Independent Object Research Articles

Legal regime of a share in the charter capital of a limited liability company

Based on the analysis of Ukrainian legislation and legal doctrine, the article examines the legal regime of a share in the authorised capital of a limited liability company. The necessity of considering a share in the authorized capital in two senses is substantiated: economic and legal. According to the first meaning, such a share expresses a part of the value of the company’s property and gives a person the opportunity to dispose of the company's capital (assets). However, from a legal point of view, there is an insurmountable obstacle to this understanding – the status of a limited liability company as an independent participant in civil relations, which owns such property, and property separation is one of the features that characterises it. The opinion that a share in the authorised capital of a limited liability company does not coincide with the concepts of “corporate rights” or “property rights” is supported, it is an independent tradable object, but with a specific legal regime, in particular, it cannot be the object of other limited property rights, but it is such a share (and not corporate rights) that can be the object of property rights. It has been proved that: 1) the legal nature of a share should be characterised through the legal nature of the powers of a limited liability company participant; 2) such powers constitute a single and indivisible set of corporate rights which are recognised as a separate category of rights, along with obligatory and property rights; 3) the legal nature of corporate rights is of a comprehensive nature, which primarily consists of a combination of the principles of absoluteness and relativity; 4) the definition of a share only through the shareholder's rights is not justified, since the shareholder's rights are inextricably linked to his/her obligations; 5) a share as an object of civil rights is “other property”, not “property rights”.

High-quality use of representations in the mathematics classroom – a matter of the cultural perspective?

The teacher’s use of representations is a crucial aspect of instructional quality in mathematics education, given their pivotal role in facilitating mathematics learning. However, in our international research community, perspectives on what constitutes high-quality use of representations may vary. This cross-cultural study aims to explore whether the perspectives from Western literature, emphasizing the importance of explicit connections between symbolic and graphic representations, can be extended legitimately to the East Asian context. Using a situated approach, the study elicited norms of high-quality representation use from researchers in Germany and Taiwan. A total of 31 mathematics education professors from both countries evaluated the use of representations in three secondary mathematics classroom situations presented as text vignettes. The vignettes, designed by the German research team, each depicted a situation where from their perspective, a norm of high-quality representation use, specifically the explicit connection between symbolic and graphic representations, was violated. Qualitative analysis of the researchers' responses revealed that in each situation, at least half of the German researchers expected explicit connections between representations. Conversely, the majority of Taiwanese researchers only expected such connections in one situation, particularly when the graphic representation served as an independent learning objective rather than solely aiding conceptual understanding. These findings indicate easily unnoticed culture-specific differences regarding how a common aspect of instructional quality is expected to unfold in teaching.

Self-supervised rigid object 3-D motion estimation from monocular video

Independent object 3D motion estimation is a fundamental problem in 3D computer vision. Directly segmenting and estimating rigid object 3D motion from a consistent video frame is an ill-posed problem. We present a self-supervised framework for segmenting moving independent rigid objects and estimating their motion information including location, driving direction, and speed from a monocular video. Specifically, we first estimate depth, optical flow, and camera pose between a pair of video frames, and then synthesize a new 3D viewpoint from this pair. Subsequently, the Motion Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms (MRAFT) module is introduced to extract 3D scene flow and a motion area binary mask from a pair of images and depth. After that, a Rigid Object Motion Estimation Module (ROMEM) with a slot attention mechanism is proposed to extract rigid object motion masks from a multi-layer motion field, including optical flow, depth changes, refined scene flow, and motion masks. Finally, 2D images and 3D scene reconstruction errors are used to facilitate self-supervised training for rigid object motion. Experiments on the FlyingThings3D and KITTI datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms other advanced algorithms in estimating depth, optical flow, scene flow, and rigid moving object masks, demonstrating the benefits of our approach.

Theoretical Aspects of Determining the Place of Energy (Energy Resources) in the System of Civil Rights Objects

The paper is devoted to determining the role of energy in the system of civil rights objects. The author highlights two main theories. Representatives of the first theory recognize energy as a thing and, accordingly consider it possible to apply the property law regime in relation to it. Currently, the number of supporters of this theory has increased due to the fact that the legislator consolidated regulatory norms regarding the energy supply contract in the chapter of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation devoted to purchase-and-sale transactions. The doctrine also attempts to justify the extension of the property right to energy through the category of «disembodied things». The second theory denies the attribution of energy to things. Representatives of this theory try to substantiate the legal nature of energy based on the existing systematization of objects of civil rights. According to the author, energy is an independent object of civil rights, a special object of a physical nature, having no sign of materiality, capable of generation and, under certain conditions, transfer in economic relations of civil turnover participants, and considered as a commodity with property value and high socioeconomic importance. Thus, energy perfectly fits into the category reserved by the law-maker for similar new objects and classified as «other property». Denying the substantive qualification of energy, the author supports the position of researchers who consider energy exclusively as an object of binding rights, since, given its physical nature and the possibility of generation and transmission exclusively through technical infrastructure, energy as an independent object of civil rights can act exclusively as a subject of binding legal relations

International Legal Regulation of Activities of States in the Great Mediterranean Region

INTRODUCTION. In modern international and domestic maritime law, regional fragmentation of legal regulation is becoming more and more noticeable, which, in turn, objectifies and actualizes the formation of complex arrays of legal norms, united by the consistency of the political and legal positions of the contracting states that have national interests in the relevant water area, primarily-coastal states extending their state sovereignty to certain areas of maritime space. In this context, the Greater Mediterranean region should be considered as one of the most important in the world merchant shipping and naval support of international peace and security, as a basin that optimally connects the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from the point of view of logistics, which requires the formation of an appropriate scientific and methodological basis for full implementation of the fundamental principle of international cooperation in the maritime policy of the states of the region.MATERIALS AND METHODS. To substantiate the expediency of singling out the Greater Mediterranean as an independent object of legal regulation, general and special international legal treaties, the domestic legislation of the Mediterranean states, as well as political and legal documents indicating the existence of certain disputes and situations around certain zones of the Mediterranean water area, primarily – in the Eastern Mediterranean region. To obtain reliable and substantiated results of the study, methods of scientific knowledge were used: formal-legal, logical, historical-legal, system-structural analysis. Thus, the formal legal method made it possible to clarify the content and meaning of international legal treaties concluded at different times and aimed at regulating public relations in the maritime sphere. The logical method made it possible to substantiate the need for comprehensive international cooperation of the coastal states of the Greater Mediterranean. With the help of the historical and legal method, an overview was made of both the world, Soviet and Russian practice of applying the norms of domestic and international law on issues related to ensuring international law and order in the Greater Mediterranean region. The logical method made it possible to build the necessary connections and patterns of development of international legal regulation in the Greater Mediterranean region in the general context of ongoing universal and regional political and legal processes and transformations. Using the method of system-structural analysis, it was possible to display a holistic picture of law-making and law enforcement of the Mediterranean states, aimed at the formation of unified principles and norms for the exercise of the sovereign rights of coastal states.RESEARCH RESULTS. International maritime merchant shipping seems to be a very complex area of public relations with a large number of entities that have different legal status and, accordingly, are related to each other in a very different way.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. This work is devoted to the study of the main trends in the development of the Greater Mediterranean region in terms of formulating key international legal guidelines and rules of conduct for its constituent states. The object of the study is the legal relations carried out in the maritime spaces of the Greater Mediterranean as one of the key regions, which, along with its economic and political significance, is an integral zone for the implementation of the national interests of the Russian Federation, extending to the entire World Ocean.

Symmetry and synchrony of bimanual movements are not predicated on interlimb control coupling.

Previous studies suggest that bimanual coordination recruits neural mechanisms that explicitly couple control of the arms, resulting in symmetric kinematics. However, the higher symmetry for actions that require congruous joint motions compared with noncongruous joint motions calls into question the concept of control coupling as a general policy. An alternative view proposes that codependence might emerge from an optimal feedback controller that minimizes control effort and costs in task performance. Support for this view comes from studies comparing conditions in which both hands move a shared or independent virtual objects. Because these studies have mainly focused on congruous bimanual movements, it remains unclear if kinematic symmetry emerges from such control policies. We now examine movements with congruous or noncongruous joint motions (inertially symmetric or asymmetric, respectively) under shared or independent cursors conditions. We reasoned that if a control policy minimizes kinematic differences between limbs, spatiotemporal symmetry should remain relatively unaffected by inertial asymmetries. As shared tasks reportedly elicit greater interlimb codependence, these conditions should elicit higher bilateral covariance regardless of inertial asymmetries. Our results indicate a robust spatiotemporal symmetry only under inertially symmetric conditions, regardless of cursor condition. We simulated bimanual reaching using an optimal feedback controller with and without explicit costs of kinematic asymmetry, finding that only the latter mirrored our empirical data. Our findings support the hypothesis that bimanual control policies do not include kinematic asymmetry as a cost when it is not demanded by task constraints suggesting that kinematic symmetry depends critically on mechanical movement conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previously, the control coupling hypothesis and task-dependent control hypothesis have been shown to be robust in the bimanually symmetrical movement, but whether the same policy remains robust in the bimanually asymmetrical movement remains unclear. Here, with evidence from empirical and simulation data, we show that a spatiotemporal symmetry between the arms is not predicated on control coupling, but instead it is predicated on the symmetry of mechanical conditions (e.g. limb inertia) between the arms.

Joint extension speed dictates bio-inspired morphing trajectories for optimal longitudinal flight dynamics.

Avian wing morphing allows dynamic, active control of complex flight manoeuvres. Previous linear time-invariant (LTI) models have quantified the effect of varying fixed wing configurations but the time-dependent effects of morphing between different configurations is not well understood. To fill this gap, I implemented a linear parameter-varying (LPV) model for morphing wing gull flight. This approach models the wing joint angles as scheduled parameters and accounts for nonlinear kinematic and gravitational effects while interpolating between LTI models at discrete trim points. With the resulting model, I investigated the longitudinal response associated with various joint extension trajectories. By optimizing the extension trajectory for four independent objectives (speed and pitch angle overshoot, speed rise time and pitch angle settling time), I found that the extension trajectory inherent to the gull wing does not guarantee an optimal response but may provide a sufficient response with a simpler mechanical implementation. Furthermore, the results indicated that gulls likely require extension speed feedback. This morphing LPV model provides insights into underlying control mechanisms, which may allow for avian-like flight in future highly manoeuvrable uncrewed aerial vehicles.

Параметризация как способ реализации прототипической модели в русских и английских народных загадках

This article is devoted to the analysis of the structural features of Russian and English folk riddles containing parametric data in the descriptive part. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the implementation of prototypical constructions of folk riddles containing an indication of the parametric data of the denotation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time Russian and English riddles are analyzed from the point of view of the linguistic implementation of a stable prototypical model of the enigmatic genre. For the first time, the inclusion of parametric indicators in the descriptive part of a folk riddle is considered as a way to realize the effect of an illogical consequence typical for the structure of the genre organization; in addition, the authors for the first time investigate the presence of a “linguocultural” codification of the denotation through parametric data. The results showed that the inclusion of parametric indicators in the description of the denotation is due to the need to implement a prototypical model of the enigmatic genre – the model of illogical consequence. In addition, it was found that the inclusion of parametric indicators in the English and Russian corpus of folk riddles is often implemented using zoomorphic and anthropomorphic codes. During the analysis of the illustrative material, it was found that for the Russian folk riddle, the appeal to parameters is associated with the tendency to describe a number of independent objects as a single mechanism, which directly reveals the logic of archaic human thinking, while the appeal to parametric data within the framework of the English riddle is motivated by the description of a procedural action.

Subject of contract on supply of electricity while connecting to the distribution network

It is indicated that the subject of a civil contract is an essential condition for its conclusion. The definition of the concept and legal regime of the object of the contractual relationship is of decisive importance for the application of the provisions of the relevant legislation. In this context, it is necessary to find out the legal nature and characteristics of the subject of the contract on the supply of electricity through the connected network. This will contribute to streamlining law enforcement practice and theoretical positions on the understanding of electricity as an object of civil rights.
 The content of a civil law contract consists of conditions defined by law or necessary for contracts of this type, as well as other conditions agreed by the parties. Among others, an essential condition is the subject of the contract. Electricity as an object of civil law has a property (commodity) nature. However, the specificity of electrical energy as a commodity with a special legal regime does not allow applying to its turnover the traditional mechanisms of legal regulation characteristic of a sales contract.
 The subject of the contract for the supply of electricity through the connected network consists of two independent objects of civil rights: the activity of generating electricity for the purpose of its transmission to the consumer and the actual electric current of these objects is not possible within the definition of the subject of the contract of sale. The concept of "goods” in the legislation on the supply of electric energy through the connected network should be understood as an economic category. Legal form of economic civil turnover. The application of the relevant legislation depends on the characteristics of the subject of a specific civil contract, which is a legal form of mediating the dynamics of civil relations. Therefore, under the conditions of the recodification of the Civil Code of Ukraine, it is necessary to single out individual contractual forms of supply of energy resources through the connected network, taking into account the peculiarities of the substantive features of their legal and material nature, with reference to special legislation, which is the direct source base for the regulation of the commented relations.

Лингводидактическая модель дискурс-анализа

The study aims to develop a scientifically substantiated, theoretically validated, and practically tested linguodidactic model of discourse analysis. The paper analyzes the evolution of the discourse direction in foreign language teaching, marked by stages such as focusing on the formation of the discourse component of communicative competence, developing a discourse-oriented approach to foreign language teaching, viewing discourse as an independent object of foreign language education and creating models of professionally oriented foreign language education based on discourse analysis. The main directions in the study of discourse were analyzed, with a focus on concepts that formed the methodological basis for developing the linguodidactic model of discourse analysis, specifically linguistic and constructionist approaches to discourse analysis. The scientific novelty of the study lies in proposing the linguodidactic model of discourse analysis aimed at professionally oriented foreign language education, based on the theoretical understanding of the fundamental principles of discourse theory. The work uncovered relevant concepts in linguodidactics related to discourse analysis, providing a basis for extrapolating them to issues in foreign language education. The linguodidactic significance of the sociolinguistic approach to discourse analysis was identified in terms of directing students’ attention to the nuances of verbal interactions among representatives of different organizations and public institutions. The importance of critical discourse analysis and discursive psychology in linguodidactics was also noted, with discourse being viewed as a form of social practice. The linguodidactic model of discourse analysis developed in the study includes a system of interconnected methodological techniques, facilitating a phased transition from analyzing and interpreting meanings encapsulated in verbal and nonverbal components of professionally oriented foreign language discourse to the actual production of discursive utterances.

Vortex-plate interaction in wake-induced vibration: A study of single and parallel flat plates behind a cylinder

This numerical study investigates the wake-induced vibration of single or parallel flat plates mounted in the wake of a circular cylinder in laminar flow. The results highlight the critical role of flat plate positioning, as it influences their ability to act as control mechanisms or experience significant vibrations. For a single plate, mounting outside the critical position initiates large amplitude vibrations, gradually decreasing as the plate moves away from the horizontal axis. Additionally, vibrations with moderate amplitudes are observed at specific short horizontal positions due to variations in the near-wake structure. In the case of parallel plates constrained to vibrate independently, vibrations only occur when there is sufficient space for shear-layer interaction. Different vortex suppression and plate vibration mechanisms are identified by adjusting the vertical gap, where increasing the gap reduces the non-vibrating zone. The study also examines a range of reduced velocities, revealing that although the plate(s) follow the upstream cylinder's shedding frequency in all configurations, this frequency may be affected and altered in short gaps. Comparing single and parallel plates demonstrates their potential for designing energy harvesting systems. However, parallel plates offer a slight advantage due to using independent objects within a relatively identical area.

Public cloud object storage auditing: Design, implementation, and analysis

Cloud storage auditing is a technique that enables a user to remotely check the integrity of the outsourced data in the cloud storage. Although researchers have proposed various protocols for cloud storage auditing, the proposed schemes are theoretical in nature, which are not fit for existing mainstream cloud storage service practices. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes a cloud storage auditing system that works for current mainstream cloud object storage services. We design the proposed system over existing proof of data possession (PDP) schemes and make them practical as well as usable in the real world. Specifically, we propose an architecture that separates the compute and storage functionalities of a storage auditing scheme. Because cloud object storage only provides read and write interfaces, we leverage a cloud virtual machine to implement the user-defined computations that are needed in a PDP scheme. We store the authentication tags of the outsourced data as an independent object to allow existing popular cloud storage applications, e.g., file online previewing. We also present a cost model to analyze the economic cost of a cloud storage auditing scheme. The cost model allows a user to balance security, efficiency, and economic cost by tuning various system parameters. We implemented, open-sourced the proposed system over a mainstream cloud object storage service. Experimental analysis shows that the proposed system is pretty efficient and promising for a production environment usage. Specifically, for a 40 GB sized data, the proposed system only incurs 1.66% additional storage cost, 3796 bytes communication cost, 2.9 seconds maximum auditing time cost, and 0.9 CNY per auditing monetary cost.

Skin on Trial: Experts and Expertise on ‘Skin Diseases’ in Early Modern Italy

Summary By using both static or normative documents (licenses, official regulations, barber-surgeon’s manuals) and more dynamic sources (trials of the Protomedicato), my presentation asks what was an expert on skin diseases in early modern Italy and how the loose category of “skin diseases” came into being under the influence of medical theory, surgical practice, patient demand, and civic regulation of medical practice. I argue that by the late seventeenth century “skin disease” became an independent category, the surface of the body an independent object, and the empiric surgeon an expert of such surface. As human skin as a surface acquired autonomy as an object of knowledge and practice, a class of experts emerged following a path which is in large measure independent from the transformations of Galenic theoretical medicine and the rise of mechanistic medicine which are typically described as central in this period. I argue that empirical surgeons and barber-surgeons became experts on skin through the licensing system and by inverting the classical path of medical knowledge – not from the inner body to its surface as manifestation of internal humoral imbalances, but rather from the surface to the knowledge and the treatment of the inner body.

Pressure Data from Neonatalie Live Manikin to Determine Appropriate Ventilation During Simulation Training of Undergraduate Students in Neonatal Resuscitation

Background Neonatalie Live (NL) was developed as a part of the Safer Births project with collaboration between Laerdal Global Health and Tanzanian, Norwegian, and international research institutions. Its features allow instructors to determine the time of starting ventilation, the percentage of valid ventilations, etc. NL generated real-time data during the assessment. Aim To evaluate whether undergraduate students trained on Neonatalie and NL manikins had equivalent ventilation skills on NL. Study design Randomized Control Trial. Methods Final-year MBBS students were randomly assigned to Neonatalie (72 students) or NL (71 students) groups after providing written and informed consent and assessed on NL. Live data generated by NL was analyzed. Outcome To assess the success rate at bag and mask ventilation (BMV), as evidenced by objective data from NL. Results A total of 142 students (assessed only on NL) participated in the study before and after four months. Total time from initiation of BMV to spontaneous breathing did not differ significantly between the Neonatalie and NL [127.6 sec (57.4) vs. 115.1 sec (48.3), p = .16]. “Try to ventilate the baby continuously without pauses” was the most common feedback to all students 70 (49.2%), but no statistical significance between the Neonatalie and NL groups [34 (47.2%) vs. 36 (51.43%)] was found. Conclusion Undergraduate students trained on either manikin had similar success at BMV, as evidenced by independent objective data generated from within the manikin.

Three-dimensional property: Current development trends on the Polish example

Abstract 126The majority of modern European legislations traditionally follows the concept of land ownership derived from Roman law. It is based on the assumption that the owner’s rights are unlimited in spatial terms. Within this understanding, the spatial scope of ownership extends to open space above and below a specific part of the land’s surface, delineated two-dimensionally. Several exceptions to the general underlying approach have been successively introduced in particular European legal systems in the course of historical development. These include, in the first place, building leases and apartment ownership as well as separate ownership of buildings. Furthermore, widely accepted limitations as to the vertical scope of ownership stem from specific regulations in the fields of mining law, geological law, water law and aviation law. Another manifestation of departure from the traditional concept of land ownership are legal solutions falling into the category of three-dimensional (3D) property, which is of increasing interest nowadays in view of growing needs for new forms of ownership and land use in densely built urban areas. At the core of the concept of 3D property in the strict sense lies the possibility to divide the space into distinct layers defined by horizontal and vertical planes, and to create so-called three-dimensional immovable properties which constitute independent objects of property rights. Such 3D units can serve multiple above- and underground investment purposes. Regulations regarding different models of 3D property rights have already been adopted in a number of countries in Europe and worldwide. Recently, conceptual work on layered ownership has been undertaken in Poland, which has opened a discussion in the legal scholarship on the future legislative changes to be implemented in order to introduce the notion of 3D property to domestic law. In parallel with these tendencies, the idea of 3D cadastre is being promoted. It offers 127the possibility to register real estate objects located at different levels. Worthy of note in this regard is also the impact of the current technological advancements on increasing the investment potential of urban space through 3D property formation. This article elaborates, first, on the general concept and selected types of 3D property rights existing in national jurisdictions. Against this background, the proposal for the new legal construct of layered ownership has been discussed with particular consideration of the possible ways of adapting it to the Polish property law framework. Some of the opportunities and challenges brought about by the 3D property rights development have been then outlined in the context of extensive implementation of emerging technologies in real estate transactions.

Longitudinal relations between independent walking, body position, and object experiences in home life.

How do age and the acquisition of independent walking relate to changes in infants' everyday experiences? We used a novel ecological momentary assessment (EMA) method to gather caregiver reports of infants' restraint, body position, and object holding via text messages sparsely sampled across multiple days of home life at 10, 11, 12, and 13 months of age. Using data from over 4,000 EMA samples from N = 62 infants recruited from across the United States and sampled longitudinally, we measured changes in the base rates of different activities in daily life. With age, infants spent more time unrestrained. With the onset of walking, infants spent less time sitting and prone and more time upright. Although rates of object holding did not change with age or walking ability, we found that infants who can walk hold objects more often in an upright position compared with nonwalkers. We discuss how accurately measuring changes in lived experiences serves to constrain theories about developmental mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Factors influencing public health engagement in alcohol licensing in England and Scotland including legal and structural differences: comparative interview analysis.

Greater availability of alcohol is associated with higher consumption and harms. The legal systems, by which premises are licensed to sell alcohol in England and Scotland, differ in several ways. The 'Exploring the impact of alcohol licensing in England and Scotland' study measured public health team activity regarding alcohol licensing from 2012 to 2019 and identified seven differences between England and Scotland in the timing and type of activities undertaken. To qualitatively describe the seven previously identified differences between Scotland and England in public health approaches to alcohol licensing, and to examine, from the perspective of public health professionals, what factors may explain these differences. Ninety-four interviews were conducted with 52 professionals from 14 English and 6 Scottish public health teams selected for diversity who had been actively engaging with alcohol licensing. Interviews focused primarily on the nature of their engagement (n = 66) and their rationale for the approaches taken (n = 28). Interview data were analysed thematically using NVivo. Findings were constructed by discussion across the research team, to describe and explain the differences in practice found. Diverse legal, practical and other factors appeared to explain the seven differences. (1) Earlier engagement in licensing by Scottish public health teams in 2012-3 may have arisen from differences in the timing of legislative changes giving public health a statutory role and support from Alcohol Focus Scotland. (2) Public Health England provided significant support from 2014 in England, contributing to an increase in activity from that point. (3) Renewals of statements of licensing policy were required more frequently in Scotland and at the same time for all Licensing Boards, probably explaining greater focus on policy in Scotland. (4) Organisational structures in Scotland, with public health stakeholders spread across several organisations, likely explained greater involvement of senior leaders there. (5) Without a public health objective for licensing, English public health teams felt less confident about making objections to licence applications without other stakeholders such as the police, and instead commonly negotiated conditions on licences with applicants. In contrast, Scottish public health teams felt any direct contact with applicants was inappropriate due to conflicts of interest. (6) With the public health objective in Scotland, public health teams there were more active in making independent objections to licence applications. Further in Scotland, licensing committee meetings are held to consider all new applications regardless of whether objections have been submitted; unlike in England where there was a greater incentive to resolve objections, because then a meeting was not required. (7) Finally, Scottish public health teams involved the public more in licensing process, partly because of statutory licensing forums there. The alcohol premises licensing systems in England and Scotland differ in important ways including and beyond the lack of a public health objective for licensing in England. These and other differences, including support of national and local bodies, have shaped opportunities for, and the nature of, public health engagement. Further research could examine the relative success of the approaches taken by public health teams and how temporary increases in availability are handled in the two licensing systems. This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Reseacrh programme as award number 15/129/11.

SUBJECT-OBJECT RELATIONS IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS

The article formulates the purpose of consciousness, which determines the direction of research in this work as a whole, namely: consciousness and self-awareness enable the subject, in the process of thinking, to realize (understand and feel) what it is like to be «there» – in a situation that is mentally assumed, and to make a decision about his real or imaginary actions. Based on the principle of subject-object relations, the mechanisms of functioning of all types of consciousness are considered from the first person, according to the general scheme. The systemic processes of consciousness and self-awareness are described as components of the thinking circuit, which is the inner world of the subject, covered by feedback. Consciousness is the flow of the subject’s experiences of images of representations of the states of his inner world. Experiences are realized in subject-object relations, where the object is an image of the representation of a fragment of the inner world in a past state, and the subject is represented by a psychosomatic image of «I» in the context of his inner world in the state of «here and now». Such a fragment can be any independent object of the inner world in a past state, including the image of «I», which is the basis of all «self-» processes, including self-knowledge, self-awareness, self-reflection, self-reference. The result of experience is subjective reality, which the subject perceives in the forms and modalities of the subject’s perception of the external world. It is shown that the processes of consciousness and self-awareness occur simultaneously. At the same time, awareness of the objects of the external and internal worlds occurs simultaneously with the subject’s awareness of himself. This solves the problem of distinguishing between the subject himself and the other. A unified procedure of consciousness is proposed, which is a multi-loop cyclical process that includes both the cognitive components of experiences and conscious reactions of the body, sensations and emotions. The principles of formation and interaction of cycles of consciousness of various types have been studied: self-awareness, awareness of independent objects, awareness of bodily reactions, emotions, awareness of the subject-object relations themselves from the first person position.

Training of "Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka (IKM)" Through in House Training (IHT) For 21st Century Prospective Teacher Student Communities

Abstract: Curriculum is the heart of education. In its implementation it underwent various changes. As aprospective teacher, every change in the curriculum is necessary, so it is very important to deepen yourknowledge regarding the preparation of curriculum components as a preparation before entering theelementary school environment. Wokrhsop Implementation of the Independent Curriculum (IKM) whichis carried out through In House Training (IHT) is a learning tool for prospective teachers to equipthemselves in understanding the components of the Independent Curriculum, namely LearningAchievements (LA), Learning Objectives (LO) and Learning Objective Flow (LOF) . The IKM Workshopwas carried out in several stages, namely (1) observing the condition of the participants; (2) making activity proposals, flyers and distribution; (3) inviting external sources; (4) pretest; (5) Implementation of IKM activities; (6) Completing the post-test. The results obtained after implementing the IKM workshop showed an increase of 91.1% of participants who were able to understand and develop the IndependentCurriculum components, namely Learning Achievements (CP), Learning Objectives (TP) and LearningObjective Flow (ATP).

Phase I study of the Syk inhibitor sovleplenib in relapsed or refractory mature B-cell tumors.

Sovleplenib (HMPL-523) is a selective spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor with anti-tumor activity in preclinical models of B-cell malignancy. We conducted a dose-escalation and dose-expansion phase I study of sovleplenib in patients with relapsed/ refractory mature B-cell tumors. Dose escalation followed a 3+3 design; patients received oral sovleplenib (200-800 mg once daily [q.d.] or 200 mg twice daily [b.i.d.], 28-day cycles). During dose expansion, patients were enrolled into four cohorts per lymphoma classification and treated at the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) (clinicaltrials gov. Identifier: NCT02857998). Overall, 134 Chinese patients were enrolled (dose escalation, N=27; dose expansion, N=107). Five patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities: one each of amylase increased (200 mg q.d.), febrile neutropenia (800 mg q.d.), renal failure (800 mg q.d.), hyperuricemia and blood creatine phosphokinase increased (200 mg b.i.d.) and blood bilirubin increased and pneumonia (200 mg b.i.d.). RP2D was determined as 600 mg (>65 kg) or 400 mg (≤65 kg) q.d.. The primary efficacy end point of independent review committee-assessed objective response rate in indolent B-cell lymphoma was 50.8% (95% confidence interval: 37.5- 64.1) in 59 evaluable patients at RP2D (follicular lymphoma: 60.5%, marginal zone lymphoma: 28.6%, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia, 0%). The most common (≥10% patients) grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events in the dose-expansion phase were decreased neutrophil count (29.9%), pneumonia (12.1%) and decreased white blood cell count (11.2%). Pharmacokinetic exposures increased dose-proportionally with ascending dose levels from 200-800 mg, without observed saturation. Sovleplenib showed anti-tumor activity in relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma with acceptable safety. Further studies are warranted.