Independent Reflections Research Articles

Teoretyczne inspiracje dla praktyki pracy socjalnej. Odniesienia do teorii uczestnictwa Karola Wojtyły

<p>Przedmiotem analizy podjętej w niniejszym artykule jest teoria uczestnictwa opracowana na gruncie dociekań filozoficznych. Jest to w szczególności teoria Karola Wojtyły. Autor ten, wpisując się w personalistyczną perspektywę oglądu rzeczywistości, integruje osobę i czyn jako fundament przedmiotowej teorii. Inspiracje dla praktyki pracy socjalnej wyłaniające się z toku analizy stanowią (w zamierzeniu tego artykułu) impuls do dalszej, samodzielnej refleksji o czynnikach warunkujących procesy uczestnictwa społecznego i współdziałania w przetwarzaniu rzeczywistości życia codziennego osób, rodzin, grup społecznych, społeczności lokalnych i całych społeczeństw. Zastosowane tu narzędzie ontologicznej analizy czynnikowej może być stosowane w podobnych projektach wydawniczych. Wymiernym efektem tego działania może być kreślenie nowych pól zainteresowania łączącego teorię z praktyką, nauki humanistyczne z naukami społecznymi, medycznymi, technicznymi itp. W obszarze pracy socjalnej, która nosi znamiona dyscypliny praktycznej, konieczne jest przekraczanie tradycyjnych granic dzielących poszczególne nauki i dystansujących osiągany na ich gruncie dorobek teoretyczny, badawczy czy metodyczny. Integralność i holizm są bowiem konieczne dla pełniejszego oglądu rzeczywistości, w której podejmowane są działania na rzecz przebudowy warunków życia ludzkiego w teraźniejszości i przyszłości.</p>

Spatially and temporally complete Landsat reflectance time series modelling: The fill-and-fit approach

Statistical time series models are increasingly being used to fit medium resolution time series provided by satellite sensors, such as Landsat, for terrestrial monitoring. Cloud and shadows, combined with low satellite repeat cycles, reduce surface observation availability. In addition, only a single year of data can be used where there is high inter-annual variation, for example, over many croplands. These factors reduce the ability to fit time series models and reduce model fitting accuracy. In solution, we propose a novel fill-and-fit (FF) approach for application to medium resolution satellite time series. In the ‘fill’ step, gaps are filled using a recently published algorithm developed to fill large-area gaps in satellite time series using no other satellite data. In the ‘fit’ step, a linear harmonic model is fitted to the gap-filled time series. The FF approach, and the conventional harmonic model fitting without gap filling, termed the F approach, are demonstrated using seven months of Landsat-7 and -8 surface reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) over agricultural regions in North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, and Kansas. Synthetic model-predicted reflectance for days through the growing season are examined, and assessed quantitatively by comparison with an independent Landsat surface reflectance data set. The six Landsat reflective band root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between the predicted and the independent reflectance, considering millions of pixel observations for each ARD tile, show that the FF approach is more accurate than the F approach. The mean FF RMSD values varied from 0.025 to 0.026 for the four tiles, whereas the mean F RMSD values varied from 0.026 to 0.047. These mean FF RMSD values are <0.03 which is comparable to the uncertainty specification for the Landsat 8 OLI TOA reflectance, but greater than the atmospheric correction uncertainty in any Landsat 8 OLI band. The greatest RMSD values were found over the Minnesota tile and occurred due to a long period of missing data early in the growing season, and the smallest RMSD values were found for the Kansas tile because of the high availability of clear surface observations. The F approach could not be applied where there were insufficient clear surface observations to fit the model, and where the model was applied, the fitting was often sensitive to issues including gaps in the Landsat time series and the presence of undetected cloud- and shadow-contaminated observations. The FF approach could be applied to every ARD tile pixel location and the predicted reflectance was spatially-coherent and natural looking. Examples are shown that illustrate the potential of using FF predicted synthetic reflectance time series for land surface monitoring.

Культурно-просвітницька діяльність лемківської еміграції у висвітленні русинської періодики Другої Речі Посполитої

Formulation of the problem . During the second half of the XIX - first third of the XX century Ukrainians experienced several powerful waves of emigration. At the same time, the emigration flow from the Lemko lands was marked by the greatest intensity due to severe natural economic conditions and the problem of land scarcity. Having faced a new socio-economic and cultural-mental situation, having adapted to completely unusual natural and economic circumstances, the Lemkos did not give up their own national identity. They launched an active cultural and educational work aimed at cultivating a sense of their own national and cultural identity among the settlers. This important and diverse cultural and educational activity of Lemko activists abroad has not become the object of independent scientific reflection, which makes it impossible to create a holistic image of the national service of diaspora Ukrainians. The purpose of the article is to clarify the forms, manifestations and content of the cultural and educational work of the Ruthenian emigration on the basis of the newspapers «Our Lemko» and «Lemko». The main results of the study. Lemko newspapers mainly wrote about numerous American and Canadian communities. The newspapers published independent thematic sections that specifically covered the life of Ruthenians in North America. It is important to note that these columns were edited by the Lemko correspondents in emigration, so that the contributors could recreate a fairly complete picture of the rich cultural and social life of the Lemkos in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Winnipeg, Montreal, Toronto, and others. Along with the articles about the life of Lemkos in the North American countries, quite a few Lemko newspapers wrote about the cultural life of Lemko communities in South American countries, such as Brazil, Peru and Paraguay. The newspapers published columns «To the Lemko Brothers from Uruguay» and «Ukrainians in Argentina» that provide information about the cultural achievements of the Lemkos in these countries. The newspapers published articles about the life of Ruthenians in France, Germany, Britain, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, and Yugoslavia as well. They inform about various cultural and educational events and considerable achievements of Lemko emigration in these countries. Finally, there were a few publications from Manchuria (Green Wedge) that give an idea of the scale of Lemko’s emigration. Conclusions. The study suggests that the cultural and educational movement of Lemko emigrants was extremely active, especially given the modest financial resources of the migrants, who mostly worked in the least prestigious and therefore low-paid jobs. The diversity of Ruthenian cultural life is also striking, it includes various projects such as creation of educational institutions, establishment of museums and Sunday schools, organisation of folklore festivals, publication of periodicals and implementation of translation projects. As a result, this work, mostly conducted in the spirit of unity, became an important and organic component of the cultural life of foreign Ukrainians in the interwar period. This allowed to preserve Lemko cultural diversity and ethnic identity and pass them on to the post-war generation of Ruthenians, who were deprived of the right to live on their native land by totalitarian regimes.

Synthesis, Spectrometric Characterization (ESI-MS, NMR, IRTF), X-Ray Study and Quantum Chemical Calculations of 2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl Benzoate

The paper presents a combined experimental and computational study of 7-substituted coumarin derivative, the 2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl benzoate (I). The compound was prepared in the laboratory by linking the coumarin system (7-hydroxycoumarin) to benzoyl chloride and crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2 1 with = 3.86010(10), = 27.7876(9), = 5.7453(2) A, = = 90, =91.063(3)° and = 2. The compound has been characterized structurally by spectroscopy and by single-crystal X-Ray diffraction. In the latter, the structure of (I) was solved by direct methods and refined to a final R value of 0.038 for 2260 independent reflections. Its structure is stabilized by intramolecular C-H•••O and intermolecular C-H•••O hydrogen bonds that extended as infinite 1D chain along [001]. Stabilization is also ensured by oxygen-π stacking interaction between the aromatic ring and oxygen of the benzoate moiety. The analysis of intermolecular interactions through the mapping of d norm and shape-index revel that the most significant contributions to the Hirshfeld surface 36.2 and 27.9% are from H•••H and O•••H contacts, respectively. Besides, the molecular geometry of (I) was also optimized using density functional theory (DFT/RB3LYP), the basic ab initio model i.e the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) methods with the 6-311 ++ G(d, p) basis set in ground state and frequency calculations with RB3LYP method using 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The theoretical data resulting from these quantum chemical calculations are generally in good agreement with the observed structure. The only significant observed difference is in the torsion angles between the coumarin ring system and the benzoate ring, where the observed CO -CC value (59.6 (4)°) is slightly lower than the DFT/RB3LYP calculated value (54.32°) and the frequency calculations (41.23°) value and larger than that of the RHF computed value (110.63°). The non-linear optical effects (NLO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), and the Mulliken charge distribution were also investigated theoretically. The theoretical HOMO-LUMO energy gap values originating from these calculations are 4.465 eV (DFT/RB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) and 4.434 eV (FREQ/ RB3LYP/6-31G(d,p)).

Na-доминантный в M2-позиции аналог эвдиалита: кристаллическая структура и индикаторное значение

Minerals of the eudialyte group from ultra-agpaitic associations are often characterized by high contents (up to the dominance) of sodium at the M2 site, which is populated with iron in eudialyte. The features of blocky isomorphism with the replacement of IVFe2+ by IVNa and VNa at the M2 micro-region are discussed. Using the methods of electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy, a potentially new mineral, M2Na-dominant analogue of eudialyte from the Ilimaussaq alkaline massif (Greenland), was investigated. Its crystal structure was refined to R = 5.6 % in the anisotropic approximation of atomic displacements using 1095 independent reflections with F &gt; 3(F). The unit-cell parameters are: a = 14.208(1), c = 30.438(1) Å, V = 5321(1) Å3; the space group is R-3m. The idealized formula of the mineral is (Z = 3): (Na,H3O)15Ca6Zr3[Na2Fe][Si26O72](OH)2Cl∙2H2O.

Formalization of Methods in Criminalistics

Scientific works on formalization of methods in criminalistics have been analyzed in the article. Despite the importance and relevance of these issues, it has been established that there is a number of unresolved issues in the theory of forensic science, as well as in investigative and judicial practice regarding the possibilities of formalizing methods and their implementation, which require separate independent research and in-depth reflection. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to clarify the methods used to detect and investigate crimes and the possibilities of their formalization in criminalistics.&#x0D; Formalization methods in criminalistics have been considered. It has been found out that the most successful is their division into formalization of theoretical methods and formalization of practical methods. Methods of theoretical level have been researched. It has been emphasized that the use of mathematical methods contributes to the development of the most accurate practical recommendations, which allow to approach many issues of the theory and practice of forensic science from new positions.&#x0D; The author has considered the modeling method and has argued that it creates the preconditions for the use of formalization, since acting as prototypes, plans, hypothetical constructions of all kinds, this process is presented to investigators as a complex of interrelated transformations in the form of description. The development and use of forensic material models in the management of an investigative situation allows investigators to use, by analogy, forensic algorithms and investigative programs. Thus, the formalization is carried out in the form of the transition of content into a sign system. It is designed to address the tasks faced by investigators and directly related to the investigative situation existing at the time of the investigation.&#x0D; It has been found out that the formalization of forensic knowledge methods allows the use of such knowledge in the process of solving problems and making decisions by means of signs and symbols, which may increase the capacity of investigators to solve problems at all stages of crime investigation in different conditions of uncertainty.

Bicapite, KNa2Mg2(H2PV145+O42)·25H2O, a new polyoxometalate mineral with a bicapped Keggin anion from the Pickett Corral mine, Montrose County, Colorado, U.S.A.

Abstract Bicapite, KNa2Mg2(H2PV145+O42)·25H2O, is a new mineral species (IMA2018-048) discovered at the Pickett Corral mine, Montrose County, Colorado, U.S.A. Bicapite occurs as square tablets up to about 0.2 mm on edge on montroseite-corvusite-bearing sandstone. Crystals are dark red-brown, often appearing black. The streak is orange, and the luster is vitreous. Bicapite is brittle, has a Mohs hardness of 1½, and displays one excellent cleavage on {100}. The measured density is 2.44(2) g/cm3. Bicapite is uniaxial (+), ω = 1.785(5), ε ≈ 1.81 (white light); pleochroism is red-brown; E &amp;gt; O, slight. The electron probe microanalysis and results of the crystal structure determination provided the empirical formula (based on 67 O apfu) (K1.23Na2.23Mg1.48)Σ4.94[H2.51P1.02(V13.915+Mo0.076+)Σ13.98O42]·25H2O. Bicapite is tetragonal, I4/m, with a = 11.5446(12) Å, c = 20.5460(14) Å, V = 2738.3(6) Å3, and Z = 2. The strongest four lines in the diffraction pattern are [d in Å (I) (hkl)]: 10.14 (100) (002,101); 2.978 (29) (134,206); 2.809 (11) (305); and 2.583 (11) (420,008). The atomic arrangement of bicapite was solved and refined to R1 = 0.0465 for 1008 independent reflections with I &amp;gt; 2σI. The structural unit is a [H2PV125+O40(V5+O)2]7– heteropolyanion composed of 12 distorted VO6 octahedra surrounding a central PO4 tetrahedron and capped on opposite sides by two VO5 square pyramids; the structural unit is a modification of the α-isomer of the Keggin anion, [XM12O40]n–. Charge balance in the structure is maintained by the [KNa2Mg2(H2O)25]7+ interstitial complex. The name bicapite is in recognition of this being the only known mineral with a structure based on a bicapped Keggin anion. The discovery of bicapite and numerous other natural polyoxometalate compounds in the Colorado Plateau uranium/vanadium deposits make that the most productive region found to date for naturally occurring polyoxometalate compounds.

Cocrystal Structure of the Redox-active Phenylenediamine and Quinonediimine Derivatives

The cocrystal structure of diethyl 2,5-bis{[4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]amino}terephthalate (PDA) and diethyl (3E,6E)-3,6-bis{[4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]amino}cyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate (QDI) was determined by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in a triclinic system and was characterized thus: P-1, a = 8.6778(3)Å, b = 13.0702(4)Å, c = 13.5152(4)Å, α = 79.1570(15)°, β = 71.8459(15)°, γ = 72.5962(16)°, Z = 1, V = 1382.28(7)Å3. The R1 [I > 2σ(I)] and wR2 (all data) values are 0.078 and 0.190, respectively, for all 4179 independent reflections. In the crystal, a polymeric alternating arrangement of PDA and QDI exists through a network of π-π interactions, wherein both components adopt an anti-conformation of the π-conjugated backbones.

Crystal structure of a new polymorphic modification of Na2Mn3(SO4)4

Abstract The new polymorph of Na2Mn3(SO4)4 was prepared via solid state reaction route in a powder form and its crystals were grown by self-flux method. The crystal structure was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. This polymorph crystallizes with an orthorhombic symmetry, space group Pbca, with a = 9.8313(4), b = 8.7467(3), c = 29.6004(11) Å, V = 2545.38(17) Å3, Z = 8. Its structure refinement yielded the residual factors R(F) = 0.025 and wR(F 2) = 0.065 for 227 parameters and 2605 independent reflections at 2σ(I) level. The use of group-subgroup schemes in the Bärnighausen formalism enabled an accurate comparison of the Pbca- and Cmc 21-polymorphs of Na2Mn3(SO4)4. Both polymorphs contain similar [Mn3(SO4)4]2− building blocks formed of Mn2O11 dimer units and MnO5 trigonal pyramids that are interconnected by sharing corners with the SO4 tetrahedra. However, the stacking of these building blocks along the longest axes of the Pbca- and Cmc 21-structures is different. This induces differences in the coordination of the sodium atoms and in the orientation of the SO4 tetrahedra.

ПЛАТОНІВСЬКА РЕФЛЕКСІЯ ФІЛОСОФІЇ

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of understanding the Platonic technology of the development of thinking and pseudoeias through the prism of teaching to students-philosophers and theologians. It is determined that the modern use of modus and technique of thinking, which are inherent in the Academy&amp;apos; s paiadios and the dialogues of Plato, have priority not only to the basics of philosophy, but more to development and the training of their own abilities of independent reflection. The dialogue is construed as an opinion that leads to the truth. The plate approaches to the analysis of the phenomenal world, where the approach from the top to the bottom means that for. The explicit understanding of traced phenomena can never be found in terms, but should be discovered in their unidentified, intellectual principles. It has been shown that even a very concise analysis of the basic principles of Platonism shows in it not only the ontological and ultimatum of the divine primordial but also the need for human beings to be likened to God and His knowledge. In the concept of paydey, the key attributes of thinking, understood as a practical characteristic of human existence, are concentrated. Paydey at Plato is at the same time a leak, and a way, and for the purpose of realizing the thought inexhaustible in its potential, dominant over the real order of things. It is noted that the universe is a system unity. This thesis is the most profound legacy of Platonism, and, due to this unity, systematic knowledge of the world is possible. Consequently, the idea of education, which acts as a regulative principle of all Platonic philosophy, occupies an absolutely special place in the teachings of this ancient Greek philosopher. Plato, like his teacher, was a teacher-manager, and although his knowledge of the Academy was very little known, the texts of the Plato&amp;apos; s Corps were used in the educational process and, accordingly, can be used in this capacity in our time as instruments designed to achieve educational goals . To date, Platonism has preserved the real achievements of ancient philosophy and provided contemporary foundation for the further development of most modern sciences.

Dialogic supervision: Investigating supervision practices of English pre-service teachers in a professional training program (PLP)

This paper serves as a preliminary study of the dialogic supervision as a breakthrough to improve the performance of pre-service English teachers in a Program Latihan Profesi/Professional Training Program (PLP). In detail, this research is aimed at: (1) investigating the pattern of ongoing PLP supervising, (2) identifying if there is an indication of dialogical supervision and (3) identifying the difficulties the pre-service teachers faced during their supervision. The Research and Development was designed for three years. The subjects of this research are pre-service teachers, supervisory teacher and supervisory lecturer. The data were collected through three instruments, such as observation, interview with pre-service teachers, interview with both supervisory teachers and lecturers, and questionnaires distributed to the pre-service teachers. The first-year findings show that the current supervision pattern tends to be conventional as seen from several aspects: face-to-face technique, formal situation, instructional language, supervisory lecturer and the teacher still dominate in the supervision discussion, non-problem based supervision topic, and the low frequency of meetings. On the other hand, some points are identified within the pattern of dialogical supervision, i.e., collegial language, independent reflection, friendly, flexibility of time and place. Besides, there are some problems faced by the supervisory lecturers and teachers, among other time limitation, less contextual supervision material, poor coordination, ineffective feedback. Therefore, the solutions include supervision planning coordinated by all three parties and made into a schedule, optimum use of social media, supervision material selection is based on the needs of the pre-service teachers.

Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, Thermal study and Conduction mechanism of [(C4H9)4P]3Bi2Cl9 compound

A novel tris (tetrabutylphosphonium) nonachlorodibismuthate (III) compound has been synthesized and characterized by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, calorimetric, IR spectroscopy and electrical measurements. X‐ray diffraction analysis at room temperature reveals that the title compound belongs to the monoclinic system with P21/c space group. The unit cell dimensions are: a = 19.201(6) Å, b = 16.743 (5) Å, c = 22.396 (8) Å, β = 98.96 (2)° and Z = 4. The crystal structure was solved down to R equal to 0.035 for 5597 independent reflections. The crystal package is provided by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds (C‐H….Cl). Intermolecular interactions present in the grown single crystal were analyzed by Hirshfeld surface and 2‐dimensional fingerprint plot. The differential scanning calorimetry reveals one order–disorder phase transition at 400 ± 5 K.The electrical conductivity were carried out in the frequency range 200 Hz–1 MHz at various temperatures 343–413 K using impedance spectroscopy technique. The obtained results were analyzed by fitting the experimental data to an equivalent circuit model. The temperature dependence of alternating and direct current conductivities confirms the observed phase transition in the calorimetric study; they were described in terms of Arrhenius relation. AC conductivity measurements reveal that the conduction depends on both frequency and temperature, this agrees well with Correlated Barrier Hopping model in phase I and II.

On the crystal structure of the ordered vacancy compound Cu3In5Te9

The crystal structure of the ordered vacancy compound (OVC) Cu3In5Te9 was analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction data. Several structural models were derived from the structure of the Cu-poor Cu-In-Se compound b-Cu0.39In1.2Se2 by permuting the cations in the available site positions. The refinement of the best model by the Rietveld method in the tetragonal space group P2c (Nº 112), with unit cell parameters a = 6.1852(2) Å, c = 12.3633(9) Å, V = 472.98(4) Å3, led to Rp = 7.1 %, Rwp = 8.5 %, Rexp = 6.4 %, S = 1.3 for 162 independent reflections. This model has the following Wyckoff site atomic distribution: Cu1 in 2e (0,0,0); In1 in 2f (½,½,0), In2 in 2d (0,½,¼); Cu2-In3 in 2b (½,0,¼); in 2a (0,0,¼); Te in 8n (x,y,z).

The new mineral fluorbarytolamprophyllite, (Ba,Sr,K)2[(Na,Fe2+)3TiF2][Ti2(Si2O7)2O2] and chemical evolution of lamprophyllite-group minerals in agpaitic syenites of the Kola Peninsula

Unusual agpaitic syenites containing up to 25 vol.% lamprophyllite-group minerals (lamprophyllite, fluorlamprophyllite, barytolamprophyllite, and the new mineral species fluorbarytolamprophyllite, IMA 2016–089) have been discovered in the Niva intrusion and Mokhnatye Roga alkaline dyke belonging to the Kola Alkaline Province, northwestern Russia. The other main components of the rocks are potassium feldspar, Ti-rich aegirine-augite, aenigmatite, alkaline amphiboles, astrophyllite, natrolite, and ferripyrophyllite. Three generations of lamprophyllite-group minerals can be distinguished based on their morphological features. The new mineral fluorbarytolamprophyllite is the F-dominant analogue of barytolamprophyllite and the Ba-dominant analogue of fluorlamprophyllite. It represents the early generation of lamprophyllite-group minerals (LGM) and forms brown prismatic crystals, their radial aggregates and marginal zones of fluorlamprophyllite crystals. The lustre of the new mineral is vitreous to pearly. Mohs hardness is 2.5. Dcalc is 3.662 g/cm3. The mineral is optically biaxial (+), α = 1.738(3), β = 1.745(4), γ = 1.777(4) (589 nm), 2 V (meas.) = 55(5)°, 2 V (calc.) = 51°. The chemical composition (electron microprobe, water determined by TGA, wt.%) is: Na2O 10.01, K2O 2.65, MgO 0.43, CaO 0.64, SrO 5.59, BaO 16.23, MnO 0.50, FeO 4.44, Al2O3 0.08, TiO2 27.31, ZrO2 0.22, Nb2O5 0.91, Ta2O5 0.15, SiO2 29.35, F 2.41, H2O 0.26, total 101.18. The empirical formula based on 18 anions is (Ba0.865Sr0.44K0.46Na0.26)Σ2.025(Na2.38Ca0.09Fe0.47Mn0.06)Σ3.00(Ti2.79Mg0.09Fe0.035Nb0.06Zr0.015Ta0.01)Σ3.00(Si3.99Al0.01)Σ4.00 O16[F1.04O0.72(OH)0.24]Σ2.00. The IR spectrum is given. The strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [d, A (I,%) (hkl)]: 9.692 (40) (200), 3.726 (59) (−311), 3.414 (67) (311), 3.230 (96) (300), 3.013 (53) (−5–11), 2.780 (100) (221), 2.662 (52) (002). The crystal structure has been solved and refined to R1 = 5.07 based on 2897 independent reflections with I > 2σ(I). Fluorbarytolamprophyllite is monoclinic, space group C2/m. The unit-cell parameters refined from the powder data are: a = 19.520(5), b = 7.0995(17), c = 5.3896(20) A, β = 96.657(23)°; V = 741.86(24) A3, Z = 2. At Niva and Mokhnatye Roga, most of the LGM were formed during magmatic stage of syenite crystallization from alkaline melt enriched in Na, K, Ba, Fe, Ti and F. Compositional variation of the examined LGM and their textural relations show changes in the Sr/Ba ratio in the parental melt and increasing activity of F and Ba in derivatives fluids as the main factors driving this variation.

Redefinition and crystal chemistry of samarskite-(Y), YFe3+Nb2O8: cation-ordered niobate structurally related to layered double tungstates

Samarskite-(Y), the mineral known for almost 180 years only in metamict (X-ray amorphous) state, was found as non-metamict crystals in sanidinites of the Laach Lake (Laacher See), Eifel volcanic region, Germany. The crystal structure has been solved for the first time and refined to R1 = 1.1% based on 838 observed [I > 2σ(I)] independent reflections. Samarskite-(Y) is monoclinic, P2/c, a 9.8020(8), b 5.6248(3), c 5.2073(4) A, β 93.406(4)°, V 286.59(4) A3, Z = 2. The empirical formula (calculated on 8 O apfu) is $$\left[ {\left( {{\text{Y}}_{0. 2 5} Ln_{0. 1 8} } \right)_{\varSigma 0. 4 3} {\text{Th}}_{0. 3 7} {\text{U}}_{0. 1 3}^{ 4+ } {\text{Ca}}_{0.0 3} } \right]_{\varSigma 0. 9 6} \left( {{\text{Fe}}_{0. 7 3}^{ 3+ } {\text{Mn}}_{0. 1 8}^{ 2+ } } \right)_{\varSigma 0. 9 1} \left( {{\text{Nb}}_{ 1. 8 5} {\text{Ti}}_{0.0 6} {\text{Zr}}_{0.0 6} {\text{Ta}}_{0.0 3} {\text{W}}_{0.0 2} } \right)_{\varSigma 2.0 2} {\text{O}}_{ 8}$$ . Samarskite-(Y) from the type locality, the Blyumovskaya Pit, Ilmeny Mountains, South Urals, Russia, was studied for comparison; electron microprobe data showed the same species-defining constituents and stoichiometry: $$\left[ {\left( {{\text{Y}}_{0. 3 4} Ln_{0. 20} } \right)_{\varSigma 0. 5 4} {\text{U}}_{0. 4 2}^{ 4+ } {\text{Th}}_{0.0 3} } \right]_{\varSigma 0. 9 9} \left( {{\text{Fe}}_{0. 8 6}^{ 3+ } {\text{Mn}}_{0.0 8}^{ 2+ } } \right)_{\varSigma 0. 9 4} \left( {{\text{Nb}}_{ 1. 1 4} {\text{Ta}}_{0. 70} {\text{Ti}}_{0. 1 5} } \right)_{\varSigma 1. 9 9} {\text{O}}_{ 8}$$ . Samarskite-(Y) is the first example of cation-ordered niobate structurally related to layered double tungstates AMW2O8, the compounds used as luminophors and active media in solid-state lasers. The pseudo-layered framework of the mineral can be derived from that of wolframite via substitution of W for Nb, whereas each second [FeO6] layer is replaced by [YO8] one. The resulting sequence of layers can be expressed as -[AO8]-[BO6]-[MO6]-[BO6]- leading to the formula AMB2O8 in which A = Y, Ln, Th, U4+, Ca; M = Fe3+, Mn2+; and B = Nb, Ta, Ti. The end-member formula of samarskte-(Y) is YFe3+Nb2O8 (approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, International Mineralogical Association, memorandum 90-FH/18).

Synthesis and physic-chemical properties of a novel chromate compound with potential biological applications, bis(2-phenylethylammonium) chromate(VI)

The structure of bis(2-phenylethylammonium) chromate (VI) (2phCr) was determined from X-ray diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system (space group C2/c) with the lattice parameters: a = 38.136 (2) Å, b = 11.2334 (6) Å, c = 8.1643 (4) Å; β = 98.480 (2) V = 3459.3 (3) Å3 and Z = 8. The structure was solved from 3358 independent reflections with R = 0.034 and Rw = 0.1089. The structure consists of discrete anions (CrO42−) stacked in layers parallel to (b, c) plane at x = 1/4 and 3/4. These anions are connected to the 2-phenylethylammonium cations through NH⋯O and CH⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional arrangement. Crystal structure and spectroscopic studies are reported for the 2phCr. In addition, Hirshfeld surfaces and two-dimensional fingerprint plots estimate the intermolecular interactions accountable for the generation of crystal packing. Furthermore, the title compound was screened for antibacterial activities against five pathogenic strains namely: Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Staphylococus aureus ATCC 6538, Enterococcus feacium ATCC 19434 and Streptocoque B (Sreptococcus agalactiae) and antifungal activities against a clinical strain called Candida albicans ATCC 10231, corroborating significant activity. In silico investigation of bioactivity of 2phCr was performed via molecular docking analysis with four types of secreted aspartic proteinases (SAP, SAP1, SAP3, and SAP5) from Candida albicans to explore the antifungal properties in comparison to behavior of known antifungals used to treat Candida albicans, and with three types of β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase enzymes (KAS I (FabB), KAS II (FabF) and KAS III (FabH)) from Escherichia coli in comparison with that of aminothiazole, thilactomycin, and cerulerin antimicrobials. In addition, the complete assignments for 2phCr are reported considering monodentate coordination for the chromate group.

Portfolios and practices for lifelong learning in ultrasound education

Introduction The focus of most ultrasound programs is to produce clinically competent sonographers who attain the requisite psychomotor skills, recognition of sonographic anatomy and pathology, and clinical reasoning for accurate diagnosis. University education directed towards these ends however, can leave the ‘learning to learn’ skills, and longer-term learning, under-appreciated. Education should provide students with opportunities to ‘sustain effective learning now and in the future’. One strategy used extensively in health and medical education to equip students with lifelong learning skills is Portfolio assessment. Portfolios have long been suggested as a logical bridge between university study and continuing professional education. Methods Thirty-three sonography students at a metropolitan Australian university volunteered over three consecutive years, to participate in educational design research targeting a Portfolio tool. The tool was re-designed to foster longer-term learning by adding specific learning skills to existing professional competencies. Five interventions were included: independent learning, judgement, reflection, self-assessment and self-demonstration of competence. Data was gathered from focus groups, individual in-depth interviews and thematic analysis of participant portfolios. An iterative approach to participant feedback was employed, such that improvements were implemented as each data collection was analysed. Data was also gathered from four sonographers in repeat interviews after one year of qualified practice. Results The major themes identified from the learning skills added to the Portfolio were the benefits of continuous engagement, gains in confidence from demonstrating success, and the value of portfolios as an evidential base of achievement. The evidence base took various forms including interesting case collections or film libraries, used as both aide-memoires for ultrasound appearances of pathology and for teaching peers. Academics came to understand the criticality of portfolio induction, the necessity of scaffolding support for each of the learning skills, and strategies to make the assessment sustainable. Additionally, important workplace ‘doings’ were identified from the data, which adhered to the notion of a learning ‘practice’, suggesting valuable learning takes place in everyday working social interactions, which could receive greater recognition in student assessment tasks. Conclusion This research clearly identified that Portfolio assessment which encouraged skills of longer term learning proved valuable to both students and faculty. The Portfolio increased participants’ confidence, clinical judgement and independent learning, extending into qualified practice. Academics gained useful insights into scaffolding, Portfolio learning and practice theory. Importantly, this research showed that the design and development of portfolios benefit from iterative approaches using participant feedback for ongoing improvement.

Белогубит — новый минерал группы халькантита из Гайского месторождения, Южный Урал, Россия

Belogubite, ideally CuZn(SO 4 ) 2 ·10H 2 O, has been found in the supergene zone uncovered by the open pit at the Gayskoe massive sulfide Zn-Cu deposit (Orenburgskaya region, the South Urals, Russia). It is associated with dietrichite and may contain relics of quartz. Belogubite forms aggregates of blue grains up to 1 mm in size. The mineral is transparent with vitreous luster and white streak. Its color varies from pale equant to light blue. Cleavage and parting were not observed. The new mineral is brittle and has Mohsʼ hardness ca . 2½. Its density measured by floatation in bromoform+ethanol is 2.27(2) g/cm –3 , its calculated density is 2.249 g/cm –3 . Belogubite is biaxial (–), α = 1.512(2), β = 1.525(2), γ = 1.531(2); 2 V (meas.) = 70(10)°, 2 V (calc.) = 67.9°. Dispersion is noticeable, r < v . The mineral is nonpleochroic. Chemical composition of the holotype sample is (wt %, electron microprobe data, H 2 O determined by thermogravimetry): MgO 1.12, MnO 0.10, FeO 3.15, CuO 8.98, ZnO 18.02, SO 3 32.49, H 2 O 36.75, total 100.61. Its empirical formula calculated on the basis of 18 O apfu is: (Cu 0.55 Zn0 .45 ) Σ1.00 (Zn 0.64 Fe 0.22 Mg 0.14 Mn 0.01 ) Σ1.01 S 1.99 O 7.98 ·10.02H 2 O. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined on the basis of 1797 independent reflections to R = 0.016. Belogubite is triclinic, P 1 . Unit cell parameters are: a = 6.2548(1), b = 10.6112(2), c = 6.0439(1) A, α = 82.587(1), β = 109.625(1), γ = 104.848(1)°, V = 364.81(1) A 3 , Z = 1. The strongest reflections of the powder XRD pattern are [ d obs , A ( I ) ( hkl )]: 5.73 (35) (100), 5.576 (47) (–110), 4.873 (100) (–111), 3.907 (31) (021), 3.719 (45) (0 –21), 3.229 (27) (111), 2.915 (25) (–221), 2.684 (26) (130). Belogubite is a new, CuZn-ordered member of the chalcanthite group having M 1 cationic site preferentially occupied by Cu whereas M 2 site is dominated by Zn with subordinate substitution of Fe 2+ and Mg. The mineral is named in honor of Elena Vitalievna Belogub (born 1963), major researcher of the Institute of Mineralogy of the Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, a well-known expert in the mineralogy of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide copper deposits of South Urals.

Principle and experimental study of self-stability of reflector based on two magneto-optical crystals and two mirrors under effect of temperature and radiation

Acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) is an important subsystem of satellite-based optical communication system. It controls the direction of the beam passing through the mirror, and then completes the alignment and stabilization of intersatellite/satellite-ground light path. As is well known, the ordinary mirror changes the polarization of photons, so the ATP mirrors must be specially processed in quantum communication system and coherent optical communication system. For example, in order to counteract the change of photon polarization caused by the mirror, it is usually necessary to coat the mirror. However, this membrane structure must be tested by the radiation and temperature change from the space environment. A polarization-independent reflector based on two magneto-optical crystals and two mirrors is proposed. This structure does not need any special treatment (such as coating) for the reflector. It can realize polarization-independent reflection at any angle only through the reasonable configuration of the ordinary reflector and 90° rotatory crystal. In addition, it is found that the structure has self-stability, that is, when the polarization characteristics of optical devices change due to environmental change, the overall polarization reflection characteristics of the reflective structure remain unchanged. The polarization equation of reflected light of reflector based on two magneto-optical crystal and two mirrors is derived. The polarization of reflected light under environmental influence is simulated, and the polarization independent reflection self-stability of double-rotating double-reflection structure is found. The polarization-independent self-stabilization of this structure is verified by temperature and radiation experiment. The experimental results show that the average polarization retention of the reflecting light of the reflector based on two magneto-optical crystal and two mirrors can reach 99.77% when the temperature varies from －45 ℃ to 85 ℃. The mirrors and the magneto-optical crystals are irradiated by cobalt 60 with a total dose of 400 Gy, and the average polarization retention of the reflective structure is also 99.35%. The experimental results show that the polarization-independent reflectance can be kept stable for a long time in the space environment where radiation and temperature change dramatically. Relying on this self-stability, the reflector based on two magneto-optical crystals and two mirrors can maintain high polarization-independent reflection capability for a long time in a space environment. This makes it a new option for polarization-preserving reflective components in satellite-based optical communication systems.

Synthesis, Spectrometric Characterization, X-Ray Crystallography and Quantum Chemical Calculations of 2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl Propionate

The title compound, (I), has been solved by direct methods and refined to a final R value of 0.038 for 1835 independent reflections. In the structure, the planar [r.m.s deviation = 0.014 Å] chromen-2-one ring and the 7-propionate side chain are inclined to one another at an acute angle of 65.34(9)°. The molecules form R₄⁴ (30) tetrameric units via C—H···O interactions which extend into layers approximately parallel to the <i>ab</i> plane. Furthermore, the crystal structure is supported by π–π stacking interactions between neighbouring benzene and pyrone or coumarin rings [centroid–centroid distances in the range 3.6097(8)–3.6475(9)Å], as well as C–H···π interactions [H···centroid distances in the range 2.95–3.00Å]. The molecular geometry of (I) was also optimized using density functional theory (DFT/RB3LYP), RMP2 and RHF methods with the 6-311⁺⁺G(<i>d</i>, <i>p</i>) basis set in ground state. The theoretical data resulting from these quantum chemical calculations are in good agreement with the observed structure, although the observed C—O—C—C torsion angle between the coumarin ring system and the 7-propionate side chain (121.49 (16)°) is somewhat lower than the DFT/RB3LYP calculated value (132.32°) and larger than the RMP2 (114.65°) and the RHF (69.19°) values. Hirshfeld surface analysis has been used to confirm and quantify the supramolecular interactions.