Increased Carbon Dioxide Research Articles

Climate‐Dependency of Impact of Increased Carbon Dioxide on African Monsoon Rainfall: Insights From Model Simulations

AbstractPrevious studies on future scenarios identified two key effects of increasing on the African summer monsoon (ASM): Rising leads to an enhancement in moisture supply, favoring an increase in ASM precipitation (the thermodynamic effect). However, it also results in a weakening in mean atmospheric flow, thus facilitating a dryness across the ASM region (the dynamic effect). Therefore, the ultimate change in ASM precipitation stems from the balance of both the thermodynamic and dynamic effects. This study further examines the impact of rising on ASM rainfall, by taking into account various climate states. Our results suggest that an increase in during warm interglacial periods has a stronger influence from thermodynamic factors than from dynamic factors, resulting in an enhancement in ASM rainfall. In contrast, if increases under cold glacial climate backgrounds, its dynamic impact dominates a reduction of rainfall in most ASM region.

The impact of polyvinyl chloride microplastics on carbon and nitrogen cycling in peat-forming environments: relevance of the filler additive calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

The impact of polyvinyl chloride microplastics on carbon and nitrogen cycling in peat-forming environments: relevance of the filler additive calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Effects of Climate Change on Korea’s Fisheries Production: An ARDL Approach

This study investigates the impact of rising sea surface temperature (SST), increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and precipitation variability (PREC) on Korea’s coastal and offshore fisheries production (COFP) from 1993 to 2023 using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results confirm a long-run cointegration relationship, where a 1% increase in SST, CO2, and PREC is associated with respective declines of 3.52%, 0.82%, and 0.34% in COFP, respectively, suggesting persistent negative effects of ocean warming, acidification, and hydrological variability on fisheries production. Robustness checks using Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR) validate the stability of the ARDL results. The short-run analysis reveals that past production levels significantly influence current COFP, while SST fluctuations exhibit delayed but economically meaningful effects. The error correction term (−0.75, p < 0.01) confirms a rapid adjustment toward equilibrium following short-term deviations. These findings underscore the necessity of climate-resilient fisheries management. Policy recommendations include adaptive harvest regulations, climate-integrated stock assessments, and enhanced international cooperation for transboundary fish stocks. Additionally, expanding Marine Protected Areas, promoting climate-resilient aquaculture, and strengthening stock enhancement programs through selective breeding and seed release of climate-adapted species are essential for sustaining fisheries under climate change.

Global Declines in Mangrove Area and Carbon‐Stock From 1985 to 2020

AbstractMangroves are one of Earth's “blue lungs” due to their exceptional carbon‐storage capabilities amidst rapidly increasing carbon dioxide. Despite providing numerous ecological services, their global distribution and carbon‐storage capacities have severely declined over the past 35 years (1985–2020). Here, we quantify spatio‐temporal changes in global and national carbon‐stocks that include this period. We found that global mangrove area decreased from 17.35 million‐hectares in 1985 (carbon‐storage of 6.84 Pg) to 13.61 million‐hectares in 2020 (carbon‐storage of 5.72 Pg). Significant losses occurred in Saudi Arabia and Indonesia, with a global reduction of 21.6% in area and 16.5% in carbon‐stocks. Potential maximum loss of accumulated carbon‐storage in mangroves was equivalent to 4.13 Pg of CO2, accounting for 0.4% of the global cumulative fossil CO2 emissions (1,009 Pg) during 1985–2020. This study provides more comprehensive and accurate statistics, maps, and insights on estimating and reducing mangrove carbon emissions to support global and national protection policies.

Integrating life cycle assessment (LCA) and machine learning for sustainable designs: a case study on protective layers made of mineral-bonded fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract Purpose In recent years, machine learning (ML) has become an important tool for predicting material properties and optimizing their mechanical performance without the need for large data sets. However, when design considerations only target structural characteristics, sustainability issues are often overlooked, leading to increased carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and over-reliance on non-renewable materials. This study seeks to bridge this gap by optimizing the design of impact-resistant fiber-reinforced cement-based composites through a sustainability-driven, ML-based modeling approach. Methods In this context, we propose a three-stage integrated framework that combines experimental test databases, sustainability assessment, and ML modeling. The specific design scenario considered here is the use of these materials as protective layers for concrete structures under impact loading. A variety of combinations of fiber and/or textile-reinforced cementitious composites were considered, including single and multiple layers. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed in terms of global warming potential (GWP), as this is a sensitive and critical environmental parameter in the concrete industry. The experimental data, consisting of 193 tests on composites subjected to hard impacts, measured the dissipated energy and ballistic limits. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify patterns and correlations within the experimental data. Based on the database, an ML model was developed to predict energy dissipation, enabling optimization for untested configurations. A multi-objective optimization (MOO) strategy was applied to balance the energy dissipation and GWP constraints, enabling the identification of Pareto-optimal solutions that represent the best trade-offs between mechanical performance and environmental impact. Conclusions The ML model demonstrated high accuracy in predicting GWP and energy dissipation, closely matching experimental data for tested configurations and indicating strong generalization potential for unseen cases. For severe impact applications (above 4 kJ of impact energy), carbon textile grids outperformed other reinforcements, achieving a 20% performance increase with two layers of textile, while maintaining emissions at 5–6 kg CO $$_2$$ 2 equivalent per plate. Glass emerged as the best alternative for strict GWP limits. Remarkably, hybrid composites, despite their higher cement content in comparison to conventional textile-reinforced concrete (TRC), are the most viable choice due to the superior toughness attained due to short fibers and the sustainability benefits of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) blended binders. Ultimately, the ML model and LCA framework developed in this study can be extended to other material systems and design scenarios.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Different Types of Synthetic Fibers on the Flexure Behavior and Mechanical Properties of 3D Cementitious Composite Printing Provided with Cement CEM II/A-P

Concrete printing in three dimensions is believed to be an innovative construction method. Numerous researchers conducted laboratory experiments over the past decade to examine the behavior of concrete mixtures and the material properties that are pertinent to the 3D concrete printing industry. Furthermore, the global warming effect is being further exacerbated by the increased use of cement, which increases carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and pollution. Various standards endorse the utilization of Portland-composite cement in construction to mitigate CO2 emissions, particularly cement CEM II/A-P. This research provides an experimental and numerical study to examine the evolution of cementitious composite utilizing cement CEM II/A-P for three-dimensional concrete printing, combining three different types of synthetic fiber. The thorough experimental analysis includes three combinations integrating diverse fiber types (polypropylene, high-modulus polyacrylonitrile, and alkali-resistant glass fibers) alongside a reference mixture devoid of fiber. The three distinct fiber types in the mixtures (polypropylene, high modulus polyacrylonitrile, and alkali-resistant glass fibers) were evaluated to assess their impact on (i) the flowability of the cementitious mortar and the slump flow test of fresh concrete, (ii) the concrete compressive strength, (iii) the uniaxial tensile strength, (iv) the splitting tensile strength, and (v) the flexural tensile strength. Previous researchers designed a cylinder stability test to determine the shape stability of the 3D concrete layers and their capacity to support the stresses from subsequent layers. Furthermore, the numerical analysis corroborated the experimental findings with the finite element software ANSYS 2023 R2. The flexural performance of the examined beams was validated using the Menetrey–Willam constitutive model, which has recently been incorporated into ANSYS. The experimental data indicated that the incorporation of synthetic fiber into the CEM II/A-P mixtures enhanced the concrete’s compressive strength, the splitting tensile strength, and the flexural tensile strength, particularly in combination including alkali-resistant glass fibers. The numerical results demonstrated the efficacy of the Menetrey–Willam constitutive model, featuring a linear softening yield function in accurately simulating the flexural behavior of the analyzed beams with various fiber types.

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Levels on Virulence and Physiological Parameters in Association with Stem Rot Disease of Groundnut

Background: Stem rot of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Scelrotium rolfsii is the main threat to groundnut production, causing significant economic losses both in India and globally. Despite the economic losses attributed to this pathogen, there are limited reports concerning the virulence and physiological alterations in groundnut in response to increased carbon dioxide levels and pathogen interactions. Methods: A pot culture experiment was carried out at ICRISAT during the rabi season of 2022-23 in Open Top Chambers (OTC) to assess the virulence and physiological parameters of groundnut to climate change and pathogen interactions. The study was carried out at three different carbon dioxide levels (400 ppm, 550 ppm and 700 ppm) using the susceptible cultivar TMV 2 and the moderately resistant cultivar ICGV-14082. Result: Virulence of the Sclerotium rolfsii and physiological responses of groundnut plants were studied. Groundnut plants were grown in open top chambers (OTC) under three different simulated carbon dioxide levels, 400 ppm, 550 ppm and 700 ppm. Virulence of Sclerotium rolfsii decreased at increased levels of carbon dioxide levels in both TMV-2 and ICGV-14082 cultivars. Stomatal density and guard cell length in groundnut leaves were decreased as carbon dioxide levels increased.

Investigation of the role of technological innovation in reducing carbon dioxide damage in Turkey with Fourier tests: Testing the Kuznets curve hypothesis

Abstract Rising global environmental concerns have intensified the need to understand the relationship between technological innovation, economic growth, and environmental degradation, particularly in rapidly industrializing economies. This study examines these relationships in Türkiye within the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Using annual data from 1984 to 2019, we employ Fourier-based econometric techniques, including unit root tests, cointegration analysis, and causality testing, to account for potential structural breaks and nonlinearities. Our findings reveal that while technological innovation currently contributes to increased carbon dioxide emissions, with a 1% increase in innovation leading to a 0.061% rise in environmental degradation, there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation, supporting the EKC hypothesis for Türkiye. Causality tests indicate unidirectional relationships flowing from environmental degradation to both technological innovation and economic growth. These results suggest that Türkiye requires strategic policy interventions focusing on green technologies and sustainable innovation to transition toward environmental sustainability while maintaining economic growth.

Olfactory specialization in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): CO2 acidified water triggers nostril-specific immune processes.

Olfactory specialization in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): CO2 acidified water triggers nostril-specific immune processes.

Field experiment reveals varied earthworm densities boost soil organic carbon more than they increase carbon dioxide emissions

Field experiment reveals varied earthworm densities boost soil organic carbon more than they increase carbon dioxide emissions

Extreme CO2 Release and Its Mechanism in the Subarctic North Pacific During the Winters of 1999–2001

AbstractIn this study, the air‐sea carbon dioxide flux (FCO2) in the subarctic North Pacific is investigated using three data products from 1985 to 2016. Extreme CO2 release occurred during the winters of 1999–2001 with an average FCO2 anomaly of 1.09 mol C m−2 y−1 across the three data products, which is remarkably higher than that in other years (−0.11 mol C m−2 y−1). Empirical analysis reveals that this event is primarily driven by increased carbon dioxide partial pressure (ΔpCO2), whose contribution to the event is greater than the wind speed at 10 m, followed by sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity impacts. Specifically, the intensification of pCO2sea (which contributes 58% of the FCO2 anomaly) is induced by the upwelling of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) due to the increase in Ekman pumping caused by the positive anomaly of wind stress curl associated with the Victoria mode of the SST. Moreover, the weakening of pCO2atm is induced by the negative anomaly of sea level pressure (contributing 9% to the FCO2 anomaly), which is also related to the mode and the reduction in the mole fraction of CO2 (contributing 11% to the FCO2 anomaly), which is related to fossil fuel emissions. Ultimately, the sea surface pCO2 is significantly oversaturated relative to the atmosphere, triggering extreme CO2 release in the subarctic North Pacific. This study enhances our understanding of the natural variability of carbon fluxes in the North Pacific.

Decarbonizing the textiles and clothing industry in South Africa: the role of renewable energy

Purpose South Africa’s textiles and clothing sector is positioned by the government to support economic growth and development. However, its expansion can increase carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions because of the high energy consumption and natural resource requirements. A proposed option to make the sector environmentally friendly is the adoption of renewable energy. This study aims to assess whether the CO2 emissions effect of the textiles and clothing sector can be reduced by adopting renewable energy. Design/methodology/approach CO2 emission function is formulated within the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) Model. Data for the analysis ranged from 1990 to 2022. Regression analysis is performed using the autoregressive distributed lag, fully modified ordinary least squares, canonical cointegrating regressions and dynamic ordinary least squares methods. Findings The textile and clothing sector positively affects CO2 emissions. Although renewable energy consumption has a direct positive long-run effect, it reduces the effect of the textiles and clothing sector on CO2 emissions. Practical implications The implications from the study include the formulation of policies that will hasten the adoption of renewable energy by the textiles and clothing sector for their activities. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by assessing the carbon emissions effect of the textiles and clothing sector within the STIRPAT model. It also analyses the moderation effect of renewable energy on the textiles and clothing sector–carbon emissions nexus.

Transportation-Associated Carbon Dioxide Emissions Avoided by Use of Telehealth Through COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere contributes to Earth's warming, which has negative impacts on human health. The health care system is a major contributor to CO2 emissions. Telehealth has the capacity to reduce health-care-related emissions by eliminating patient travel to in-person appointments. Methods: Data were obtained from Nebraska Medicine's (NM) electronic medical record. Parameters included patient zip code, provider location, calendar year of visit, and provider specialty. Euclidean distance from centroid zip code to clinic location was calculated. Environmental Protection Agency estimates were used to convert mileage to CO2 saved. Results: During the period January 1, 2019, to January 31, 2022, the NM health care system completed 214,241 telemedicine visits for patients whose home zip code is within Nebraska, resulting in greater than 2,600 metric tons of CO2 avoided. Telehealth appointments increased by more than 22,000% from 2019 to 2020. An average of 12.38 kg of CO2 was avoided with each telehealth visit. Medical specialties that avoided the most CO2 included family medicine, endocrinology, and infectious disease. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the capability of the NM health care system to rapidly adjust to an emergency pandemic by drastically increasing the use of telehealth, which also avoided thousands of tons of transportation-associated CO2 emissions. Telehealth appointments increased during the height of the pandemic by more than 22,000%. Telehealth is an effective CO2 emission-reducing strategy and a worthy avenue to further explore reduced health-care-related emissions.

The Effect of Climate Change on Allergen and Irritant Exposure.

The Effect of Climate Change on Allergen and Irritant Exposure.

A comprehensive review on impact of climatic change on adaptability and mitigation in fruit crop

Global warming and climate change are among the most pressing challenges confronting humanity in the 21st century. Climate change will result in rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns and an increased occurrence of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, cold spells, frost days, droughts and floods. The effects of climate change have recently become more evident, with rising temperatures, altered and irregular precipitation patterns and increased extreme weather events. These changes are directly impacting the maturity and development of fruit crops. Heat stress during flowering and fruit set can greatly reduce fruit production, while irregular rainfall may disrupt pollination and heighten the risk of pests and diseases. Furthermore, increased carbon dioxide levels can influence the quality characteristics of fruits. To maintain the ongoing production and sustainability of fruit crops, it is vital to enhance resilience. Focusing on developing new varieties that offer higher yield potential and resistance to various stresses, such as drought, flooding and salinity, is crucial for sustaining crop yields. Additionally, breeding programs should aim to enhance the germplasm of key tropical and subtropical fruit crops to improve heat stress tolerance. Recent advancements in genetic editing technologies present substantial opportunities for the agricultural sector, especially in enhancing fruit crop traits. These innovations can be precisely tailored to meet consumer preferences, which is crucial for driving commercial success. In this review, we strive to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of this important topic, along with recommendations for future research.

Hydrogen production with grid-connected electrolysis: scenario-based analysis of the EU criteria for renewable fuels

Abstract Renewable hydrogen (H2) will play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the energy and industrial sectors. However, during the transition to a clean energy system, the production of H2 with electrolysis runs the risk of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions if the electricity system is still partly based on fossil fuels. The European Union has set ambitious targets for the production of H2 and defined strict rules in delegated acts to the renewable energy directive, when H2 produced with public grid electricity can be counted as renewable. This paper analyzes two grid criteria central to these rules, renewable energy share and CO2 emission intensity, in several future scenarios of the European energy system. By uniquely focusing on the impact of H2 production from the perspective of EU grid criteria, this study offers a novel assessment of how these regulations interact with the evolving energy landscape. Fulfillment of the renewable H2 grid criteria strongly depends on the future build-out of renewable energy resources, electricity demand, and amount of domestically produced H2. In a scenario with ambitious renewable build-out until 2030, represented by current drafts of national energy and climate plans, many countries will meet the stated criteria. However, adding a high amount of domestically produced H2 partly cancels out this effect. In a scenario with reduced renewable build-outs, comparable to historically achieved renewable resource additions, many fewer countries achieve the grid criteria. Finally, net CO2 emission reductions are analyzed by comparing power sector emission changes with the opportunity emissions that result from fossil fuels replacements with H2. The results indicate that using H2 in CO2 intensive use cases can lead to emission reductions, even if grid criteria are below the thresholds defined in the delegated acts. However, reduced renewable energy expansion poses the risk of not achieving any emission reductions at all with the produced H2.

Assessing the impacts of forest cover change on carbon stock and soil moisture dynamics using geospatial techniques: a case study of Nensebo forest, Southern Ethiopia.

Assessing the impacts of forest cover change on carbon stock and soil moisture dynamics is critical for understanding environmental degradation and guiding sustainable land management. This study evaluates the effects of forest cover change on carbon stock and soil moisture dynamics in Nensebo Forest from 1993 to 2023 using geospatial techniques. Landsat imagery including TM (1993), ETM + (2009), and OLI/TIRS (2023) were used. Land use land cover (LULC) classification was performed using supervised classification approach with maximum likelihood algorithm. The study reveals that agricultural land expanded significantly from 143.2 km2 (21.8%) to 230.0 km2 (35.1%), along with increases in bare land and grassland. Moreover, result reveals a substantial decline in vegetation health (forest), with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) decreasing from 0.78 in 1993 to 0.55 in 2023, indicating anincrease ofdeforestation and land degradation. The soil moisture index (SMI) shows a reduction in soil moisture retention from 0.51 to 0.39, reflecting the adverse impact of forest loss on soil moisture dynamics. Carbon stock analysis reveals a dramatic decrease in forest area from 489.5 to 220.5 km2, leading to increased carbon dioxide emissions from forest loss, which rose from 293.03 tons to 1550.34 tons. The study underscores the urgent need for integrated land management strategies that balance agricultural development with ecological conservation. Therefore, to mitigate climate change and maintain ecological stability, the study recommends implementing sustainable land use practices, promoting reforestation, and developing environmental relatedpolicies to preserve the remaining forest cover while supporting agricultural productivity.

Current Problems Leading to Soil Degradation in Africa: Raising Awareness and Finding Potential Solutions

ABSTRACTPromoting food security, fostering economic growth, and building resilience to climate change are crucial priorities in Africa, where the health and fertility of soils play a key role. Raising awareness about soil‐related issues and finding potential solutions are vital for addressing the complex interplay of factors affecting soils across the African continent. This paper is written in three parts. The first part highlights and discusses the current problems which include soil erosion, desertification, nutrient imbalances, acidity, salinization, deforestation, and soil compaction. The second part highlights the effects of the identified causes on soil and agricultural productivity, and human health, which included but was not limited to loss of fertile land and biodiversity, increased carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, nutrient depletion, loss of ecosystem services, malnutrition, and other human health issues. The third part proffers potential solutions to tackle soil degradation in Africa. Some of the suggested solutions include afforestation of degraded land, integrated landscape management that involves innovative soil fertility and rangeland management, and effective soil conservation measures to combat erosion. Strengthening policy implementation at regional and country levels, such as awareness creation, education, and community engagement on soils as the basis of human existence, is also crucial. We concluded that no single solution fits all while addressing soil degradation in Africa, but integrated approaches that promote sustainable soil management, such as conservation agriculture, crop rotation, agroforestry, afforestation, organic farming, and community engagement, would have a significant impact in resolving the menace of soil degradation.

CO2 reduction to CO on an iron-porphyrin complex with crown-ether appended cation-binding site.

With increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, the utilization and conversion of CO2 into valuable materials is an important goal. In recent years, evidence has emerged of low-valent iron-porphyrin complexes able to bind CO2 and reduce it to carbon monoxide and water. To find out how the porphyrin scaffold and second coordination sphere influence the CO2 reduction on iron-porphyrin complexes, we study the structure, electronic and redox properties of a novel crown-ether appended porphyrin complex with cation (K+) binding site. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the K+ binding site does not change the Fe0/I and FeI/II redox potentials of the complexes. Subsequently, density functional theory calculations were performed on the catalytic cycle of CO2 reduction on the K+-bound crown-ether appended iron-porphyrin complex. The work shows that proton-donors such as acetic acid bind the K+ strongly and can assist with efficient and fast proton transfer that leads to the conversion of CO2 to CO and water. In agreement with experiment, the calculations show little perturbations of the redox potentials upon binding K+ to the crown-ether scaffold.

Climate change's impact on the nervous system: A review study.

Global warming is caused by increased carbon dioxide and other industrial gases, which shift the climate of human habitat and environment, impacting human health globally. In this review, we tried to overview the current knowledge of climate change's impact on neurological disease. A comprehensive search on PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus was conducted to find the relevant original studies. Language, sex, age, date, or country of study were not restricted. Included studies report increased Alzheimer's disease mortality and hospital admission. This increase was seen from the first day with high temperature to 3-4 days later. Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects were more vulnerable to high temperatures compared to dementia patients (RR for dementia: 1.29 and for PD: 1.41). Global warming was linked to the increase in the incidence of Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) (from 0.1% to 5.4%), Japanese encephalitis (OR: 2 when floods occur), and ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) (RR: 1.62 for each 1 ◦C increase per month). Health-related consequences of climate change are inevitable. The burden of medical problems related to the elderly population (especially the elderly with dementia), infectious diseases, and CFP on the healthcare system will naturally increase. Studying global warming trends could empower us with more precise predictions of the future and better planning to face climate change-related challenges.