Increase In Employment Rates Research Articles

Human-Machine Collaboration as a Factor of Labour Productivity and Efficiency

This article is aimed to give an empirical answer to the following research questions: 1) whether work as a type of activity and as a life value is losing its significance in the modern world; 2) whether human-machine collaboration (HMC) is a significant factor of labour productivity and efficiency. The authors suppose, that in the market economy labour productivity “merges“ with its efficiency – in contrast to a planned economy. Thus, it is possible to talk about “labour efficient productivity” or simply about labour productivity. The methods applied for empirical study are the following: analysis of statistics, regression analysis and correlation analysis. Eurostat and Latvia‘s statistics as well as data of the World Values Survey and data collected by the World Economic Forum and other international organsations. Results of the empirical research show that despite the increase in employment rate in the EU as a whole and in Latvia in particular, work as a type of activity and as a life value is losing its significance in the modern world. HMC empirically is measured by two indicators which show the potential of a country in HMC: digital skills of the population and ICT adoption. Results of the analysis show that HMC is a significant factor of labour productivity in the modern world, while various components of HMC have different significance in two groups of the world countries. In countries with a high potential of HMC, including Latvia, digital skills of the population is the determinant of labour productivity. In its turn, in countries with a low potential of HMC, the main factor of labour productivity is ICT adoption.

Entering the labor market: increased employment rates of young adults with chronic physical conditions after a vocational rehabilitation program

Purpose Employment of young adults with chronic physical conditions entering the labor market after finishing post-secondary education remains behind compared to typically developing peers. The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in their paid employment levels after following a vocational rehabilitation intervention (‘At Work’). Materials and methods Participants aged between 16 and 27 years (n = 90) were recruited via rehabilitation physicians and a jobcoach agency and participated in a vocational rehabilitation program. Cochran’s Q and McNemar tests served to test the development of intervention participants’ paid employment over time. Chi-square tests were used to compare intervention participants’ paid employment level with national reference data selected on age and having a self-reported chronic physical condition. Results Paid employment level of the intervention cohort significantly increased from 10.0% at baseline to 42.4% at 2-years follow-up (p < 0.001). At 2-years follow-up, their employment rates approached the employment rates of national reference data (42.4% versus 52.9%, p = 0.17). Conclusion Starting from a disadvantaged position, the paid employment rate of the intervention cohort substantially increased over time, approaching the employment rate of reference data. ‘At Work’ seems to be appropriate for supporting this specific group who face obstacles to enter the labor market, to find competitive employment. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION ‘At Work’ is a vocational rehabilitation intervention for young adults with chronic physical conditions who experience problems with finding and maintaining competitive employment after finishing post-secondary education. The ‘At Work’ intervention entails a combination of group sessions and individual coaching sessions based on the supported employment methodology. Paid employment rates of the intervention cohort substantially increased on the short- and long term, and approached employment rates of reference data of persons with chronic physical conditions. The ‘At Work’ intervention seems appropriate to support young adults with chronic physical conditions who experience barriers for work participation, to enter the labor market and find competitive and sustainable employment.

EMPLOYMENT AFTER NORMAL RETIREMENT AGE: EMPLOYERS’ MOTIVES AND EXPERIENCES

Due to population aging, older workers in developed countries are working much longer than previous cohorts. Some older workers even extend their careers beyond normal retirement age – or the age that is traditionally associated with retirement. While earlier work has studied employees’ motives and experiences while working after normal retirement age, motives and experiences of employers remain unexplored. Understanding employers’ perspectives is imperative for a better grasp of employees’ opportunity structures and labor market dynamics. This is especially relevant in countries with mandatory retirement systems, since here employer and employee need to negotiate a new contract after normal retirement age. I study employers’ motives to and experiences with employing older workers after normal retirement age using data from a 2017 survey among 1,312 Dutch employers. The Netherlands has mandatory retirement regulations but is also seeing an increase in employment rates after normal retirement age. Results show that 54% of employers have, in recent years, employed one or more older workers beyond their normal retirement age. This is especially common in education. 70% of employers are very positive about their previous experiences with employing older workers after normal retirement age, mostly because they had rehired older workers with unique knowledge and experience. However, employers also hardly ever took the initiative for such employment arrangements, instead leaving it to the older workers to show the desire to continue working. Although employers are largely positive, they see it as a limited phenomenon, and do not consider it a solution to labor shortages.

Does the effect of disability acquisition on mental health differ by employment characteristics? A longitudinal fixed-effects analysis

PurposeLongitudinal studies have suggested a causal relationship between disability acquisition and mental health, but there is substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude of the effect. Previous studies have provided evidence that socioeconomic characteristics can buffer the effect but have not examined the role of employment characteristics.MethodsWe used data from 17 annual waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to compare the mental health of working age individuals before and after disability acquisition, using the Mental Health Inventory, a subscale of the SF-36 health questionnaire. Linear fixed-effects regression models were used to estimate the effect of disability acquisition on mental health. We tested for effect modification by two characteristics of people’s employment prior to disability acquisition: occupational skill level and contract type. Multiple imputation using chained equations was used to handle missing data.ResultsDisability acquisition was associated with a substantial decline in mental health score (estimated mean difference: − 4.3, 95% CI − 5.0, − 3.5). There was evidence of effect modification by occupational skill level, with the largest effects seen for those in low-skilled jobs (− 6.1, 95% CI − 7.6, − 4.5), but not for contract type.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the need for social and health policies that focus on increasing employment rates, improving the sustainability of employment, and providing employment services and education and training opportunities for people who acquire a disability, particularly for people in low-skilled occupations, to reduce the mental health inequalities experienced by people with disabilities.

Advantages of an Interdisciplinary Approach to the Sustainable Development of Two Scenarios in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Presently, almost all human activities (agriculture, transport, industry, construction sector, etc.) have an adverse impact on the environment. The construction sector in the EU alone accounts for a big part of the total energy consumption and emission of CO2. Two-thirds of the energy used in the construction sector in Europe goes to housing. As the number of residents grows, the requirements for new housing increase, causing an additional increase in energy consumption and new CO2 emissions for construction, maintenance, lighting, ventilation, cooling, and heating. Benefits of detailed planning of sustainable development of the construction sector are manifold. The most important benefits are sustainable use of resources, economic and social development of communities, increasing employment rates, improvements of living conditions and protection of the environment. Two scenarios for the development of an energy-efficient construction sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina with a focus on housing facilities are developed, in order to address the needs and benefits of detailed planning. Both scenarios analyze the effects on job creation, the impact of used construction materials on the environment and eco balance of local products. The difference in the solutions confirms the benefits of an interdisciplinary approach to the planning of sustainable systems so that not only technical, but also economic and social benefits can be evaluated thanks to the combination of methods used.

Increased Employment Rates and the Nature of the Economic Growth in Poland’s Voivodships

The purpose of the article is to study the impact of basic production factors (level of employment and value of fixed assets) on the economic growth rate in different regions of Poland. The hypothesis presented in the article is that in the process of economic growth, the human factor (level of employment) plays a greater role than the fixed assets. The hypothesis was verified using the data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Statistical Yearbooks of the Regions for the years 2000 and 2015. The results of the study confirm the validity of the formulated hypothesis. Also, the author of the article made the effort to identify the voivodships characterized by extensive and intensive economic growth.

Promoting Work and Self-Sufficiency for Housing Voucher Recipients: Early Findings From the Family Self-Sufficiency Program Evaluation

In 2012, HUD commissioned a national random assignment evaluation of the Family-Self Sufficiency (FSS) program’s impacts on labor market and other quality of life outcomes for households receiving Housing Choice Vouchers (HCVs). The FSS program has two key components: i) funding for Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) to support case managers who work with participant households to develop individualized self-sufficiency plans and access other community services, and ii) funding to support savings and asset development via interest-bearing escrow accounts redeemable upon graduation from the program, generally after 5 years of FSS program participation. This report examines FSS program implementation, participants’ engagement in the program, and program impacts on labor force participation and government benefits receipt in the first 24 months after program enrollment. The evaluation finds that while FSS increased participation in a range of employment-related services and support services by a statistically significant 13 percentage points, participants in the FSS program did not increase employment rates or average earnings in the first 2 years, but did experience small shifts from part-time to full-time employment.

Zelena radna mesta - potencijal za zapošljavanje u Republici Srbiji

This paper puts emphasis not only on employment problems but also on perspective of increasing employment rate in the Republic of Serbia (Serbia) in the field of circular economy. Circular economy, the 21 century concept and model, is a great chance for making employment rate higher, as well as for ecological protection and budget savings. This topic is very important for the Republic of Serbia (Serbia), candidate for the European Union (EU), and in that context greening economy is obligatory. What is one of the key measures for increasing of (green) employment is the state aid for training of employees, and strategic approach in that sense.

Informal and formal care preferences and expected willingness of providing elderly care in Germany: protocol for a mixed-methods study

IntroductionIn Germany, the number of elderly people in need of care is expected to increase from 2.4 million in 2015 to 3.2 million in 2030. The subsequent rise in demand...

Austerity, Labor Market Reform and the Growth of Precarious Employment in Greece during the Eurozone Crisis

This article examines the relationship between structural reforms commonly referred to as austerity and the growth of precarious labour in Greece. It argues that, in contrast to the proponents of labour market flexibility, the liberalisation of labour markets, employment protection systems, social protection systems and collective bargaining institutions have not increased employment in Greece or minimised the growth of precarious employment. Rather, liberalising structural reforms have resulted in the creation of the very precarity its proponents claim is the product of rigid labour markets, and they have failed to significantly reduce existing levels of unemployment and increasing employment rates.

Results from the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Longitudinal Study (CAMELS): Functional outcomes.

To report functional outcomes from the multisite Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Extended Long-term Study (CAMELS), which examined the impact of youth anxiety treatment (cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT], coping cat; Sertraline, SRT; COMB [CBT + SRT]; pill placebo) on (a) global and (b) domain-specific functioning assessed an average of 3.1 times, 3- to 12-years postrandomization (first assessment = mean 6.5 years postrandomization). Three-hundred and 19 of 488 families from the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS; Walkup et al., 2008) participated. Growth curve modeling examined the impact of treatment condition and acute treatment outcomes (i.e., response, remission) on global functioning, global and domain-specific impairment, and life satisfaction across follow-up visits. Logistic regressions explored the impact of treatment remission and condition on low frequency events (arrests/convictions) and education. Treatment responders and remitters demonstrated better global functioning, decreased overall impairment, and increased life satisfaction at follow-up. Treatment remission, but not response, predicted decreased domain-specific impairment (social relationships, self-care/independence, academic functioning), and maintenance of increased life satisfaction across follow-ups. Participants in the CBT condition, compared with pill placebo, demonstrated improved trajectories pertaining to life satisfaction, overall impairment, and impairment in academic functioning. Randomization to CBT or COMB treatment was associated with increasing employment rates. Trajectories for participants randomized to SRT was not significantly different from placebo. Treatment outcome and condition did not predict legal outcomes, school/work variables, or family life. Positive early intervention outcomes are associated with improved overall functioning, life satisfaction, and functioning within specific domains 6.5 years posttreatment. Treatment type differentially predicted trajectories of functioning. Findings support the positive impact of pediatric anxiety treatment into adolescence and early adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record

Technology Diffusion Challenges for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Developing Countries: Case Study of the Appropriate Technology for MSMEs Program (Iptekda) in West Java-Indonesia (The paper is part of a Dissertation with the title of Technology Diffusion Implementation Policy Analysis : Case Study Technology for Region Program (Iptekda LIPI) 2000-2011 in West and East Java written by Dhian

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CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC): THE COUNTER BALANCER OF MOMENTOUS ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKITAN

This paper will highlight the importance of energy projects that has been covered under the CPEC. Energy is the most important and significant factor for the development and growth of the economy. CPEC is an economic Corridor which is also working as an energy Corridor for Pakistan, 30 billion dollar is invested in energy sector, which will ultimately boost up Pakistan’s shut down industry due to the energy crisis. This paper will highlight the projects of energy sector that has been started in Pakistan and how these energy projects will be beneficial for the economy of Pakistan. This paper will discuss the link between electric power consumption, labor force and price ratio with GDP of Pakistan. Data has been taken from the World Bank for the period of 1990-2016, GDP is considered as dependent variable whereas electric power consumption, labor force and price ratio have been analyzed as independent variables in the light of CPEC and its effects. Least Square Regression has been applied with the help of E-Views a statistical software. The result reveals that GDP of Pakistan is highly and positively affected by electric power consumption, labor force and price ratio. CPEC will help to improve the supply of energy including electricity, increase employment rate and generate more opportunities of employment that will enhance the GDP of Pakistan. The energy projects which includes coal, wind, hydro and solar are covered under the CPEC will help the country to come out from the energy crisis that Pakistan has been facing from the last decade

How (not) to make women work?

Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries.We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the observed divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap.

The effect of transcendental meditation on self-efficacy, perceived stress, and quality of life in mothers in Uganda

ABSTRACTVulnerable women living in poverty in Uganda, who are primarily single, illiterate mothers, face high levels of physical and psychological stress. Our study assessed the impact of the Transcendental Meditation® (TM®) technique on self-efficacy, perceived stress, and mental and physical quality of life of these women. This single-blind controlled study involved 81 women who were assigned to either practice of the Transcendental Meditation program (n = 42) or wait-list (delayed start) control group (n = 39). Participants learned the Transcendental Meditation program over five sessions, then practiced at home for 20 minutes twice a day, and attended twice monthly group meetings over a 3-month period. The primary outcome measure was self-efficacy using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). Perceived stress using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, and physical and mental quality of life using subscales of the Medical Outcomes Survey (MOS, HIV version) were secondary outcome measures. Significant improvements were shown in self-efficacy (p < .001), perceived stress (p < .010), and mental and physical well-being (p < .010). Compliance with TM home practice was >88%. This is the first controlled study to demonstrate the effect of TM in the daily lives of mothers living in impoverished conditions. Further questionnaires were administered to participants at 8 months and at 36 months with questions about changes they may have experienced in their daily life since starting TM. “Yes,” “No” self-reported answers suggested that the women experienced improved health, improved relationships with others, and increased employment rates. These findings taken as a whole have important implications for developing self-efficacy, improving mental and physical quality of life, and reducing stress in the lives of these vulnerable women.

S202. EFFICACY OF LONG-TERM RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT FOR PERSISTENT MENTAL ILLNESS

BackgroundIn the United States, the number of public and private psychiatric hospital beds has steadily declined in recent years, despite the lack of intensive intermediate care alternatives in the community. The design and implementation of intensive residential treatment programs are not currently guided by controlled studies, but these studies are necessary to determine the clinical and economic utility of such programs. We present clinical and outcome data on an initial sample of patients treated over the last 5 years.MethodsNaturalistic, non-controlled assessment of symptomatic and functional outcome in an initial sample of young adults with persistent mental illnesses treated in a community-based residential program. Patients were treated with an individualized combination of modalities such as Illness Education and Management, Supported Employment, Individual, Group and Family Psychotherapies and Psychopharmacology. Standard clinical rating scales were used during the period of treatment and all discharged patients were contacted on an annual basis in order to complete a survey of clinical outcome.Results101 patients had been admitted and treated since the facility opened in October 2011. Median age of the patients was 25 years, mean illness duration was 12.6 years, and the mean number of prior hospitalizations was 6.5. Diagnostic distribution was: 36.7% psychotic disorders, 27.7% unipolar mood disorders, 19.8% bipolar mood disorders, 7.9% autism spectrum disorders, and 7.9% post-traumatic stress disorder or other anxiety conditions. 37% of residents met criteria for personality disorders, the majority of which was borderline personality disorder. 42% of residents also met criteria for a substance use disorder in the year prior to admission. Ratings on the Multnomah Community Ability Scale improved by 16%, ratings on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale declined by 20% and ratings on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale declined by 37%. The average survey response rate after discharge was 59%. With regard to community engagement: 40.3% of current residents and 35.1% of discharged residents were competitively employed. 16.7% of current residents and 17.8% of discharged residents worked as volunteers, and 23.3% of current residents and 26.3% of discharged residents were attending school. A survey of dispositions revealed that: 49.7% of discharged residents were living independently, 14.9% were living with family, 2.2% were homeless, and 5.4% had died from suicide. The hospitalization rate declined from 0.84/year to 0.57/year before and after discharge.DiscussionLong-term residential treatment for young adults with persistent mental illness results in improved symptomatic recovery, independent living, increased employment rates, and reduced hospitalizations.

Recasting Pensions in Europe: Policy Challenges and Political Strategies to Pass Reforms

Recasting Pensions in Europe: Policy Challenges and Political Strategies to Pass Reforms

Government Aid for Start-Ups

Entrepreneurship is the dynamic process of creating incremental wealth. It was only from the year 2000 and the launch of companies like FlipKart and one97 communications, which runs "Paytm", that start-ups, termed as a career and paved a way for life and legitmacy. Thus, this paper is focused on how government is helping to grow startups. It gives brief outline on the schemes, policies and opinions performed by the State and Central Government with hand in hand to increase/boost up the economy of the nation. It has also emphasized to know about the success and failure rates of the plans/steps taken by the Government. The plan of startups was mainly to increase employment rates and this is only possible by initiative of Government at a larger scale. In the paper, finance, innovation, marketing, Infrastructure, technology are the areas considered for knowing better about Government aid for start-ups in the emerging economy.

Explaining the Decline in the US Employment-to-Population Ratio: A Review of the Evidence

This paper first documents trends in employment rates and then reviews what is known about the various factors that have been proposed to explain the decline in the overall employment-to-population ratio between 1999 and 2018. Population aging has had a large effect on the overall employment rate over this period, but within-age-group declines in employment among young- and prime-age adults also have played a central role. Among the factors with effects that we can quantify based on existing evidence, labor demand factors, in particular increased import competition from China and the penetration of robots into the labor market, are the most important drivers of observed within-group declines in employment. Labor supply factors, most notably increased participation in disability insurance programs, have played a less important but not inconsequential role. Increases in the real value of state minimum wages and in the share of individuals with prison records also have contributed modestly to the decline in the aggregate employment rate. In addition to the factors whose effects we roughly quantify, we identify a set of potentially important factors about which the evidence does not yet allow us to draw clear conclusions. These include the challenges associated with arranging child care, improvements in leisure technology, changing social norms, increased use of opioids, the growth in occupational licensing, and declining labor market fluidity. Our evidence-driven ranking of factors should be useful for guiding future discussions about the sources of decline in the aggregate employment-to-population ratio and consequently the likely efficacy of alternative policy approaches to increasing employment rates. (JEL E24, J64)

Impact of Globalisation on Employment in Nigeria

ABSTRACTThis study analyses the effect of globalisation on employment in Nigeria considering the economic, political and social aspects of globalisation using annual time series data for the period 1970 - 2013. The study uses ARDL bounds testing to examine the short-run and long-run effects. The findings indicate that in the short-run, the economic and social aspects of globalisation are beneficial as they induce an increase in employment rate, although both the two aspects of globalisation have only marginal effect in the short-run, while the political integration shows no effect in the short-run. However, in the long-run, all the three aspects of economic, political and social integration show substantial beneficial impact as they all induce a significant increase in the employment rate.