessment factors. Compared with the original analytical hierarchy process (AHP) combined with GIS (AHP-GIS), the improved ANP-GIS with new consulting process can effectively consider the interrelationships of assessment factors between the index and sub-index layers. To verify the efficiency of ANP-GIS with new consulting process, both AHP-GIS and ANP-GIS were adopted to assess the exposure of sensitivity to typhoon-induced floods in the coastal cities of Guangdong Province. The results were validated by historical typhoon-induced flood records, revealing that most of the typhoon-induced floods were in the region with the assessed higher and highest flood sensitivities. The percentage of the highest flood sensitivity from the improved ANP-GIS with typhoons was twice that of the AHP-GIS. When considering typhoons, the higher and highest flood sensitivity levels increased from 29% to 48%, as indicated in this study. The assessment results from the improved ANP-GIS were closer to the historical records and better than the performance of AHP-GIS.

Country Park Landscape Quality Evaluation and Optimization Strategies Based on the AHP-TOPSIS-POE Model: A Case Study of Four Country Parks in Shanghai

To clarify the differences in the landscape environment quality of urban country parks, we used the analytic hierarchy process method (AHP) and the approaching ideal solution method (TOPSIS) to build a criterion layer from four points of view: ecological environment, visual landscape, service facilities and humanistic landscape. We selected 21 evaluation factors to form an index layer to evaluate the landscape quality of four country parks in Shanghai. The AHPTOPSIS evaluation system was validated using the post occupancy evaluation method (POE) to verify the accuracy and appropriateness of the system. We proposed landscape improvement strategies based on the evaluation results. The results showed that the combined AHP-TOPSIS-POE model can be used to effectively assign weights to evaluation indexes when evaluating the landscape quality of country parks and to avoid the one-sidedness of single-factor decision making and the errors caused by human subjective factors. The AHP-TOPSIS-POE model provides a new framework for evaluating the landscape quality of urban country parks.

Research on Condition Assessment Method of Transformer Based on Cloud Model

The traditional evaluation method of transformer has the problems of strong subjectivity of threshold value and fuzzy correlation of state quantity, which is difficult to accurately evaluate the operation quality of transformer. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of transformer performance evaluation and operation quality based on cloud model. The evaluation index system of power transformer operation quality considering performance is constructed, including target layer, performance layer and index layer. The triangular fuzzy number is used to optimize the set of expert opinions, and the indexes are combined and weighted by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method. After the data is degraded, the membership matrix of transformer operation index is constructed by using the cloud model, and the performance state weighting and membership degree are comprehensively considered to realize the performance evaluation of transformer and the comprehensive evaluation of operation quality based on performance. By using this method to predict 10 transformers in operation for a period of one month, it is possible to accurately identify abnormal situations on site, with a prediction accuracy of 96.28%. Compared with the traditional method of “predicting first and then diagnosing”, it has improved by 14.32%, overcoming the shortcomings of subjectivity, ambiguity, and ignoring the correlation of state variables in traditional evaluation methods. This method provides new ideas and methods for accurate evaluation of transformers.

Corneal stress‒strain index in relation to retinal nerve fibre layer thickness among healthy young adults.

To determine the relationship between corneal stress-strain index (SSI) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness. 1645 healthy university students from a university-based study contributed to the analysis. The RNFL thickness was measured by high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT), axial length (AL) was measured by IOL Master, and corneal biomechanics including SSI, biomechanical corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP), and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured by Corvis ST. Multivariate linear regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between the SSI and RNFL thickness after adjusting for potential covariates. The mean age of the participants was 19.0 0.9 years, and 1132 (68.8%) were women. Lower SSI was significantly associated with thinner RNFL thickness ( =8.601, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.999-14.203, = 0.003) after adjusting for age, CCT, bIOP, and AL. No significant association between SSI and RNFL was found in men, while the association was significant in women in the fully adjusted model. The association was significant in the nonhigh myopic group ( for trend = 0.021) but not in the highly myopic group. Eyes with greater bIOP and lower SSI had significantly thinner RNFL thickness. Eyes with lower SSI had thinner RNFL thickness after adjusting for potential covariates, especially those with higher bIOP. Our findings add novel evidence of the relationship between corneal biomechanics and retinal ganglion cell damage.

MICROZONATION ANALYSIS IN MANNA CITY &amp; PASAR MANNA SUBDISTRICTS UTILIZING MICROTREMOR DATA, SOUTH BENGKULU REGENCY

South Bengkulu is prone to earthquakes because it is located on the Great Sumatran Fault. Apart from that, it is also influenced by the activity of the Musi and Manna segments, so that besides being influenced by the two active tectonic plates it is also influenced by the local segment. This research is located in Manna City and Manna Market, which is mostly inhabited by people and is the capital of South Bengkulu. In connection with infrastructure development, it is necessary to know the condition of the soil layers to minimize the risk of building damage due to earthquakes. This research aims to analyze earthquake-prone areas based on dominant frequency parameters, soil amplification, seismic vulnerability index and sediment layer thickness (h). Research data comes from microtremor measurements at 60 measuring station points in Manna City and Manna Market. The tool used is a Short Period Portable Seismometer Model Gemini 2 SN-1405. This microtremor data is processed using the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. The results of data processing show that the research area has the lowest dominant frequency of 3.95 Hz and the highest of 49.71 Hz. The ground vibration amplification value is classified as small to medium, the lowest is 1.3 and the highest is 5.19. The lowest earthquake vulnerability index was 0.18 cm2/s and the highest was 2.24 cm2/s. The smallest sediment thickness was 3.77 meters and the thickest was 47.48 meters. From the results of the calculation of the seismic vulnerability index in Kota Manna and Pasar Manna Districts, the seismic vulnerability index value is relatively small, in accordance with the amplification factor and the thickness of the sediment layer. Based on this research, although Manna City and Manna Market are often shaken by earthquakes, the earthquake vibrations experience small amplification.

Comprehensive Evaluation and Scheme Optimization for Power Transmission and Transformation Projects with the Adoption of Carbon Reduction Technologies

To investigate the economic impact of carbon reduction technology on power transmission and transformation projects, carbon reduction technologies adapted to power transmission and transformation projects were investigated, and the evaluation indicator system for cost-benefit in power transmission and transformation projects was established based on AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and EWM (Entropy Weight Method). Taking 110 kV and 220 kV transmission and transformation projects in a province located in northwest China as an example, a sensitivity analysis was carried out for the weight of each carbon reduction technology. Additionally, based on the evaluation indicator system, eight alternative carbon reduction schemes were proposed, and the net present value and scheme scores were analyzed with TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The results showed that in the criterion layer of the 110 kV case, the highest proportion of weight is “high-efficiency transformer”, accounting for 34.12%, and in the indicator layer, the highest proportion of weight is “ parasitic losses”, accounting for 12.35%. After conducting error analysis on the 110 kV and 220 kV cases, it was found that the errors were within an acceptable range both in the criterion layer and index layer. Moreover, it is expected to achieve greater economic benefits through lower costs according to Scheme VI, and due to the limitations of carbon reduction technologies and the lack of a relevant policy system, it is difficult to achieve the goal of covering costs with benefits for the eight schemes studied.