Increase In Youth Unemployment Research Articles

Analysis of the Influence of Demography and Education on Youth Unemployment in Indonesia

This study analyses the influence of demography and education on youth unemployment in Indonesia. The demographic conditions are examined based on the youth population, adult unemployment, and sex ratio. Education is measured by the percentage of the labour force that has completed at least high school education. The model used is panel data regression analysis, employing time series data from 2013-2022 and cross-section data from 34 provinces in Indonesia. The study found that demographic conditions significantly influence youth unemployment levels in Indonesia. The increase in the number of young people needs to be managed so that their entry into the labour force is more manageable, by increasing the promotion of education and expanding skills training for young people. Adult unemployment is a competitor to the youth labour force, reducing the opportunity for young people to find employment, and the results of this study highlight that the distribution of women entering the labour force is smaller, so an increase in the number of men entering the labour force has a positive effect on the increase in youth unemployment. Meanwhile, increasing the proportion of the labour force with at least a high school education can reduce youth unemployment in Indonesia.

Pengaruh Investasi Asing Langsung (FDI) Terhadap Pengangguran Usia Muda di Asia

This study discusses the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on youth unemployment in Asia which aims to determine the extent to which these factors affect it. In this study the variables used are foreign direct investment, economic growth, population growth, wages, exports and imports. The method used is a quantitative method with a descriptive research approach and associative research. The data used is secondary data from 1991 to 2019 with a sample of 19 countries in Asia obtained from related agencies. By using the panel data regression model and the best model is the Random Effect Model by testing it through the Chow test, Hausmant test and Lagrange test. Based on the results of the theoretical test, it shows that the output response of foreign direct investment and population growth has a significant negative effect on increasing youth unemployment in Asia, because an increase in foreign direct investment and population growth will reduce the number of unemployed. Meanwhile, the results of output wages and exports have a significant positive effect on youth unemployment in Asia, which means that any increase in wages and exports will affect an increase in youth unemployment. And economic growth output and imports have no effect on youth unemployment in Asia

Entrepreneurship Education for Gross National Happiness in Bhutan

The Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan enjoys global fame for its pursuit of GNH (Gross National Happiness) as an alternative model of development. An increase in youth unemployment has made Bhutan look to entrepreneurship as a possible solution, prompting a need for entrepreneurship education. But what could entrepreneurship education look like in a context where policies and culture promote simple living and contentment, are cautious with regard to cultural change, and seek to constrain wealth accumulation of private sector entrepreneurs? This essay offers a number of suggestions for entrepreneurship education guided by GNH principles. The essay concludes by discussing what Western cultures can learn from GNH infused entrepreneurship education.

Typical Mental Disorders among Teens

In the past 20 to 30 years, adolescent rates of psychological illnesses and mental health issues appear to have risen significantly. The increase is a result of societal change, such as the disintegration of family structure, the increase in youth unemployment, and the intensification of educational and occupational pressures.1 The estimated incidence of psychological disorders among 11 to 15-year-olds in the United Kingdom is 11%, with disruptive behaviors being more prevalent in males and anxiety and depression being more prevalent in girls while among school going children of Pakistan it is reported as 10-20%2,3. As a result of adolescent instability, educators and parents may dismiss difficulties. Due to their developmental desires to be "normal" at a period when they're addressing mental problems and trying to communicate with a peer group, adolescents are frequently hesitant to seek treatment4.

Entrepreneurship Education for Gross National Happiness in Bhutan

The Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan enjoys global fame for its pursuit of GNH (Gross National Happiness) as an alternative model of development. An increase in youth unemployment has made it look at entrepreneurship as a possible solution. What would entrepreneurship education look like in a context where policies and culture promote simple living and contentment, are cautious with regard to cultural change, and seek to constrain wealth accumulation of private sector entrepreneurs? This essay offers a number of suggestions for entrepreneurship education guided by GNH principles in the service of “Gross National Happiness entrepreneurship”. The essay concludes by discussing what Western cultures can learn from GNH infused entrepreneurship education.

Pension reform and unemployment outcomes

ABSTRACT This article discusses the interactions among pension reform, labor market and inter-generational distribution issues through an overlapping general equilibrium approach with imperfect labor markets. Workers with different ages are imperfectly substitutable and wages do not clear labor markets. Increasing contribution rates has a strong negative effect on welfare and unemployment, particularly, for the youth. Contrary to the popular wisdom, postponing the retirement age does not entail an increase in youth unemployment. The change in incentives induces a substitution of old-age workers by young workers who constitute the cheapest labor category. However, this scenario substantially increases the implicit tax for older workers as well as for the youngest. Finally, the middle-aged are those that benefit the most from welfare increasing reforms.

Youth unemployment and murder crimes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The relationship between crime and unemployment has a long history in social science and remains a central point of debate for politicians today. In this paper, the objective is to establish whether youth unemployment has a causal effect on murder cases in KwaZulu-Natal; a province in South Africa facing high levels of both and the contribution is methodological. In particular, this paper pioneers the application of a control function procedure in testing and controlling idiosyncratic endogeneity within a count data framework in a bid to isolate the exogenous effect of youth unemployment on murder crimes. Using local municipality-level panel data observed between 2006 and 2017 and holding constant standard control variables, youth unemployment is found to be exogenous to omitted time-varying correlates suggesting that classical count data models with entity-fixed effects suffice. Also confirmed is that the control function approach reports results that are similar to the classical Poisson estimator while the Negative Binomial alternative tends to underestimate the effect of youth unemployment on crime by about 10%. Consistent with the majority of studies in literature, the analysis finds a positive and sizeable effect of youth unemployment on murder offences. A percentage point increase in youth unemployment increases the odds of murder occurrence by 1.6–1.8 times. This suggests that South Africa’s labour market could be linked to murder crimes in KwaZulu-Natal and that a social policy aimed at creating jobs for young people can be an alternative way of combating murder crimes in the province.

Il valore della formazione duale: riprogettare nuovi curricola capacitanti

The essay intends to focus a on the value of a dual education. Current European Employability Policies are increasingly directed towards work-based learning models in order to counter the persistent increase in youth unemployment and so-called Neet and thus reduce the skills gap in school-work transitions. Furthermore, dual education enhances the advantages of alternating between classroom learning and learning in the company and therefore implies a link between formal, informal and non-formal learning, in correlation with the needs particularly emphasized by the European Union

Employment and Earnings Expectations of Jobless Young Skilled: Evidence from Italy

This paper uses an innovative survey instrument on employment and earnings quantitative expectations to measure the amount of job instability, insecurity, and earnings risk that jobless young skilled perceive. The survey was fielded in Italy, as one of the EU countries that suffered the highest increase in youth unemployment, and the data were merged with administrative records on local labor market conditions. The results show that Italian jobless young skilled perceive substantial job instability, insecurity and earnings risk, which correlate with several important choices and behaviors, and depend on individual characteristics rather than on local labor market conditions.

Opportunities to Improve Interaction Between Employees and Educational Institutions

Abstract In recent years, more and more countries have realised that investing in education is the key to their prosperity. At the same time, there is a trend towards an increase in youth unemployment in almost all European Union countries. On the one hand, the problems which have triggered this process arise from the higher education system, and on the other, from the relationship between the educational institutions and the employers. A subject of interest in this report is a study of how to stimulate interaction between employers, educational institutions and students. The attitude towards internships in different institutions and for different periods of time has also been studied

‘Scarred’ young entrepreneurs. Exploring young adults’ transition from former unemployment to self-employment

ABSTRACTThe recent increase in youth unemployment has major implications for the current and future development of European labour markets. Previous studies reveal the long lasting ‘scarring effects’ of early unemployment experience on later career prospects, including a higher probability of future unemployment or social exclusion. Self-employment is often advocated as a potential remedy for unemployment in general and youth unemployment in particular. In this study, we investigate the individual-level factors that lead young people with the ‘scar’ of previous unemployment to engage in self-employment. Based on a recent survey among young adults in eleven European countries, we show that previous unemployment has a significant moderating effect on other individual-level characteristics usually associated with a higher likelihood of being self-employed. While the overall propensity of self-employment is not affected by unemployment experience, the reasons for becoming one’s own boss differ considerably between those young adults who have and those who have not experienced unemployment in the past.

An Analysis of The Relationship Between Educational Expenditures, Economic Growth and Youth Unemployment in Turkey

The high share of the young population in the total population can be considered both a window of opportunity and a threat in terms of countries. The effective participation of young people in the production processes is transforming the young population into flourishing; unpaticipation leads to an increase of the unemployment problem. The increase in youth unemployment is a major problem for all countries because of the social costs it incurs as well as threatening the future of economic growth. There are many studies in the literature analyzing education, unemployment and growth relations. These studies show that the existence and direction of the relationship between the variables in different countries and periods differ. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between education expenditures, economic growth and youth unemployment between 1991-2016 in Turkey. The findings of the least squares method analysis show that while the increase in the share of education expenditures in GDP increases youth unemployment, the growth of GDP reduces unemployment.

Family-based enterprises in north-Sharqiyah region of Oman: opportunities and challenges

Family-based micro-, small- and medium-sized businesses are of an absolute importance for the social and economic development of the Sultanate of Oman which is in dire need of diversifying its economy from the fossil-based energy sector and combating increases in youth unemployment. The current investigation has been undertaken to assess the current situation of family-based firms in north A'Sharqiyah region of Oman. The study determines the opportunities available to the entrepreneurs, along with the challenges faced by them in developing their business. Interviews were conducted of the owners/directors of 37 family-based businesses working in north A'Sharqiyah region. The findings highlighted the major obstacles faced by the entrepreneurs in managing their business affairs. The findings have implications for regulatory bodies.

Family-based enterprises in north-Sharqiyah region of Oman: opportunities and challenges

Family-based micro-, small- and medium-sized businesses are of an absolute importance for the social and economic development of the Sultanate of Oman which is in dire need of diversifying its economy from the fossil-based energy sector and combating increases in youth unemployment. The current investigation has been undertaken to assess the current situation of family-based firms in north A'Sharqiyah region of Oman. The study determines the opportunities available to the entrepreneurs, along with the challenges faced by them in developing their business. Interviews were conducted of the owners/directors of 37 family-based businesses working in north A'Sharqiyah region. The findings highlighted the major obstacles faced by the entrepreneurs in managing their business affairs. The findings have implications for regulatory bodies.

The Great Recession, Adolescent Smoking, and Smoking Inequalities: What Role Does Youth Unemployment Play in 24 European Countries?

Conflicting evidence has been reported on smoking behavior among adults during times of economic downturn. No study has yet investigated young people's smoking and inequalities in smoking during economic recessions. This study examines the association between country-level youth unemployment due to the economic recession and adolescent smoking and smoking inequalities in Europe. The WHO collaborative "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children" study in 2009/2010 included 15-year-old adolescents from 24 European countries (N = 43 093). Socioeconomic position (SEP) was measured by the Family Affluence Scale. Logistic multilevel models were conducted. The absolute rate of youth unemployment in 2010 (during the recession) and the relative change rate in youth unemployment (2005/2006-2009/2010) were regressed on smoking and SEP inequalities in smoking in 2010, respectively. Youth unemployment rates were not significantly associated with overall smoking in adolescents. A higher absolute youth unemployment rate in 2010 related to lower likelihoods of smoking among middle (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99) and low affluent adolescents (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99) compared to high affluent adolescents. In contrast, an increase in youth unemployment (2005/2006-2009/2010) was not associated with overall likelihoods of smoking and inequalities in smoking. Our findings indicate that an increase in youth unemployment was not related to smoking and smoking inequalities. However, higher absolute levels of youth unemployment are related to lower likelihoods of smoking in lower SEP adolescents. Thus, smoking among vulnerable groups is more linked to the overall insecure circumstances and the affordability of cigarettes rather than to the economic recession itself. Economic recessions have often led to increases in adult and youth unemployment rates. Conflicting evidence has been reported on smoking behavior among adults during times of economic downturn. This study examines for the first time the impact of the economic recession on young people's smoking and socioeconomic inequalities in smoking. Findings highlight that rather than an increase in youth unemployment, the overall country-level youth unemployment rate is related to young people's tobacco use and particularly to lower odds in smoking among less affluent adolescents across Europe, a finding which is likely to be linked to the affordability of tobacco use.

The great recession, youth unemployment and inequalities in psychological healthcomplaints in adolescents: a multilevel study in 31 countries.

Little is known about the impact of recessions on young people's socioeconomic inequalities in health. This study investigates the impact of the economic recession in terms of youth unemployment on socioeconomic inequalities in psychological health complaints among adolescents across Europe and North America. Data from the WHO collaborative 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children' (HBSC) study were collected in 2005/06 (N=160,830) and 2009/10 (N=166,590) in 31 European and North American countries. Logistic multilevel models were used to assess the contribution of youth unemployment in 2009/10 (enduring recession) and the change in youth unemployment (2005-2010) to adolescent psychological health complaints and socioeconomic inequalities in complaints in 2009/10. Youth unemployment during the recession is positively related to psychological health complaints, but not to inequalities in complaints. Changes in youth unemployment (2005-2010) were not associated with adolescents' psychological health complaints, whereas greater inequalities in complaints were found in countries with greater increases in youth unemployment. This study highlights the need to tackle the impact of increasing unemployment on adolescent health and health inequalities during economic recessions.

Intergenerational learning and social inclusion: Measuring the impact in five European countries

24.4% of the European citizens still risk social exclusion. According to recent figures the rate of social exclusion differs per country and per target group. Based on recent societal developments (like the increase in youth unemployment and ageing population), it seems necessary to ensure that the increasing number of older people in Europe can actively be involved in European society, in addition to supporting youngsters in order to increase their social inclusion. Although several studies showed that education can increase social inclusion among learners, evidence is still lacking on whether intergenerational learning for youngsters and older people can increase social inclusion for these both groups. Generations Using Training for Social inclusion (GUTS) is a European project measuring the impact of intergenerational learning on social inclusion. One of the main goals of the GUTS project was to combine the strengths of older people and youngsters so that they can learn from each other and increase their skills in order to face daily problems in society. In line with the Europe 2020 Strategy GUTS aimed to decrease social exclusion via intergenerational learning projects. Ten learning areas (LA) were organized in five countries, namely: Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Latvia and The Netherlands. The results indicate that the intergenerational learning areas of the GUTS project stimulated the experienced increase in social inclusion of learners of both generations and that elements of the learning environment seem to influence this increase. More research is needed to explore the specific influence of these elements on both target groups older people and youngsters.

Policy Recommendations for Korea’s Vocational Education and Training (VET) Assistance to Tackle Youth Unemployment in Developing Countries

There are 1.2 billion youths (population aged between 15 and 24 years old) in the world, constituting 17 percent of the world’s population. With the increase in youth unemployment around the world, many countries have turned to Vocational Education and Training (VET) as a possible policy solution, both domestically and as part of their development assistance strategy. Unfortunately, the VET systems in many developing countries have critical problems such as the lack of funding, low quality of the training programs, and lack of coordination between different government ministries. During the past few decades, the Republic of Korea (henceforth “Korea”) has supported numerous VET projects in developing countries. However, there are several problems with Korea’s VET assistance policies. This paper examines four policy options: 1) status-quo, 2) ALMP, 3) Career guidance, and 4) training in informal sector to improve the effectiveness of Korea’s VET assistance in addressing youth unemployment.

The EU youth guarantee – a critical analysis of its implementation in Spain

ABSTRACTThe significant increase in youth unemployment in different parts of Europe caused by the economic crisis has led to the European Council Recommendation on Establishing a Youth Guarantee (2013). This Guarantee addresses the so-called ‘NEET’ (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) younger than 25 years of age and stipulates that employment, education or training shall be provided within a period of 4 months. As the initiative is relatively recent, in-depth analyses of its contents and implantation in the Member States are still missing. This paper analyses the European Recommendation and its implementation in Spain, evaluating its potential to improve the situation of the young people and society as a whole and its risks in provoking undesired side-effects. Our results question if the whole target group will be reached and highlight the measures’ low potential to promote a real and durable change. Increasing precariousness and insecurity and the tendency to only redistribute existing labour make it conceivable that the Guarantee may contribute to converting precariousness into a new labour paradigm for the whole population. The insufficient and retroactive funding of the Youth Guarantee can provoke negative side-effects for other social policies and the country's development. We conclude with several recommendations on how to improve the Youth Guarantee and its implementation.

Note on the Myth that Older Workers Delaying Retirement Creates Unemployment for the Young

A common concern when raising the retirement age is that the delayed retirement of older workers will crowd out younger workers from the labour market causing an increase in youth unemployment. This note shows that there is little empirical evidence to support this concern. Rather, the opposite is more likely to be true and older workers delaying their retirement may actually improve the employment opportunities for the young.