Independent Processing Research Articles

Design, Development and Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Ocular Delivery of an Antifungal Agent

Oral and intravenous dosing of the second-generation antifungal drug voriconazole (VCZ), with its wide range of antifungal action, is commercially accessible. Visual and hepatic problems might occur when VCZ is used in large doses. Voriconazole SLNs were prepared in this study with the goal of increasing corneal penetration and drug release. The thin fi lm hydration approach was used to make VCZ SLNs. The central composite experimental design was used to maximize the impacts of independent processing factors on vesicle size (R1), drug entrapment effi ciency (%EE) and zeta potential (ZP; R3) responses on lipid concentration (X1), surfactant concentration (X2), and sonication duration (X3). An evaluation of the drug release profi le, corneal penetration, antifungal susceptibility, and cytotoxicity of the improved formula was conducted. The improved recipe achieved the best results with a ZP of -39.6 ± 0.28 mV, an average particle size of 156 ± 3.84 nm, and an EE% of 89.2 ± 2.01. When compared to the unformulated drug solution, the VCZ-SLNs had a prolonged 10 hours drug release profi le with improved corneal penetration, with Papp and Jss measuring 14.35×10-2 cm h-1 and 4.61 mol h-1, respectively, instead of 7.28×10-2 cm h-1 and 2.48 mol h-1. Non-irritating VCZ-SLNs were determined to be corneal tissue, according to the study. Improved corneal penetration and higher antifungal activity without harmful eff ects on ocular tissues were achieved by VCZ-SLNs

Neural oscillatory characteristics of feedback-associated activity in globus pallidus interna

Neural oscillatory activities in basal ganglia have prominent roles in cognitive processes. However, the characteristics of oscillatory activities during cognitive tasks have not been extensively explored in human Globus Pallidus internus (GPi). This study aimed to compare oscillatory characteristics of GPi between dystonia and Parkinson's Disease (PD). A dystonia and a PD patient performed the Intra-Extra-Dimension shift (IED) task during both on and off-medication states. During the IED task, patients had to correctly choose between two visual stimuli containing shapes or lines based on a hidden rule via trial and error. Immediate auditory and visual feedback was provided upon the choice to inform participants if they chose correctly. Bilateral GPi Local Field Potentials (LFP) activity was recorded via externalized DBS leads. Transient high gamma activity (~ 100–150 Hz) was observed immediately after feedback in the dystonia patient. Moreover, these bursts were phase synchronous between left and right GPi with an antiphase clustering of phase differences. In contrast, no synchronous high gamma activity was detected in the PD patient with or without dopamine administration. The off-med PD patient also displayed enhanced low frequency clusters, which were ameliorated by medication. The current study provides a rare report of antiphase homotopic synchrony in human GPi, potentially related to incorporating and processing feedback information. The absence of these activities in off and on-med PD patient indicates the potential presence of impaired medication independent feedback processing circuits. Together, these findings suggest a potential role for GPi’s synchronized activity in shaping feedback processing mechanisms required in cognitive tasks.

IMPROVER: The New Probabilistic Postprocessing System at the Met Office

Abstract The Met Office in the United Kingdom has developed a completely new probabilistic postprocessing system called IMPROVER to operate on outputs from its operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecasts and precipitation nowcasts. The aim is to improve weather forecast information to the public and other stakeholders while better exploiting the current and future generations of underpinning kilometer-scale NWP ensembles. We wish to provide seamless forecasts from nowcasting to medium range, provide consistency between gridded and site-specific forecasts, and be able to verify every stage of the processing. The software is written in a modern modular framework that is easy to maintain, develop, and share. IMPROVER allows forecast information to be provided with greater spatial and temporal detail and a faster update frequency than previous postprocessing. Independent probabilistic processing chains are constructed for each meteorological variable consisting of a series of processing stages that operate on predefined grids and blend outputs from several NWP inputs to give a frequently updated, probabilistic forecast solution. Probabilistic information is produced as standard, with the option of extracting a most likely or yes–no outcome if required. Verification can be performed at all stages, although it is only currently switched on for the most significant stages when run in real time. IMPROVER has been producing real-time output since March 2021 and became operational in spring 2022.

Synthesis of the Structure of a Computer System Functioning in Residual Classes

An important task of designing complex computer systems is to ensure high reliability. Many authors investigate this problem and solve it in various ways. Most known methods are based on the use of natural or artificially introduced redundancy. This redundancy can be used passively and/or actively with (or without) restructuring of the computer system. This article explores new technologies for improving fault tolerance through the use of natural and artificially introduced redundancy of the applied number system. We consider a non-positional number system in residual classes and use the following properties: independence, equality, and small capacity of residues that define a non-positional code structure. This allows you to: parallelize arithmetic calculations at the level of decomposition of the remainders of numbers; implement spatial spacing of data elements with the possibility of their subsequent asynchronous independent processing; perform tabular execution of arithmetic operations of the base set and polynomial functions with single-cycle sampling of the result of a modular operation. Using specific examples, we present the calculation and comparative analysis of the reliability of computer systems. The conducted studies have shown that the use of non-positional code structures in the system of residual classes provides high reliability. In addition, with an increase in the bit grid of computing devices, the efficiency of using the system of residual classes increases. Our studies show that in order to increase reliability, it is advisable to reserve small nodes and blocks of a complex system, since the failure rate of individual elements is always less than the failure rate of the entire computer system.

Bridging astronomical, astrometric and geodetic scheduling for VGOS

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experiments are organized within the geodetic, astrometric and astronomical communities for different applications, requiring different observation strategies adopted in scheduling. Currently, the next-generation geodetic and astrometric VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) is being established. Over the last years, evidence was presented that the delays introduced by the angular structure of the geodetic radio sources contribute significantly to the VGOS observable error budget. Consequently, correcting these structure delays through imaging will play an important part in the future, requiring a different scheduling approach. Within this work, a new source-centric VLBI scheduling approach is presented for improved imaging capabilities of geodetic observations. The algorithm is tested for a seven- and nine-station network and compared with classical geodetic schedules. Monte Carlo simulations are utilized to determine the expected geodetic and astrometric parameter precision, and two independent processing pipelines are used to assess the potential for astronomical source imaging. Based on the simulation results, it is revealed that with the new scheduling approach twice as many sources can be properly imaged. Furthermore, the precision of the Earth orientation parameter estimates is improved on average by {15}{%}, while the source position coordinate estimates are on average improved by {50}{%}. Tests with two VGOS networks of twelve and 29 antennas further reveal that the scheduling approach is also applicable to future VGOS networks.

Multielectrode recordings of cockroach antennal lobe neurons in response to temporal dynamics of odor concentrations

The initial representation of the instantaneous temporal information about food odor concentration in the primary olfactory center, the antennal lobe, was examined by simultaneously recording the activity of antagonistic ON and OFF neurons with 4-channel tetrodes. During presentation of pulse-like concentration changes, ON neurons encode the rapid concentration increase at pulse onset and the pulse duration, and OFF neurons the rapid concentration decrease at pulse offset and the duration of the pulse interval. A group of ON neurons establish a concentration-invariant representation of odor pulses. The responses of ON and OFF neurons to oscillating changes in odor concentration are determined by the rate of change in dependence on the duration of the oscillation period. By adjusting sensitivity for fluctuating concentrations, these neurons improve the representation of the rate of the changing concentration. In other ON and OFF neurons, the response to changing concentrations is invariant to large variations in the rate of change due to variations in the oscillation period, facilitating odor identification in the antennal-lobe. The independent processing of odor identity and the temporal dynamics of odor concentration may speed up processing time and improve behavioral performance associated with plume tracking, especially when the air is not moving.

The competition-compensation account of developmental language disorder.

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) regularly use the bare form of verbs (e.g., dance) instead of inflected forms (e.g., danced). We propose an account of this behavior in which processing difficulties of children with DLD disproportionally affect processing novel inflected verbs in their input. Limited experience with inflection in novel contexts leads the inflection to face stronger competition from alternatives. Competition is resolved through a compensatory behavior that involves producing a more accessible alternative: in English, the bare form. We formalize this hypothesis within a probabilistic model that trades off context-dependent versus independent processing. Results show an over-reliance on preceding stem contexts when retrieving the inflection in a model that has difficulty with processing novel inflected forms. We further show that following the introduction of a bias to store and retrieve forms with preceding contexts, generalization in the typically developing (TD) models remains more or less stable, while the same bias in the DLD models exaggerates difficulties with generalization. Together, the results suggest that inconsistent use of inflectional morphemes by children with DLD could stem from inferences they make on the basis of data containing fewer novel inflected forms. Our account extends these findings to suggest that problems with detecting a form in novel contexts combined with a bias to rely on familiar contexts when retrieving a form could explain sequential planning difficulties in children withDLD. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Generalization difficulties with inflectional morphemes in children with Developmental Language Disorder arise from these children's limited experience with novel inflected forms. Limited experience with a form in novel contexts could lead to a storage bias where retrieving a form often requires relying on familiar preceding stems. While generalization in typically developing models remains stable across a range of model parameters, certain parameter values in the impaired models exaggerate difficulties with generalization. Children with DLD compensate for these retrieval difficulties through accessibility-driven language production: they produce the most accessible form among the alternatives.

Improved CoCoSo Method Based on Frank Softmax Aggregation Operators for T-Spherical Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Group Decision-Making

In this article, a novel CoCoSo (Combined compromise solution) method based on Frank operational laws and softmax function is investigated to handle multiple attribute group decision-making problems for T-spherical fuzzy sets. We extend Frank operations in T-spherical fuzzy environment and develop a series of aggregation operators, including T-spherical fuzzy Frank softmax (T-SFFS) average and geometric operators, and their weighted forms, i.e., T-SFFS weighted averaging (T-SFFSWA) and T-SFFS weighted geometric (T-SFFSWG) operators. Some of their basic properties and particular cases are discussed. Meanwhile, the monotonicity of proposed operators is also analyzed, and it is discussed that how they indicate the decision-makers’ optimistic and pessimistic decision attitudes with risk preference. Furthermore, a novel CoCoSo method based on Hamming distance measure is proposed, which considers both decision-maker’s decision attitude and attribute priority, and a multiple attribute group decision-making framework with two independent and parallel T-spherical fuzzy information processing processes are designed. Lastly, a real case of spent power battery recycling technology (SPBRT) selection is presented to show the practicability of the proposed method. Also sensitivity and comparative analyses are carried out to prove the reliability, effectiveness, and superiority of our proposed method.

ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ОДНОПРОЦЕСОРНОГО ОБРОБЛЕННЯ МУЛЬТИЗАПИТІВ

Background. The effectiveness of multi-query execution in single-processor computer system databases is considered. One of the methods of increasing the performance of databases of computer systems is the simultaneous execution of several queries that form a multi-query. Methods. Methods of analysis and criterial optimization are used in the paper. Results. The paper analyzes the processing of a conjunctive multi-query (queries are formed by the conjunction of elementary queries, from which a number of elementary queries are repeatedly included in the queries). With the growing importance of operational analytical data processing, the technique of more complex query optimizations has become crucial. In order to be effective, optimizers must adapt to new operators, changes in cost estimation methods, etc. The query execution time is usually used as a criterion for multi-query optimization, while subdividing the time spent working with data in RAM, buffer, and external memory. An optimization plan for conjunctive multi-query execution time when accessing the database based on the ordering of elementary queries is proposed. Two methods of performing a conjunctive multiquery are considered: independently of each other and jointly for unordered and ordered data. It is shown that the execution time of a conjunctive multi-query with joint processing is not always less than with independent processing. The conditions under which the joint processing of a conjunctive multi-query ensures no longer execution time in relation to independent processing are proved. Сonclusions. Implementation of the proposed optimization procedure allows one to increase efficiency of single-processor computer systems that support data bases.

Pulse Burst Generation and Diffraction with Spatial Light Modulators for Dynamic Ultrafast Laser Materials Processing.

A pulse burst optical system has been developed, able to alter an energetic, ultrafast 10 ps, 5 kHz output pulse train to 323 MHz intra-burst frequency at the fundamental 5 kHz repetition rate. An optical delay line consisting of a beam-splitting polariser cube, mirrors, and waveplates transforms a high-energy pulse into a pulse burst, circulating around the delay line. Interestingly, the reflected first pulse and subsequent pulses from the delay line have orthogonal linear polarisations. This fact allows independent modulation of these pulses using two-phase-only Spatial Light Modulators (SLM) when their directors are also aligned orthogonally. With hybrid Computer Generated Holograms (CGH) addressed to the SLMs, we demonstrate simultaneous multi-spot periodic surface micro-structuring on stainless steel with orthogonal linear polarisations and cylindrical vector (CV) beams with Radial and Azimuthal polarisations. Burst processing produces a major change in resulting surface texture due to plasma absorption on the nanosecond time scale; hence the ablation rates on stainless steel with pulse bursts are always lower than 5 kHz processing. By synchronising the scan motion and CGH application, we show simultaneous independent multi-beam real-time processing with pulse bursts having orthogonal linear polarisations. This novel technique extends the flexibility of parallel beam surface micro-structuring with adaptive optics.

The channel capacity of multilevel linguistic features constrains speech comprehension

Humans are expert at processing speech but how this feat is accomplished remains a major question in cognitive neuroscience. Capitalizing on the concept of channel capacity, we developed a unified measurement framework to investigate the respective influence of seven acoustic and linguistic features on speech comprehension, encompassing acoustic, sub-lexical, lexical and supra-lexical levels of description. We show that comprehension is independently impacted by all these features, but at varying degrees and with a clear dominance of the syllabic rate. Comparing comprehension of French words and sentences further reveals that when supra-lexical contextual information is present, the impact of all other features is dramatically reduced. Finally, we estimated the channel capacity associated with each linguistic feature and compared them with their generic distribution in natural speech. Our data reveal that while acoustic modulation, syllabic and phonemic rates unfold respectively at 5, 5, and 12 Hz in natural speech, they are associated with independent processing bottlenecks whose channel capacity are of 15, 15 and 35 Hz, respectively, as suggested by neurophysiological theories. They moreover point towards supra-lexical contextual information as the feature limiting the flow of natural speech. Overall, this study reveals how multilevel linguistic features constrain speech comprehension.

In situ observations of the Swiss periglacial environment using GNSS instruments

Abstract. Monitoring of the periglacial environment is relevant for many disciplines including glaciology, natural hazard management, geomorphology, and geodesy. Since October 2022, Rock Glacier Velocity (RGV) is a new Essential Climate Variable (ECV) product within the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). However, geodetic surveys at high elevation remain very challenging due to environmental and logistical reasons. During the past decades, the introduction of low-cost global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technologies has allowed us to increase the accuracy and frequency of the observations. Today, permanent GNSS instruments enable continuous surface displacement observations at millimetre accuracy with a sub-daily resolution. In this paper, we describe decennial time series of GNSS observables as well as accompanying meteorological data. The observations comprise 54 positions located on different periglacial landforms (rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls) at altitudes ranging from 2304 to 4003 ma.s.l. and spread across the Swiss Alps. The primary data products consist of raw GNSS observables in RINEX format, inclinometers, and weather station data. Additionally, cleaned and aggregated time series of the primary data products are provided, including daily GNSS positions derived through two independent processing tool chains. The observations documented here extend beyond the dataset presented in the paper and are currently continued with the intention of long-term monitoring. An annual update of the dataset, available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.948334 (Beutel et al., 2022),​​​​​​​ is planned. With its future continuation, the dataset holds potential for advancing fundamental process understanding and for the development of applied methods in support of e.g. natural hazard management.

MaGoGreen: Teknologi Bio-Konversi Sampah Organik Sebagai Pakan Ternak Alternatif Memanfaatkan Larva Black Soldier Fly

Waste utilization and management in a number of areas in Indonesia is still a complicated problem. One of the wise waste management efforts is by utilizing bioconversion technology with Black Soldier Fly maggot media that known as MaGoGreen (Maggot Go Green). The purpose of this community service is to provide counseling to the community about the use of organic waste through environmentally friendly waste management with bioconversion technology by utilizing Black Soldier Fly Larvae. This activity is expected to be an effort to educate breeders to get cheap, safe, and quality feed independently. This counseling was carried out in collaboration with the Trigona Kelulut Makmur Bee Cultivation Group (KBLTKM) in Bangun Rejo Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The community service methods used include material presentation, practice of maggot cultivation from the preparation stage, egg hatching and maggot enlargement to breeding, distribution of brochures (leaflets), and ends with discussions and questions-answers. Extension participants received knowledge about bio-conversion technology of organic waste as an alternative animal feed ingredient by utilizing Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Most of the participants also felt compelled to carry out independent processing of organic waste into livestock food products.

APPLICATION OF THE SITUATION ANALYSIS METHOD IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL

The article substantiates situational analysis as a complex technology for the preparation, adoption and implementation of a pedagogical decision, which is based on the analysis of a single pedagogical situation. It is emphasized that the method of situational analysis contributes to the development of students' independent thinking, the ability to listen and take into account an alternative point of view, to express their own in a reasoned way. Through this method, analytical and evaluative skills are identified and improved, students learn to work in a team, find the most rational solution to the problem. The peculiarities of the application of the method of situational analysis in elementary school are determined: the use of practical situations, the basis of which are typical situations that are most often encountered in life, that is, the "active" model of the situation, the maximum clarity and detail of the situational complex; focus on learning about life and acquiring the ability for optimal adaptive activity, on the development of the value system of education seekers, value positions, life attitudes, a unique worldview and world transformation; the emphasis of education is transferred to the production of knowledge, to the co-creation of the student and the teacher. The order of practical implementation of the method of situational analysis has been revealed: choosing a topic for situational analysis; acquainting students with reference materials, explaining the work process, feedback is important, that is, checking whether students understand the assigned task; students' independent processing of individual tasks; presentation of proposed solutions, discussion of proposals; work evaluation. It was concluded that the method of situational analysis allows to increase the cognitive interest in the studied subjects of primary education students, to improve the understanding of socio-economic phenomena, contributes to the development of research, communication and creative decision-making skills.

SELF-EDUCATIONAL – A QUALITY BENCHMARK FOR THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE EXPERTS IN PHYSICAL THERAPY AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

In modern conditions of social development, the requirements for future physical and occupational therapists' professional training are changing.
 In order to train highly qualified specialists ready for professional activities in today's changing conditions, it is necessary to form their self-educational competence.
 In order to be competitive in the labor market, it is necessary to increase one’s potential during self-education activities. This determines the relevance of the formation of self-educational competence of future physical rehabilitators, occupational therapists during their studies at higher education institutions.
 In this article, we aim to substantiate the need for the formation of self-educational competence in future specialists in physical therapy and occupational therapy during their studies at higher education institutions.
 It has been established that self-educational competence is an integral component of the professional adequacy of a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist. This competence includes the ability to acquire knowledge independently and understand the importance of education throughout life.
 It was determined that the formed self-educational competence of future physiotherapy specialists ensures their professional mobility, competitiveness in the labor market and promotes the development of adaptive skills.
 It is emphasized that the formation of self-learning competence is a continuous process carried out throughout a specialist's entire professional activity.
 The importance of forming basic skills and components of self-educational competence to enable students to carry out the process of self-education in the future is highlighted.
 The relevance of the development of self-educational competence of future specialists, in particular of physical and occupational therapy in current conditions of remote studying, was noted.
 It has been established that today's conditions require restructuring the principle of cooperation between teachers and students by reducing classroom classes, devoting more time for independent processing of educational material, as well as optimization of methodical support of the educational process etc.
 The purpose of the research: to theoretically substantiate the need for the formation of self-educational competence in future specialists in physical and occupational therapy during their studies in institutions of higher education.
 Materials and methods: systematic analysis of scientific literature; theoretical generalization and systematization of information about the formation of self-educational competence of future physical and occupational therapy specialists during professional training in higher education institutions.
 As a result of the research, it was concluded that there is a high demand in society for physical and occupational therapists who can independently acquire knowledge and master new methods and technologies.
 That is why it is necessary that their professional self-development training should be carried out during studying in higher education facilities.
 Graduates of higher education institutions must maintain scientific knowledge, effective techniques, and skills that allow them to adapt independently and quickly in a changing information environment.
 We believe that the ability of students to self-educate and the desire to improve their skills contribute to the improvement of the quality of higher education.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Aided LEO Satellite Communication: Cooperative Passive Beamforming and Distributed Channel Estimation

Low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication plays an important role in assisting/complementing terrestrial communications by providing worldwide coverage, especially in harsh environments such as high seas, mountains, and deserts which are uncovered by terrestrial networks. Traditionally, the passive reflect-array with fixed phase shifts has been applied in satellite communications to compensate for the high path loss due to long propagation distance with low-cost directional beamforming; however, it is unable to flexibly adapt the beamforming direction to dynamic channel conditions. In view of this, we consider in this paper a new intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided LEO satellite communication system, by utilizing the controllable phase shifts of massive passive reflecting elements to achieve flexible beamforming, which copes with the time-varying channel between the high-mobility satellite (SAT) and ground node (GN) cost-effectively. In particular, we propose a new architecture for IRS-aided LEO satellite communication where IRSs are deployed at both sides of the SAT and GN, and study their cooperative passive beamforming (CPB) design over line-of-sight (LoS)-dominant single-reflection and double-reflection channels. Specifically, we jointly optimize the active transmit/receive beamforming at the SAT/GN as well as the CPB at two-sided IRSs to maximize the overall channel gain from the SAT to each GN. Interestingly, we show that under LoS channel conditions, the high-dimensional SAT-GN channel can be decomposed into the outer product of two low-dimensional vectors. By exploiting the decomposed SAT-GN channel, we decouple the original beamforming optimization problem into two simpler subproblems corresponding to the SAT and GN sides, respectively, which are both solved in closed-form. Furthermore, we propose an efficient transmission protocol to conduct channel estimation and beam tracking, which only requires independent processing of the SAT and GN in a distributed manner, thus substantially reducing the implementation complexity. Simulation results validate the performance advantages of the proposed IRS-aided LEO satellite communication system with two-sided cooperative IRSs, as compared to various baseline schemes such as the conventional reflect-array and one-sided IRS.

UStark: underwater image domain-adaptive tracker based on Stark

Though the open-air tracker has achieved an advanced level, its design is still a challenging task for degraded underwater images. Using underwater enhancement technology can improve the performance of underwater trackers. However, most underwater image enhancement methods focus on improving the visual effect rather than serving the tracker better. Therefore, we intended to explore a simple but powerful image domain-adaptive method to improve Stark’s performance by enhancing Stark’s input images. Specifically, it consists of underwater image adaptation network (UIAN) with double heads and adaptation block based on scene estimation (ABSE) that consists of three independent image processing modules without deep learning. UIAN is used to predict the category of image domain and parameters of ABSE. ABSE decodes the parameters and sequentially process underwater images in each module. The training of UIAN is independent of the training of the tracker. After training the class prediction head of UIAN first, freezing its weights, by initializing and tracking in one enhanced image and computing tracker’s loss, the parameter head can be trained to make sure UIANs hyperparameters can match the Stark tracker. The UStark proposed can adaptively process clear and degraded underwater images. Compared with Stark, UStark has improved the accuracy and success rate in typical underwater environments by 3.7% and 1.5% (blue), 5% and 3.4% (yellow), and 5.4% and 3.3% (dark), respectively. In addition, compared with other underwater image enhancement methods, our method can enhance the performance of the tracker in more categories of underwater images.

FPGA Acceleration of Matrix-Assembly Phase of RWG-Based MoM

In this letter, the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) accelerated implementation of matrix-assembly phase of the method of moments (MoM) is presented. The solution is based on a discretization of the frequency-domain mixed potential integral equation using the Rao–Wilton–Glisson basis functions and their extension to wire-to-surface junctions. To take advantage of the given hardware resources (i.e., Xilinx Alveo U200 accelerator card), nine independent processing paths/runtime efficient compute units are developed and synthesized. Numerical results provided for a quadrifilar spiral antenna mounted on a conductive handset box show that the proposed parallelization scheme performs 9.53× faster than a traditional (i.e., serial) central processing unit (CPU) MoM implementation, and about 1.67× faster than a parallel six-core CPU MoM implementation.

Image the Full-Dispersive-Modes of Scholte-wave by Adding Independent SGP Processing to Eliminate Truncation Effects of Dispersive Guided-P waves

Image the Full-Dispersive-Modes of Scholte-wave by Adding Independent SGP Processing to Eliminate Truncation Effects of Dispersive Guided-P waves

A Hybrid Route Selection Scheme for 5G Network Scenarios: An Experimental Approach.

With the significant rise in demand for network utilization, such as data transmission and device-to-device (D2D) communication, fifth-generation (5G) networks have been proposed to fill the demand. Deploying 5G enhances the utilization of network channels and allows users to exploit licensed channels in the absence of primary users (PUs). In this paper, a hybrid route selection mechanism is proposed, and it allows the central controller (CC) to evaluate the route map proactively in a centralized manner for source nodes. In contrast, source nodes are enabled to make their own decisions reactively and select a route in a distributed manner. D2D communication is preferred, which helps networks to offload traffic from the control plane to the data plane. In addition to the theoretical analysis, a real testbed was set up for the proof of concept; it was composed of eleven nodes with independent processing units. Experiment results showed improvements in traffic offloading, higher utilization of network channels, and a lower interference level between primary and secondary users. Packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay were affected due to a higher number of intermediate nodes and the dynamicity of PU activities.