Increased Serum Levels Of S100B Research Articles

Decrease of serum S100B during an oral glucose tolerance test correlates inversely with the insulin response

Increased S100B serum levels have been considered as a marker of glial pathology, brain damage, and blood-brain-barrier impairment. However, S100B expression has also been detected outside the nervous system, suggesting that altered S100B serum levels may not exclusively reflect brain-specific pathologies. Notably, S100B secretion in adipocytes seems to be down-regulated by insulin, and up-regulated by stress and fasting. Therefore, we assumed that dynamic changes of S100B could be observed by challenging healthy subjects with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). OGTT was performed in 17 healthy adult test persons (9 male and 8 female). Apart from S100B, glucose, free fatty acids, insulin, C-peptide, and cortisol were determined in all samples after an overnight fast (0 h), as well as 1h and 2h after ingestion of 75 g glucose. Mean S100B concentrations decreased about 20% during the first hour after glucose ingestion (P<0.001). This decrease of S100B levels was not related to the declining morning peak of cortisol. However, the decrease of serum-S100B 1h after glucose ingestion correlated inversely with the respective changes of serum-insulin (r = -0.484, P=0.049) and serum-C-peptide (r = -0.570, P = 0.017). Our study suggests an inverse correlation between insulin secretion and S100B release after a standardized OGTT. Additional experiments, including the administration of insulin and the measurement of other food intake-related factors are important to ascertain an insulin-regulated S100B release in vivo. To improve comparability between clinical studies assessing conditions with rather mild changes of serum S100B, blood should be taken in a more standardized way (e.g., after fasting overnight).

Increased S100B serum levels in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia: Association with dyskinetic movements

Several studies show that calcium-binding protein S100B is increased in schizophrenia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD). We therefore compared serum S100B levels in normal controls ( n = 60), schizophrenic patients with ( n = 32) and without TD ( n = 50). Assessments included the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) and the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Serum S100B levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicated that patients with TD had higher serum S100B levels than normals and those without TD. Serum S100B levels were positively correlated with AIMS scores in patients with TD. These data suggest that increased S100B levels may be related to neuro-degeneration, associated with TD pathophysiology.

S100B Serum Levels and Word Memory Processing in Remitted Major Depression as Reflected by Brain Potentials

Objective: Memory processes, as reflected by ‘old/new’ effects of event-related potentials (ERPs), have been shown to be impaired in depressed patients. This variability might be partly explained by biological factors. S100B is a glial calcium-binding protein with neuroplastic properties; S100B serum levels have been shown to be increased in depressive patients. The pathophysiologic role of S100B in depression, however, is not yet sufficiently understood. Methods: In the present study, ERPs recorded in a visual continuous word recognition paradigm were therefore investigated in patients with remitted major depression in relation to S100B serum levels. Results: Patients with moderately increased S100B serum levels (n = 6) showed a normal old/new effect in contrast to a reduced old/new effect in patients with normal S100B levels (n = 6) compared to aged-matched controls. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence of an association between S100B levels and memory processes in patients with recurrent depression and further suggest a neuroprotective role of moderately increased S100B serum levels in the course of affective disorders.

Increased S100B Serum Levels in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients

Background The S100B protein is considered a biochemical marker for brain injuries. However, our group demonstrated that the isolated rat heart releases S100B. In this study, we investigated the serum levels of S100B in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients to evaluate its levels in heart disease. Methods and Results We selected DCM patients, excluding any condition that could influence S100B serum levels. Control individuals were sex and age matched. Both groups were submitted to clinical evaluation and echocardiography. We measured the S100B and NT-proBNP serum levels (expressed as median [interquartile range]). NT-proBNP levels in patients group (1462 pg/mL [426–3591]) were higher than in controls (35 pg/mL [29–55]), P < .001. S100B serum levels were higher in patients group (0.051 μg/L [0.022–0.144]) than in controls (0.017 μg/L [0.003–0.036]), P = .009. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between S100B and NT-proBNP serum levels only in patients group (Spearman's coefficient r = 0.534; P = .013). Conclusions Although we cannot rule out the influence of S100B from brain, the positive correlation between S100B and NT-proBNP levels in DCM patients points to the myocardium as the main source for the rise in S100B serum levels.

Effects of mode of delivery on maternal–neonatal plasma antioxidant status and on protein S100B serum concentrations

Objective. To investigate the effect of the mode of labour and delivery on total antioxidant status (TAS) and on the protein S100B serum concentrations in mothers and their newborns. Material and methods. Sixty women with normal pregnancies were divided into three groups: Group A (n = 20) with normal labour and vaginal delivery (VG), group B (n = 18) with prolonged labour+VG and group C (n = 22) with scheduled caesarean section (CS). Blood was obtained at the beginning of the labour process and immediately after delivery (pre‐ and post‐delivery) as well as from the umbilical cord (CB). TAS and creatine kinase (CK) were measured using commercial kits. Serum S100B levels were evaluated with the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay “ECLIA” on the ROCHE ELECSYS 2010 immunoassay analyser. Results. Post‐delivery, TAS levels were significantly decreased in group A and especially in group B. S100B levels were increased in group B (0.0712±0.02 µg/L) as compared with those of group A (0.0567±0.03 µg/L, p<0.01) and group C (0.038±0.03 µg/L, p<0.01), the levels in group C remaining practically unaltered (pre‐ versus post‐delivery). In the newborns, S100B levels were almost 2‐fold higher in group B (0.67±0.18 µg/L) than those in group A (0.40±0.05 µg/L p<0.001) and group C (0.31±0.04 µg/L p<0.001). A negative correlation was found between TAS and S100B protein (r = −0.61, p<0.001), the latter positively correlated to CK (r = 0.48, p<0.01). Conclusions. The increased S100B serum levels in the mothers of group B, post‐delivery, may have been due to the long‐lasting, oxidative and/or psychogenic stress. The observed remarkably high levels of S100B in the group B newborns may have been due to compressive conditions on the foetus brain during this mode of delivery.

Target evaluation processing and serum levels of nerve tissue protein S100B in patients with remitted major depression

Selective attention processes (N2 and P3 components of event-related potentials (ERPs)) have been shown to be impaired in depressed patients but findings have been mixed. Part of this variability might be explained by neurobiological factors. ERPs (Go/Nogo paradigm) were investigated in patients with remitted major depression in relation to S100B. S100B, an astroglial protein with neuroplastic properties, has been shown to be increased in depression. Its pathophysiologic role in depression, however, is not yet sufficiently understood. Patients with increased S100B serum levels ( n=6) showed a normal N2- and P3-amplitude in contrast to a reduced N2- and P3-amplitude in patients with normal S100B serum levels ( n=6). These findings provide evidence of a correlation between S100B levels and attentional processes in patients with recurrent depression and further substantiate S100B's role as a marker in the course of affective disorders.