Independent Decisions Research Articles

Women’s independent decision-making power and determinants on not to use contraceptives among currently married women in Ethiopia using demographic and Health Survey data: Multilevel Analysis

BackgroundEvidence suggests that couples frequently dispute regarding the desirability of pregnancy, as well as whether or not to employ family planning measures. There are numerous unmet needs owing to partner or family objections, according to a scares study that illustrates women’s independent decision-making capacity on whether or not to use a contraceptive. As a result, the purpose of this study was to analyze women’s independent decision-making power and determinants of not using contraceptives.MethodsReproductive age group women aged (15–49 years) currently married who are not pregnant and are currently not using family planning preceding five years the survey was included from the individual record (IR file) file using standard demographic and health survey datasets of Ethiopia. Using multilevel logistic regression models, we investigated the relationship between several independent factors and women’s independent decision-making not to use contraception. The adjusted odds ratios were evaluated using 95% confidence intervals.ResultsA total of 5,598 currently married women were included in this study. Individual level factors significantly associated with women independent decision making on not to use contraceptive were female-led households (AOR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.60–2.78), being orthodox ( AOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.39–2.44 ) and protestant ( AOR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.17–2.23), and belonging to more than one union (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.12–1.95). Whereas, low community education (AOR = 1.19; 95%= 1.00-1.49) and regions: in Tigray (AOR = 2.19; 95%CI = 1.51–3.16), Afar (AOR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.14–2.64), Amhara (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.71–3.500), South Nations Nationality (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.32–2.65), Gambela (AOR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.73–3.84), Hareri (AOR = 3.93; 95% CI = 2.62–5.88), and Dre DDewa (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.12–2.45) were community-level factors.ConclusionWomen’s independent decision-making power not to use contraceptives was low and greatly affected by both individual and community-level factors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop policies and create programs that promote women’s empowerment by incorporating their partners in each region of the nation to encourage women’s independent decision-making authority to use or not to use a contraceptive.

Sustainable Consumption and the Fair Trade Idea Versus the Consumption Behavior of Young Singles in Poland

Purpose: The article is a research paper. The aim of this study is to provide some insight into the consumption behavior of young Polish singles that conform to the idea of sustainable consumption and the fair trade movement. Design/methodology: The methodological part synthetically discusses the conceptualization of research and selection of the research sample. The empirical part, based on the research conducted by the author, examines young Polish singles’ pro-environmental behaviors that can be defined as sustainable consumption and are aligned with the fair trade idea. The analysis is based on a survey questionnaire administered from 1 October to 30 March 2022 in a sample of 2587 young singles who made independent decisions in the market. Findings: The methodological part synthetically discusses the conceptualization of research and selection of the research sample. The empirical part, based on the research conducted by the author, examines young Polish singles’ pro-environmental behaviors that can be defined as sustainable consumption and are aligned with the fair trade idea. The analysis is based on a survey questionnaire administered from 1 October to 30 March 2022 in a sample of 2587 young singles who made independent decisions in the market. The information from the survey shows that young Polish singles implement the idea of fully sustainable consumption to a small extent and that some of them interpret the essence of sustainable consumption incorrectly. The proportion of young respondents who declared that they acted in line with the idea of sustainable consumption was much higher among women than men as well as among university graduates, those earning a monthly income of more than PLN 4000.00, and mostly living in large urban agglomerations. Furthermore, the information obtained reveals that sustainable consumption is not fully understood by the respondents, as evidenced by the fact that nearly half of young singles indicated financial costs as the main barrier to sustainable consumption. In turn, for those with the highest income, the main obstacle in this respect was a lack of time. The results of the survey have confirmed that young singles have poor knowledge of labels referring to eco-friendliness, the environment and fair trade, showing that the sample surveyed is characterized by low awareness of eco-labeling, that is the idea of placing green labels on products that are least harmful to the environment. Research limitations/ implication: Given the limited financial capacity, the study of sustainable consumption and fair trade in the consumption behavior of young singles was confined to an online survey. This affected the research sample (N = 2587). Thus, the conclusions should not be treated as representative of the population of young Polish singles. They only provide some insight into their actual consumption behaviors as part of sustainable consumption and fair trade. Originality/value: Despite the indicated limitations, the obtained results allowed for partially filling the gap ensuing from the lack of primary research on sustainable behavior of young Polish singles.

Information sharing through digitalisation in decentralised supply chains

This study investigates the impact of private information on decision making process and how emerging technologies can facilitate information sharing and reduce misinformation in decentralised settings. Focusing on business environments, we examine if information sharing between distinct partners can be a mutually beneficial option. In principle, information affects the preferences and the actions of decision makers and usually contributes to inefficiencies for the entire system. A supply chain with two rational firms is considered; the firms have conflicting objectives and possess information that cannot be verified. Real-time communication through a cloud platform is allowed, before the firms finalise their strategies. During the communication phase, both firms are free to report whatever information optimises their individual objectives, even fake. Misinformation seems a plausible option, especially in competitive environments, since the firms may take advantages from such behaviour. We demonstrate that sharing the actual information can be beneficial for both, under the implementation of an appropriate mechanism that considers the welfare of the entire chain. Despite the individualistic behaviour of independent decision makers, it is doable to eliminate entirely information asymmetry and misinformation. This happens by including sufficient incentives on a mechanism that induce firms to reveal their information, because it is in their self-interest to do so. The value of information and the expected benefits of the voluntary information sharing are calculated, indicating the potential improvement.

Insight into Sexual Risk Reduction for College-Entering Males Reacting to Gender-Tailored Role Play Scenarios

Background: College represents a time of independent decision making, increased exposure to substances, and new, less supervised, opportunities for sexual behaviors and new partners. Despite the high prevalence of sexual risk behaviors in adolescent males pursuing higher education, there are still limited evidence-based interventions for sexually transmitted infections (STI), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and pregnancy prevention tailored for this population. Aim: The aim of this study was to gain insight into the perspectives of males on role play situations used in a sexual risk reduction program tailored for adolescent girls to obtain feedback on creating effective prevention programs for males. Methods: We conducted a focus group with males entering college. We analyzed the transcribed data to assess the relevance, realism, and utility of role-playing and to gain insight into the participant’s communication styles and approaches to risk reduction. Results: Four major themes were identified using conventional content analysis: (1) Non-verbal responses and “the vibe” are the go ahead for consent for sex, (2) Jokes and excuses are common communication skills used for risk reduction, (3) Prevention of pregnancy is more of a concern than STI or HIV prevention, and (4) Being gaslighted regarding mental health issues by girls was not uncommon. Conclusions: Findings from this pilot study can help inform sexual risk reduction intervention programming for males entering new environments such as the college-setting.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE METHODS OF USE

In today's globalized life and the development of technology, the use of modern tools is one of the most important prerequisites. In order to join the ranks of developed foreign countries, it is very important to use new innovative technologies in the training of future specialists in English classes. A method of using the methods of the new technology in practice is also proposed. Today, a secondary school graduate must be competitive and in demand in the labor market, which requires a high level of general mastery of new technologies, information and communication competence, high professional skills, the ability to make independent decisions, standard thinking and adaptability to changing conditions. The main goal of teaching English is to give students a basic level of communication in a foreign language. Moving to a point where you can interact at a basic level. And for the exchange of information in a foreign language at the basic level, four types of spoken English are provided: speaking, listening, reading, writing, and the active use of new techniques in the classroom using new technologies. The results of practical and experimental work were systematically analyzed, reviewed and a scientific and methodological conclusion was made. The features of the use of new innovative technologies in a foreign language lesson are revealed and their content is described.

Immigration status as a determinant of health information-seeking behavior among undergraduates of color at an urban commuter college.

Background: Health information-seeking behavior (HISB) of college students is of importance due to health information inconsistencies at a time when personal independence and concurrent personal health decision making may be increased. Currently, there is a dearth of research about the HISB of college students, especially from diverse backgrounds. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and describe the sources college students use when engaging in HISB; and to explore associations between HISB and demographic factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with undergraduate students at a diverse, public institution in New York City. The sample was drawn from an institutional social science research pool and asked to complete a survey on HISB. A total of 226 respondents completed the survey. Results: The believed accuracy of the information found online was positively correlated with related behaviors and beliefs. The number of followers on Instagram proved to be an important mediator of HISB of college students. The number of followers a health information provider has was fittingly positively correlated with the belief that social media is a helpful resource for health information r(233)=0.18, P=0.01. Students from families with two or more generations living in the United States accessed health professionals more frequently than students from one or less generation (χ2=8.107(2), P=0.017). Conclusion: Targeted educational programs designed to increase health information seeking skills, including discernment of information quality should be a priority for college students.

Sustainable prescription and implementation practices in clinical practice guidelines

Despite broad agreement on the health impact of climate change, climatic considerations are still not widespread in the domain of medical practice. Methods to compile and assess climate-related evidence in guidelines are, although desirable for the protection of both humans and the environment, not yet available. The present article explores the conflict between ethical and clinical implications of climate change comparing two guidelines. This comparison highlights barriers and opportunities to guideline development and their significance to prescription practices. A selective literature search and analysis of two clinical practice guidelines was performed. Despite partly rigorous appraisal of existing evidence, both guidelines offer consensus-based recommendations only. Narrative evidence syntheses, in which the climate models underlying the reported data are made explicit, enable readers to draw independent conclusions regarding the validity of recommendations made. Educational efforts of this kind play aspecial role, given the current paucity of unambiguous information on climatic trends. The urgency of climate change requires actions on all fronts. As contributions to the public discourse, guidelines should discuss adaptation strategies to climate change as well as mitigation measures and discuss them in away that empowers their readers to make independent decisions. In doing so, it is important to keep in mind that informed patients may not necessarily prefer the most medically effective intervention, but may be willing to give priority to the health of the planet.

Event-trigger rolling horizon optimization for congestion management considering peer-to-peer energy trading among microgrids

This paper designs an event-trigger rolling horizon optimization framework to alleviate electricity congestion caused by peer-to-peer (P2P) energy transactions among microgrids (MGs) under uncertainty. This framework incorporating abounded time dimensions includes three processes: first, a discrete-time linear programming model for the P2P energy trading among MGs with real-time data updating for reaction to underling uncertainties, are formulated to derive initial schemes in prediction time windows; second, a modified optimal power flow model is used to verify congestion in control time windows, with congestion occurrence defined as an event; third, the power rescheduling of MGs is triggered by this event for reducing periodic calculation burden and executed to generate new trading schemes for congestion alleviation in control time windows. We develop an online distributed optimization algorithm to realize independent decisions of MGs and guarantee rolling updates of system parameters through embedding alternating direction method of multipliers into every time window. Finally, simulations in different cases are implemented to illustrate the reasonability and effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework. Results show that congestion is reasonably managed while ensuring the diversity of P2P energy transactions. Compared with the period-driven rolling horizon optimization framework, the computational time is significantly reduced in the proposed framework.

Distributed Logistics Resources Allocation with Blockchain, Smart Contract, and Edge Computing

The traditional centralized logistics resources allocation method can no longer adapt to the new business model of decentralized e-commerce, requiring transaction security for all parties involved in the logistics process. Utilizing blockchain and smart contract technologies to build logistics resources allocation network foundation and edge computing technology to assist the resource-constrained transport nodes in implementing complex computation, this paper proposes a distributed logistics resources allocation chain (DLRAChain) concept and designs a DLRAChain network that supports independent decision-making, fair bidding, and secure allocation of interests for all resources allocation participants. The corresponding system models are constructed according to the different roles of DLRAChain participants. Furthermore, the logistics resources requester–provider negotiation process is formulated as a two-stage Stackelberg game. To resolve the optimization problem of the game, the iterative game algorithm (IGA) and distributed logistics resources allocation algorithm (DLRAA) are proposed. Finally, the utility of warehouse and transport nodes and reward of mobile edge computing (MEC) nodes are analyzed with experimental simulation results. The results demonstrate that the proposed models adequately address the DLRA problem, and that the proposed game and corresponding algorithms efficiently achieve the optimal strategy, saving the response time of resources allocation participants.

Decision-making and related outcomes of patients with complex care needs in primary care settings: a systematic literature review with a case-based qualitative synthesis

BackgroundIn primary care, patients increasingly face difficult decisions related to complex care needs (multimorbidity, polypharmacy, mental health issues, social vulnerability and structural barriers). There is a need for a pragmatic conceptual model to understand decisional needs among patients with complex care needs and outcomes related to decision. We aimed to identify types of decisional needs among patients with complex care needs, and decision-making configurations of conditions associated with decision outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a systematic mixed studies review. Two specialized librarians searched five bibliographic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and SSCI). The search strategy was conducted from inception to December 2017. A team of twenty crowd-reviewers selected empirical studies on: (1) patients with complex care needs; (2) decisional needs; (3) primary care. Two reviewers appraised the quality of included studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We conducted a 2-phase case-based qualitative synthesis framed by the Ottawa Decision Support Framework and Gregor’s explicative-predictive theory type. A decisional need case involved: (a) a decision (what), (b) concerning a patient with complex care needs with bio-psycho-social characteristics (who), (c) made independently or in partnership (how), (d) in a specific place and time (where/when), (e) with communication and coordination barriers or facilitators (why), and that (f) influenced actions taken, health or well-being, or decision quality (outcomes).ResultsWe included 47 studies. Data sufficiency qualitative criterion was reached. We identified 69 cases (2997 participants across 13 countries) grouped into five types of decisional needs: ‘prioritization’ (n = 26), ‘use of services’ (n = 22), ‘prescription’ (n = 12), ‘behavior change’ (n = 4) and ‘institutionalization’ (n = 5). Many decisions were made between clinical encounters in situations of social vulnerability. Patterns of conditions associated with decision outcomes revealed four decision-making configurations: ‘well-managed’ (n = 13), ‘asymmetric encounters’ (n = 21), ‘self-management by default’ (n = 8), and ‘chaotic’ (n = 27). Shared decision-making was associated with positive outcomes. Negative outcomes were associated with independent decision-making.ConclusionOur results could extend decision-making models in primary care settings and inform subsequent user-centered design of decision support tools for heterogenous patients with complex care needs.

Smart Homes for Disabled People: A Review Study

The field of smart homes has gained notable attention from both academia and industry. The majority of the work has been directed at regular users, and less attention has been placed on users with special needs, particularly those with mobility problems or quadriplegia. Brain computer interface has started the mission of helping people with special needs in smart homes by developing an environment that allows them to make more independent decisions. This study investigates the efforts made in the literature for smart homes that have been established to manage and control home components by disabled people and makes a comparison between the reviewed papers, in terms of the controlled devices, the central controller, the people with disabilities the system is meant for, whether or not machine learning was used in the system, and the system's command method. In the field of machine learning-based smart homes for disabled people, the limitations have been pointed out and talked about. Current challenges and possible future directions for further progress have also been given.

Experiences and perceptions of health care professionals making treatment decisions for older adults with memory loss: a qualitative systematic review protocol.

The objective of this review is to critically analyze and synthesize the experiences and perceptions of health care professionals making decisions that result in treatment recommendations for older adults living with memory loss who are experiencing health problems. Health care professionals provide care to older adults living with memory loss and other coexisting health conditions across all clinical settings. Older adults living with memory loss most commonly experience impaired independent decision-making, which can challenge health care professionals when decisions about treatment need to be made. These challenges contribute to older adults with memory loss receiving inappropriate treatment and experiencing higher morbidity than those without memory loss. To date, existing reviews have not focused on the experiences and perceptions of health care professionals who are making treatment decisions when older adults living with memory loss experience health problems. A deeper exploration of this evidence is needed to understand health care professionals' experiences and perceptions of treatment decision-making to support the goal of improving care for older adults. This systematic review will consider studies across all clinical settings focused on the experiences and perceptions of health care professionals making treatment decisions for older adults with memory loss who are experiencing health problems. We will conduct a comprehensive systematic search using CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Two reviewers will independently appraise the selected studies and extract qualitative data using the recommended JBI method for study selection, critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis. The ConQual approach will be applied to provide a level of confidence for the review findings. PROSPERO CRD42021271485.

Collaborative Resilience to Extreme Weather in Decentralized Co-operation of Electricity and Natural Gas Distribution Systems

• A model to enhance the resilience of the integrated electrical distribution and gas networks. • A min-max robust optimization model considering worst-case scenarios. N-k and wind power generation • A multi-stage and multi-zone model to capture the spatial-temporal dynamic of extreme hurricane. • A hybrid column-and-constraints optimization solution. The flexibility of the power-to-gas (P2G) technologies and natural gas units (NGUs) can enhance the resilience of the electric distribution system (EDS) considering the high penetration of renewable energy resources (RERs). The decentralized collaborative operation (co-operation) of electric distribution systems and natural gas systems (EDSs&NGSs) considering information privacy preserving can enhance the resilience during an extreme hurricane. To address this issue, this paper proposes a three-level hierarchal solution to decompose the centralized co-operation of the EDS&NGS framework in which an independent decision-making strategy and information privacy preserving for both network operators are simultaneously addressed. Furthermore, in this paper, a min–max robust resilience-constrained co-optimization model is presented to enhance the resilience of the integrated EDS&NGS against worst-case N − k contingencies and wind power generation uncertainty under extreme hurricane events. To attain the spatial dynamics of extreme hurricanes, a the multi-zone and multi-time extreme hurricanes model is considered. Then, a column-and-constraints generation (C&CG) algorithm is used to solve the proposed robust resilience-constrained co-optimization model. To verify the effectiveness of the model, we conducted experiments on a modified IEEE-33-bus-10-node/123-bus-20-node EDS&NGS. The numerical results show that the proposed robust resilience-constrained co-operation of EDS&NGS problem is an effective model for enhancing EDS resilience.

The effectiveness of video animations as information tools for patients and the general public: A systematic review.

Video animations are used increasingly as patient information tools; however, we do not know their value compared to other formats of delivery, such as printed materials, verbal consultations or static images. This review compares the effectiveness of video animations as information tools vs. other formats of delivery on patient knowledge, attitudes and cognitions, and behaviours. Included studies had the following features: controlled design with random or quasi-random allocation; patients being informed about any health condition or members of the public being informed about a public health topic; comparing video animation with another delivery format. Multiple digital databases were searched from 1996-June 2021. We also undertook citation searching. We used dual, independent decision-making for inclusion assessment, data extraction and quality appraisal. Included studies were appraised using the Cochrane ROB2 tool. Findings were reported using narrative synthesis. We included 38 trials, focussed on: explaining medical or surgical procedures (n = 17); management of long-term conditions (n = 11); public health, health-promotion or illness-prevention (n = 10). Studies evaluated cartoon animations (n = 29), 3D animations (n = 6), or 2D animations, "white-board" animations or avatars (n = 1 each). Knowledge was assessed in 30 studies, showing greater knowledge from animations in 19 studies, compared to a range of comparators. Attitudes and cognitions were assessed in 21 studies, and animations resulted in positive outcomes in six studies, null effects in 14 studies, and less positive outcomes than standard care in one study. Patient behaviours were assessed in nine studies, with animations resulting in positive outcomes in four and null effects in the remainder. Overall risk of bias was "high" (n = 18), "some concerns" (n = 16) or "low" (n = 4). Common reasons for increased risk of bias were randomisation processes, small sample size or lack of sample size calculation, missing outcome data, and lack of protocol publication. The overall evidence base is highly variable, with mostly small trials. Video animations show promise as patient information tools, particularly for effects on knowledge, but further evaluation is needed in higher quality studies. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?, identifier: CRD42021236296.

Formally Verified Next-generation Airborne Collision Avoidance Games in ACAS X

The design of aircraft collision avoidance algorithms is a subtle but important challenge that merits the need for provable safety guarantees. Obtaining such guarantees is nontrivial given the unpredictability of the interplay of the intruder aircraft decisions, the ownship pilot reactions, and the subtlety of the continuous motion dynamics of aircraft. Existing collision avoidance systems, such as TCAS and the Next-Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACAS X, have been analyzed assuming severe restrictions on the intruder’s flight maneuvers, limiting their safety guarantees in real-world scenarios where the intruder may change its course. This work takes a conceptually significant and practically relevant departure from existing ACAS X models by generalizing them to hybrid games with first-class representations of the ownship and intruder decisions coming from two independent players, enabling significantly advanced predictive power. By proving the existence of winning strategies for the resulting Adversarial ACAS X in differential game logic, collision-freedom is established for the rich encounters of ownship and intruder aircraft with independent decisions along differential equations for flight paths with evolving vertical/horizontal velocities. We present three classes of models of increasing complexity: single-advisory infinite-time models, bounded time models, and infinite time, multi-advisory models. Within each class of models, we identify symbolic conditions and prove that there then always is a possible ownship maneuver that will prevent a collision between the two aircraft.

The adoption of green public procurement practices: Analytical challenges and empirical illustration on Swedish municipalities

The objective of this paper is to investigate the determinants of the adoption of green public procurement (GPP) practices at the local authority level. A conceptual contribution of the paper is an analytical framework, which acknowledges that the adoption of green criteria in tenders should be modelled as a conditionally independent decision from the decision to rely on GPP strategies (guidelines). This approach can help provide novel insights into how various political, organizational, and individual characteristics influence GPP. The paper provides an empirical illustration by concentrating on the role of organizational size. This analysis is based on survey responses from civil servants representing 140 Swedish municipalities. The results are based on the bivariate ordered probit estimator and suggest that large municipalities are more likely to rely on GPP strategies but also less prone to adopt green criteria in tenders when controlling for the presence of such strategies. In large organizations, the centralization of the procurement implies efficiency gains, but it will often be accompanied with longer organizational distances between the procuring and the environmental departments. The paper also highlights the wider implications of the proposed framework, including how future research on GPP practices could approach the role of various political and individual factors.

Theoretical design of decentralized auction framework under mobile crowdsourcing environment

With the rapid popularization of mobile devices, the mobile crowdsourcing has become a hot topic in order to make full use of the resources of mobile devices. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to design an excellent incentive mechanism to encourage more mobile users to actively undertake crowdsourcing tasks, so as to achieve maximization of certain economic indicators. However, most of the reported incentive mechanisms in the existing literature adopt a centralized platform, which collects the bidding information from workers and task requesters. There is a risk of privacy exposure. In this paper, we design a decentralized auction framework where mobile workers are sellers and task requesters are buyers. This requires each participant to make its own local and independent decision, thereby avoiding centralized processing of task allocation and pricing. Both of them aim to maximize their utilities under the budget constraint. We theoretically prove that our proposed framework is individual rational, budget balanced, truthful, and computationally efficient, and then we conduct a group of numerical simulations to demonstrate its correctness and effectiveness.

AI-Assisted Decision-making: a Cognitive Modeling Approach to Infer Latent Reliance Strategies

AI assistance is readily available to humans in a variety of decision-making applications. In order to fully understand the efficacy of such joint decision-making, it is important to first understand the human’s reliance on AI. However, there is a disconnect between how joint decision-making is studied and how it is practiced in the real world. More often than not, researchers ask humans to provide independent decisions before they are shown AI assistance. This is done to make explicit the influence of AI assistance on the human’s decision. We develop a cognitive model that allows us to infer the latent reliance strategy of humans on AI assistance without asking the human to make an independent decision. We validate the model’s predictions through two behavioral experiments. The first experiment follows a concurrent paradigm where humans are shown AI assistance alongside the decision problem. The second experiment follows a sequential paradigm where humans provide an independent judgment on a decision problem before AI assistance is made available. The model’s predicted reliance strategies closely track the strategies employed by humans in the two experimental paradigms. Our model provides a principled way to infer reliance on AI-assistance and may be used to expand the scope of investigation on human-AI collaboration.

How Adolescents and Parents See Their Moral Responsibilities With Regard to Adolescents Using Alcohol-A Deductive Secondary Analysis.

This study described how adolescents and the parents saw their moral responsibilities with regard to adolescents using alcohol. This was a deductive secondary analysis, based on Hart's taxonomy of moral responsibility. The primary studies were based on 19 group interviews with 87 adolescents aged 14-16 and 17 interviews with 20 parents. Voluntary participants were recruited by purposive sampling from two public schools in Finland. Role responsibilities comprised of adolescents taking care of themselves and parents providing authority figures and helping adolescents to make rational decisions about alcohol. Capacity responsibilities referred to adolescents' abilities to make independent decisions on using alcohol and their developing abilities to control their actions. Parents required abilities to get involved in and show an interest in their children's everyday lives. Causal responsibilities focused on ensuring that adolescents did not cause harm when they used alcohol, and parents had to acknowledge and react to the consequences. Liability responsibilities were about the law on alcohol use and responsibilities for any legal consequences. The role schools could play was important. Adolescents and parents had wide-ranging responsibilities related to the adolescents' using alcohol and school nurses could play an important role in healthy decisions.

Research on the Emission Reduction Decision of Cost-Sharing Logistics Service Supply Chain in the O2O Model

As an effective way to realize energy savings and environmental protection, cost sharing is gradually becoming an important measure to reduce emissions in the logistics service supply chain under O2O mode in recent years. How to conduct contract selection and design optimization under the cost-sharing situation, and then improve the operational efficiency of the logistics service supply chain is an important issue that needs to be addressed. Firstly, based on the initial market demand for logistics, this paper involves the influence of both online logistics service integrators and onsite functional logistics service providers on logistics market demand in terms of emission reduction and platform brand image and develops a model based on the logistics service demand function in the O2O mode. Secondly, for the role of online and onsite emission reduction services in multi-cycle continuous cooperation to enhance the platform integrator’s brand image, a cost-sharing differential game model between online and onsite services is developed to facilitate providers’ adoption of high-quality emission reduction services. Finally, the HJB equation is used to compare the non-cooperative Nash game, the cost-sharing Stackelberg game, and the cooperative game to make the optimal abatement decision, the optimal benefit, and the cost-sharing ratio of the abatement service supply chain in the non-cooperative Nash game, the cost-sharing Stackelberg game, and the cooperative game. By comparing the results of the three games, we find that the optimal onsite and online abatement service decision is related to the cost, marginal revenue, and the impact of the service on demand; the abatement cost-sharing contract and cooperation are both better than the non-cooperative independent decision state, which can effectively guide the provision of high-quality onsite abatement service and improve the revenue of both parties involved in the logistics service supply chain and the total system’s revenue in the O2O mode. Compared with the cooperative game model, the cost-sharing contract can more effectively facilitate close cooperation between the actors, and the relationship between onsite and online marginal revenue affects the improvement of both parties’ revenue. The findings of the study can provide useful managerial insights for the selection and design optimization of abatement contracts for logistics service supply chains considering cost-sharing via the O2O model.