Independent Power Supply Research Articles

Cascaded multilevel inverter for vertical stabilization and radial control power supplies

This paper presents the analysis and topology selection for the power supplies of the two DTT equatorial in-vessel coils for plasma vertical stabilization and fast radial control. The physics requirements and assumptions are analyzed in order to identify the system specifications. Since the basic configuration with two independent power supply circuits is too vulnerable to fast plasma events as disruptions, a circuit configuration including both coils is introduced. Two successive solutions, with three or two power converters, are proposed to supply such a common circuit. The adopted topology, based on cascaded H-bridge converters with IGBTs, is simulated by means of a simplified circuital model, that also consider the plasma disruptions. The simulation results show that vertical stabilization and fast radial control functions can be simultaneously achieved with two identical power converters and a passive imbalance branch by using a specific current control scheme.

Nonthermal Plasma Multi-Reactor Scale-Up Using Pulse Capacitive Power Supplies

The scale up of nonthermal plasma (NTP) reactors requires the simultaneous operation in parallel of a large number of units supplied from the same power supply. The present paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility of parallel operation of multiple mini-NTP reactors. In order to demonstrate the parallel operation of a large number of NTP reactors, three different types of power supplies are considered. In addition to the most simple and common solution, which involves the use of individual, independent power supply for each reactor (an ignition coil driven by a pulse generator), two other configurations of supplies (capacitive AC and capacitive DC), simpler and less expensive, are tested. The capacitive pulsed power supplies allow the generation of HV pulses by an AC power supply (usually an AC transformer), as well as by a DC power supply using an R–C circuit. For the DC resistive–capacitive configuration, the frequency can be adjusted. For all configurations, the power of the discharge can be modified by changing the value of capacitors or resistors. The feasibility of the proposed systems was demonstrated by assessing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide induced in water after plasma treatment. The obtained results reveal that the proposed capacitive AC and DC power supplies allow a large number of plasma reactors to operate in parallel independently.

Design and Analysis of Novel Synchronous Motion Technique for a Multi-Module Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor

Traditionally, synchronous motion among multi-module permanent magnet linear synchronous motors (PMLSM) has been achieved by adopting independent power supply and control. This method, however, requires multiple drivers and has control time delays. This paper proposes a novel approach to overcome these drawbacks, in which the windings of each module connect in series. Aiming at this electrical connection, we conduct research on electromagnetic and synchronous characteristics. Firstly, a two-module PMLSM is created as a case. Secondly, accurate mathematical models considering coupling inductance for this novelty structure are established, which are essential to driving control. The synchronous characteristics of the two-module are then compared with the independent control of each module. Furthermore, this comparison is conducted under both external and no external disturbance. Finally, experimental results verify the correctness of mathematical models, and reveal that this novel technique could eliminate control time delay and acquire better anti-disturbance performance between the two-module.

Dedicated SiPM array for GRD of GECAM

PurposeThe discovery of gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts heralds the era of multi-messenger astronomy. With the adoption of two small satellites to achieve the all-sky monitoring of gamma-ray bursts, the gravitational wave high-energy electromagnetic counterpart all-sky monitor (GECAM) possesses a quasi-real-time early warning ability and plays an important role in positioning the sources of gravitational waves and in subsequent observations. Each satellite of GECAM was fitted with 25 3-inch-diameter gamma-ray detectors (GRD), covering an energy range of 8–2 MeV. GRDs have adopted silicon photomultiplier tubes (SiPM) in lieu of photomultiplier tubes (PMT) to adapt to the dimensional limitations of micro-satellites.MethodsA unique 3-inch circular SiPM array was designed. In this design, 64 6 × 6 mm chips were arranged evenly in a circular manner with the seams filled with reflecting films, thus achieving satisfactory uniformity of light collection. The integrated pre-amplifier circuit on the back of the SiPM array adopted two-level grouping and summing; further, it achieved a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio. Two high-gain and low-gain channels were adopted to achieve a large dynamic range, and two independent power supply units were used, where each unit can be closed separately, thus improving reliability.ResultsPerformance studies show that this SiPM array meets the requirements of GECAM.ConclusionA 3-inch SiPM array have been developed that uses grouped summation, reflective films, a circular arrangement, two groups of independent power supplies, high- and low-gain signals, differential signal output technologies, etc. This solution can be used not only for GECAM, but also as a general solution for SiPM-based scintillation detectors.

A fault reconfiguration strategy based on adjustable space operator discrete state transition algorithm for ship microgrid system

As an independent power supply network, when the ship ring microgrid system (SRMS) fails or is damaged, the power-loss load can be reasonably distributed to other power sources through the control switch, thereby improving the reliability of the power grid. We consider the maximum power load, minimum switching action and generator efficiency as the reconfiguration goals. In order to complete the reconfiguration quickly, we present an optimization strategy based on an adjustable space operator (ASO) and the discrete state transition algorithm (DSTA), the ASODSTA. The main idea of DSTA is to use four spatial geometric operators to find the optimal solution. The optimization is completed by combining the operators with the sigmoid function, and an ASO is proposed as the variable of the sigmoid function. The spatial distribution of the candidate solutions is more widespread through the unification of the four operators. The introduction of the sigmoid function and the ASO improves the quality of the global optimal solution and shortens the running time of the algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed method can solve the SRMS reconfiguration problem faster and more effectively by comparing with the algorithms EO, WOA, GWO and BPSO in the references.

PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRY IN THE ARCTIC TERRITORIES

The electric power industry is a branch of energy that includes the production, transmission and subsequent sale of electricity. Generating companies do not sell electricity directly to the population, but produce electricity and supply it to the wholesale market, where it is bought by sales companies, guaranteeing suppliers, independent energy marketing companies and large industrial consumers. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the financial activities of energy marketing enterprises of the Russian Federation, problems are identified, imbalances and strategic plans for their development are determined. The results showed that the development of the energy industry as a whole depends on the financial activities of guaranteeing electricity suppliers. Unlike an independent power supply company, the activity of guaranteeing suppliers is less profitable and low-profitable, and the financial condition, in turn, is characterized by low solvency and financial stability. The authors have identified the weaknesses and strengths of this development. It is noted that the weakest side is the violation of the repayment terms of funds in settlements by electricity consumers, which leads to the formation of a negative financial result. The identified problems of financial development allow production us to form direction.

Multifrequency and Multiload MCR-WPT System Using Hybrid Modulation Waves SPWM Control Method

To satisfy independent and controllable power supply requirements for loads with different frequencies and power levels, a multifrequency and multiload (MFML) magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transfer (MCR-WPT) system using hybrid modulation waves sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (HMW-SPWM) control method is proposed in this article. Based on SPWM, loading a hybrid modulation wave formed by superimposing multifrequency modulation waves to drive the inverter, so the multifrequency hybrid current on the primary side can be obtained. According to the principle of mutual inductance coupling, inductive power with different frequencies is obtained and then separated by multiresonant networks on the secondary side for loads with different frequencies. First, the structure and working principle of a MFML MCR-WPT system controlled by HMW-SPWM are introduced. Then, taking a dual-frequency and dual-load MCR-WPT system as an example, the system is mathematically modeled. Besides, parameters design criteria for reducing interfrequency interference is studied. After that, load characteristics and power factor are analyzed to select appropriate parameters. Furthermore, dynamic characteristics are analyzed. Finally, theoretical results are validated by experiments. The experimental results show that the MFML MCR-WPT system controlled by HMW-SPWM realizes independent and controllable wireless power supply for loads with different frequencies and power levels.

Design of 16.2kW photovoltaic power station for Gumu township primary school in Gaize County Ali Prefecture, Tibet

Gumu Township, Gaize County, Ali Prefecture, is a power free area, which has not yet covered the State Grid. It can only rely on solar energy, wind energy and other township level new energy power stations for power supply, which greatly restricts the development of local economy. This project aims at solving the power consumption problem of gumxiang primary school by adopting solar photovoltaic independent (off grid) power supply mode. According to the actual power consumption of gumu village primary school, a solar photovoltaic power station with a total installed capacity of 16.2kw is planned to be built.

Research and Application of Electromagnetic Wave Signal Acquisition Device for Power System Circuit Breaker

Power circuit breaker is an important tool to satisfy the controllability and safety of power system. Therefore, to ensure the stable operation of the circuit breaker is to ensure the normal supply of electric energy. In order to better capture the electromagnetic wave signal radiated by the circuit breaker and better judge the state of the electromagnetic wave radiated by the arc of the circuit breaker, a new type of vibration trigger device specially used for collecting the electromagnetic wave signal radiated by the circuit breaker and its use method are proposed in this paper. This method can collect the electromagnetic wave signal of circuit breaker through the optimized design of vibration trigger device. The device uses all metal integrated cast aluminum shell and independent power supply. This device can effectively resist electromagnetic interference, and is convenient for the acquisition of electromagnetic wave signal. The device developed in this paper and its application method belong to the field of off-line detection of electrical equipment, and are especially suitable for vibration triggering of the device when collecting the radiated electromagnetic wave signal during the action of circuit breaker.

Convenient Power Supply Scheme Design for Remote Areas

At present, there are still a large number of people worldwide without electricity in remote villages. Electricity supply is one of the important conditions restricting the development of remote areas. In order to solve the power supply problem in these remote areas, this paper proposes a convenient power supply scheme. It adopts modular, flexibly configurable independent power supply based on renewable energy power generation technology, and is equipped with a backup power generation device based on human or animal power to ensure a certain degree of power supply reliability. Use easy-to-implement power supply equipment configuration and installation methods to achieve convenient layout of the power supply system. The above power supply scheme was evaluated in terms of technical feasibility, economy and social significance. Introduction

(Invited) Soft Wireless Optofluidic and Optoelectronic Implants for Advanced Chronic Neural Interfacing

Optogenetics and neuropharmacology holds immense promise for dissection of neural circuits and cellular signaling in freely behaving animals. However, the full potential of their in vivo applications is limited by the use of conventional tools such as cannulas for drug delivery and fiber optics for photostimulation. These traditional approaches greatly damage neural tissue near the implant, hinder integration with different modalities, and severely limit the animal’s natural behavior and movement, mainly due to their rigid construction, bulky design, and tethered operation, respectively. Furthermore, current methods lack spatiotemporal control of drug delivery, wireless control, and multi-functionality.To address these fundamental limitations in in vivo neuroscience, we have developed soft wireless optofluidic and optoelectronic implants, which can provide wireless delivery of light and/or drugs in awake, moving animals. The devices consist of ultrathin and flexible probes, which integrate microscale inorganic light-emitting diodes and/or microfluidic channels, and wireless interface with an independent power supply. This design enables compact, lightweight and soft system, thus enabling seamless implantation and operation in the brain without causing disturbance of naturalistic behavior. With integration of smartphone control, replaceable drug cartridges for long-term drug delivery, and wireless energy harvesters for intervention-free charging, they can further facilitate chronic neural interfacing to uncover the basis for brain functions and neuropsychiatric diseases. We have successfully demonstrated chronic wireless capabilities of these devices in freely moving animals that can repeatedly deliver multiple wavelengths of light and drugs for long periods of time to manipulate animals’ behavior. The unique capabilities of the soft wireless implants forecasts their broad utility in chronic in vivo neuropharmacology and optogenetics for various neuroscience research and clinical applications.

Design of an Adaptive Boost Energy-Saving Fuzzy Control System Driven by the Finite State Machine

Aiming at the challenging problem of the traditional warp knitting machine electronic jacquard control system with complex structure of multiple circuit boards layered cascade, such as large physical space occupation, high power consumption, and independent high-voltage power supply voltage, we proposed an embedded circuit and control strategy design for the piezoelectric jacquard needle (PJN) with adaptive boost and energy recovery functions. Firstly, the electromechanical dynamics model of PJN was established. Secondly, the fuzzy PI double closed-loop control algorithm driven by a finite state machine is proposed. Thirdly, with the help of a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET), the PJN is integrated with the drive circuit. The drive circuit of PJN uses an energy storage inductor to replace the current limiting resistor of the traditional drive circuit, which can not only limit the forward charging current of the PJN and reduce energy loss but also can use the energy absorbed from the low-voltage power supply to adaptively boost the power supply of the PJN to the high voltage required for working conditions. The simulation results show that the new PJN drive circuit has an adaptive self-boost function. The PWM signal modulated by the fuzzy PI double closed-loop control algorithm can efficiently and accurately control the adaptive boost power supply and the voltage across the PJN. The mode of the circuit can be correctly switched through the sequential logic of the finite state machine and realize the energy recovery function.

A compact tube-in-tube microsized lithium-ion battery as an independent microelectric power supply unit

Summary Independent and well-packaged miniaturized energy storage devices (MESDs) are indispensable as power sources or backup units for integrated circuits and many dispersive electronics applications. Challenges associated with MESD development relate to their low packaged areal energy density and poor battery performance. Here, we propose a compact tube-in-tube battery configuration to overcome the areal energy density and packaging problems in microbatteries. Compact microtubular microelectrodes rolled up from patterned nanomembranes are sealed in an inert glass capillary with a thin tube wall. The resultant tube-in-tube microsized lithium-ion batteries (micro-LIBs), based on various active materials, exhibit very high and scalable packaged areal energy densities up to 605 microampere hours per square centimeter (μAh cm−2) or 313 μWh cm−2 with footprints as small as 0.39–0.79 mm2. This approach is a practical alternative for microbattery microelectrode, packaging, and configuration innovations.

Recent Advances of Energy Solutions for Implantable Bioelectronics

The emerging field of implantable bioelectronics has attracted widespread attention in modern society because it can improve treatment outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and lead to an improvement in the quality of life. However, their continuous operation is often limited by conventional bulky and rigid batteries with a limited lifespan, which must be surgically removed after completing their missions and/or replaced after being exhausted. Herein, this paper gives a comprehensive review of recent advances in nonconventional energy solutions for implantable bioelectronics, emphasizing the miniaturized, flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable power devices. According to their source of energy, the promising alternative energy solutions are sorted into three main categories, including energy storage devices (batteries and supercapacitors), internal energy-harvesting devices (including biofuel cells, piezoelectric/triboelectric energy harvesters, thermoelectric and biopotential power generators), and external wireless power transmission technologies (including inductive coupling/radiofrequency, ultrasound-induced, and photovoltaic devices). Their fundamentals, materials strategies, structural design, output performances, animal experiments, and typical biomedical applications are also discussed. It is expected to offer complementary power sources to extend the battery lifetime of bioelectronics while acting as an independent power supply. Thereafter, the existing challenges and perspectives associated with these powering devices are also outlined, with a focus on implantable bioelectronics.

Joule heating membrane distillation enhancement with multi-level thermal concentration and heat recovery

Self-heating membrane distillation process (MD) uses solar and electrical energy to directly heat a composite membrane for seawater desalination, has obvious advantages in terms of cost and energy consumption. However, there has been minimal research concerning the independent power supply for joule heating MD and desalination performance remains unsatisfactory. In this work, the thermal management measures of multi-level thermal concentration and multi-level heat recovery device were used in combination to improve the MD process. A tri-layer superhydrophobic composite membrane having good joule thermal conversion was prepared and its electrochemical impedance performance was analyzed. Joule heating MD experiments revealed that the multi-level thermal concentration could improve the MD performance, and reduce the membrane cost, due to the nonlinear relation of vapor transport and thermal concentration. The use of a multi-level heat recovery device further enhanced MD performance through recycling the energy from the condensing process. A highest freshwater obtained was approximately 2.77 kg m-2h−1 with energy consumption 0.36 kW h kg−1 and 99.9% salt removal. This highly efficient joule heating MD process could be combined with other MD processes to enhance freshwater productivity and reduce energy consumption, and could also lead to further development and applications of the MD process.

Energy management and optimization of PEMFC/battery mobile robot based on hybrid rule strategy and AMPSO

Due to the flexibility of seam tracking robot in special environment, independent power supply with different characteristics is adopted. Power allocation of hybrid power system composed of proton exchange membrane fuel cell and lithium battery is mainly researched. According to the requirements of economy and safety, hybrid rule fuzzy state machine control is designed to realize the optimal operation and fast response of power supply system. On the basis of energy allocation, further reduction of hydrogen consumption and power fluctuation is considered, which improves the power supply scheme. The sensitivity analysis method is used to screen the optimization variables, which reduces the complexity of the strategy; in addition, an adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization is studied to optimize the strategy, which combines the mutation idea, adaptively changes the weight and learning factor, and realizes the minimization of power fluctuation and equivalent hydrogen consumption. The results show that the stability of fuel cell and the rationality of lithium battery charging and discharging are greatly improved, and the fuel economy and service life of hybrid power system are improved.

Laser wireless energy supply system of high-potential monitoring equipment based on machine vision

Real-time monitoring of high-voltage power equipment is an important link to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system. The independent power supply of the monitoring equipment can ensure that the monitoring data is stable and effective without being affected by the power grid. This paper designs and builds a laser wireless power supply system based on machine vision and tracking and targeting technology for the actual application needs of high-potential monitoring equipment in power grids. The article introduces the overall architecture of the laser wireless power supply system and elaborates on the control method and image processing strategy of the tracking and targeting unit. The article proves the feasibility of the scheme through experiments, and realizes the accurate matching of the position of the photovoltaic cell in the presence of background interference. The research results of this article can provide technical support for the energy supply of high-potential monitoring equipment of the power grid.

Fuel Cells Based on Natural Polysaccharides for Rail Vehicle Application

This manuscript shows the use of natural polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose as a carbon source for fuel cells. To achieve this, two innovative methods of obtaining hydrogen have been shown: by adsorption and by enzyme. The carbonization path of the material results in excellent sorption properties and allows gas with high efficiency to be obtained. The enzymatic method for the degradation of the compound is more expensive because specific enzymes (such as laccase, tyrosinase) must be used, but it allows greater control of the properties of the obtained material. A scientific novelty is the use of natural raw materials, the use of which increases the biodegradability of the electrochemical system and also reduces the cost of raw materials and increases the range of their acquisition. Energy should be generated where it is used. Another goal is decentralization, and thanks to the proposed solutions, hydrogen cells represent an innovative alternative to today’s energy giants—also for independent power supply to households. The proposed harvesting paths are intended to drive rail vehicles in order to reduce emissions and secondary pollution of the environment. The goals of both methods were easy recycling, high efficiency, increased environmental friendliness, low cost and a short hydrogen production path.

Investigating the position of the separation capillary and emitter tube tips in a nanoflow sheath-liquid CE-ESI-MS interface to decouple the ESI potential

Robust decoupling of the ESI potential from the separation potential in CE-ESI-MS interfaces is very important for the high performance of the CE-ESI-MS devices and their applications for highly sensitive analyses of ionogenic compounds. In this study, we utilize a nanoflow sheath-liquid CE-ESI-MS interface composed of a quartz emitter and a separation fused silica capillary treated by etching, which are threaded to cross coupling for sheath liquid and electrode connection. Specifically, we have tested the ability of the interface to decouple the ESI potential from the separation potential at different positions of the separation capillary and ESI emitter tube tips. The interface with the separation capillary tip protruding the emitter tip by 20 μm did not provide sufficient robustness. The real ESI potential (delivered as 2.0 kV from the independent high voltage power supply HV2) ranged from 2.1 kV to 4.5 kV depending on the applied separation voltage (12.0–20.0 kV, provided by the power supply HV1) and electric conductivity of the background electrolyte (BGE) used. The interface robustness was partially improved when the capillary tip was aligned with the emitter tip. However, the complete decoupling of the spray and separation potentials was achieved only when the capillary tip was retracted 20 μm inside the emitter. In this arrangement, the ESI potential was stable and independent of both the separation potential (voltage) and the BGE conductivity. Moreover, this setting provided better sensitivity for the CE-ESI-MS analysis of selected drugs and benzylpyridinium cations than the setup with the capillary tip aligned with or protruding the emitter tip.

Research and development of a PV converter-based stand-alone power supply system for technical security equipment power supply

The purpose of the work is to develop a methodology for designing a stand-alone power supply system based on photovoltaic (PV) converters for technical security equipment power supply. The object of the study is a PV converter - based stand-alone power supply system. Energy storage units, which are widely used in the designing of power supply systems for power supply of technical security equipment are presented. A methodology for designing a power supply system is used, which takes into account the integral effect of solar insolation, ambient temperature in the range from - 40°C to +50°C, temperature of a PV module and a storage battery; PV module capacity; requirements for independent operation of technical security equipment; electrical characteristics of the solar charge controller (rated open-circuit voltage and rated charge current). To calculate the total solar insolation arriving at the surface of a photovoltaic module, the Kastrov model is used for calculating direct solar radiation; the Berlage model is used for calculating the scattered solar energy and the Berland model is used for calculating insolation in cloudy conditions. The studies of lithium-titanate storage batteries have been carried out in the climate chamber and a corresponding mathematical model has been developed for the temperature-dependent capacity of the battery. To determine solar insolation falling on the tilted surface of the PV module the software has been developed in the C# programming language. The designed PV module-based power supply system provides an independent uninterrupted continuous power supply of equipment under constant consumption of no more than 115.2 Wh per day by technical security equipment. The results of the work can be used in the development of a stand-alone power supply system for power supply of technical security equipment, security and control.