Traffic Load Increases Research Articles

Navigating Cityscapes: Innovations in Urban Mobility and Infrastructure

Abstract The nature and broadening of road transportation infrastructure influence a nation’s ability to grow sustainably. Due to the combined impacts of poor maintenance and structural weaknesses to meet the demands of an increase in traffic intensity and loads, India’s enormous network of existing roads, which were built at considerable expense, is starting to exhibit signs of distress failure before the design period. Maintenance directly affects a pavement’s longevity. The Pavement Maintenance Management System (PMMS) is a scientific strategy for assessing the current state of pavement in a specific area. To provide a more flexible approach that allows tasks to be accomplished more successfully, this project intends to provide a Pavement Maintenance Management System that provides an organized approach for the maintenance, improvement, and operation of city pavements and tools. As part of this study, an initial survey is carried out from Thanakankulam to Thiruparankundram. The World Bank created HDM-4, a software program that may be used internationally to identify the best repair itinerary for highway pavements. To identify the Pavement Quality Index and associated techniques, the HDM-4 tool will conduct further investigations.

The optimization algorithm of intelligent transportation systems based on reinforcement learning

With the acceleration of urbanization and the increase in traffic load, traditional traffic management methods struggle to cope with the complexity of modern traffic conditions. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), utilizing modern information technology and artificial intelligence, have improved the efficiency and safety of transportation systems. Reinforcement Learning (RL), as an adaptive optimization method, can dynamically adjust traffic signals and flow control strategies through trial and error and reward mechanisms, optimizing traffic flow management and signal control. This paper investigates the optimization algorithms of intelligent transportation systems based on reinforcement learning, including their design, application, and performance evaluation. Research indicates that RL optimization algorithms can significantly enhance the organizational performance of transportation systems, increasing the efficiency and flexibility of traffic management. Empirical analysis verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm, and future improvement directions are proposed.

Simulation of the stress-deformed state of the structure of road clothing taking into account the combined action of vertical pressure and horizontal force from vehicles

Abstract. Problem. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the stress-strain state of various structures of pavement consisting of asphalt concrete pavement on a cement concrete slab from the action of the transport load and analysis of the results. The article analyzes the literature data regarding the advantages of using hard pavement compared to non-rigid, in the conditions of a constant increase in traffic intensity and load from vehicles.Determination of the stress-strain state of asphalt concrete layers on cement concrete slabs under the influence of vertical pressure from vehicles and horizontal force from traction or braking of vehicles is carried out using the finite element method. In the simulation, three-layer models were used, consisting of an asphalt concrete layer, a cement concrete slab, and an elastic foundation. On the surface of the model, a vertical load (0,8 MPa) and a horizontal force (from 5 kN to 40 kN) are applied, which simulates the pulling force or the braking forces of vehicles. The diameter of the stamp print is 34,5 cm. The location of the load, relative to the edges of the cement concrete slab limited by temperature seams, is taken in the middle of the cement concrete plate. To confirm the correctness of the simulation results, we compared the stress values obtained by the finite element method and the stresses obtained by strict analytical solutions V. P. Plevako, which are recognized as correct, tested and reliable. Relative error in the voltage values determined by analytical solutions prof. V. P. Plevako and determined as a result of numerical simulation using the finite element method does not exceed 6 %. Analysis of the simulation results made it possible to establish the influence of the elastic modulus of structural layers, layer thicknesses and vehicle motion conditions (horizontal forces) on the patterns of change in the stress-strain state of an asphalt concrete layer on a cement concrete slab. Main goal. The purpose of the research is to determine and analyze the stress-strain state of the asphalt concrete layer on the cement-concrete slab due to the action of transport loading. Methodology. General methods of solving problems of the mechanics of a deformed solid body were used to develop a calculation scheme and select a material model. Simulation of the stress-strain state of the road surface was carried out using the finite element method using the ANSYS software complex. Results. The analysis of the simulation results made it possible to establish that with changes in the modulus of elasticity of the asphalt concrete layer, the stresses change linearly. The verification of the given dependence was performed for the range of modulus of elasticity of asphalt concrete from 400 MPa to 5000 MPa at horizontal force values from 5 kN to 40 kN. Therefore, in the future, it is possible to carry out linear interpolation of stress values according to the elastic moduli of neighboring values. Practical value. According to the results of simulation of the stressstrain state of a combined slab made of an asphalt concrete layer on a rigid base, it was established that the edge of the slab is the most unsafe both in terms of tensile and shear stresses for a cement concrete slab.

Improving 4G LTE network quality using the automatic cell planning

The growing demand for network services leads to an increase in traffic load on eNodeB, resulting in decreased network quality and performance, necessitating optimization. This research analyses the results of optimising 4G reference signal received power (RSRP), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) and throughput parameters using the automatic cell planning (ACP) method. ACP has been shown to significantly improve the performance and quality of 4G LTE networks compared to traditional cell planning methods. Based on the standard parameter RSRP, increased after ACP optimisation which is dominant in the range ≥ -100 s.d ˃ -85 dBm and obtained an average value of -98.59 dBm with good category. The average SINR has increased by 18.23 dB with a good category. The dominant throughput is in the 14,000 Kbps range with an average value of 50,241.08 Kbps with the excellent category. The ACP method can enhance the performance of 4G LTE networks, potentially addressing operator issues of unstable network quality due to poor coverage. The ACP method significantly enhances 4G LTE network performance, coverage, and user experience, potentially addressing unstable network quality due to poor coverage. This research is crucial for both users and the telecoms industry.

Congestion Transition on Random Walks on Graphs.

The formation of congestion on an urban road network is a key issue for the development of sustainable mobility in future smart cities. In this work, we propose a reductionist approach by studying the stationary states of a simple transport model using a random process on a graph, where each node represents a location and the link weights give the transition rates to move from one node to another, representing the mobility demand. Each node has a maximum flow rate and a maximum load capacity, and we assume that the average incoming flow equals the outgoing flow. In the approximation of the single-step process, we are able to analytically characterize the traffic load distribution on the single nodes using a local maximum entropy principle. Our results explain how congested nodes emerge as the total traffic load increases, analogous to a percolation transition where the appearance of a congested node is an independent random event. However, using numerical simulations, we show that in the more realistic case of synchronous dynamics for the nodes, entropic forces introduce correlations among the node states and favor the clustering of empty and congested nodes. Our aim is to highlight the universal properties of congestion formation and, in particular, to understand the role of traffic load fluctuations as a possible precursor of congestion in a transport network.

Safety Assessment of Brazilian Concrete Bridges Through Reliability Analysis

This paper addresses the need for accurate and objective safety assessments of bridges in Brazil taking into account the increase in traffic load and limited funding for infrastructure. In Brazil, the usual method of ensuring bridge safety involves strengthening based on design codes using deterministic analysis and partial safety factors. This method leads to an increase in the maintenance cost of the bridges. Structural reliability assessment, a higher-tier assessment method, is recommended globally for assessing the safety of existing bridges beyond current deterministic methods. This paper presents a study that evaluates the structural safety of existing road bridges in Brazil using the semi-probabilistic method defined in Brazilian standards and the full probabilistic method. The study selected six case studies of existing reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges to evaluate their structural safety concerning current normative loads. The results suggest that the partial safety factors defined in the Brazilian standards are consistent with international standards. The reliability analysis can guarantee the bridges’ safety, even with increased traffic loads, without additional costs for structural strengthening. Therefore, the paper highlights the importance of promoting reliability analysis in Brazil to ensure the safety of existing bridges and promote cost-effective and objective safety assessments.

Erlang-U: Blocking Probability of UAV-Assisted Cellular Systems

In modern and future communication systems, we expect peaks of traffic that largely exceed the capacity of the system, since they are originally designed to support normal traffic loads. Such peaks can be caused by emergency events and cultural or sporting gatherings, among others. Indeed, implementing more channels than the ones required in normal traffic conditions would entail higher costs and energy consumption. As such, when a traffic peak arrives, the system performance is greatly affected. To this end, we propose the use of mobile channels that assist cellular systems to increase the capacity of the network for a certain period. In this paper, we derive the blocking probability of a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)-assisted cellular system to temporarily increase the capacity of the communication network in case of a traffic overload. The analysis presented in this work allows a careful design of future communication systems requiring fewer channels, that can serve users in normal traffic load conditions while using UAVs to maintain an adequate blocking probability when the traffic load increases. To this end, we develop the ErlangU formula, similar to the ErlangB formula for a conventional voice service cellular system.

ENSURING INCREASED DURABILITY OF PAVEMENT ON REINFORCED CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES

The article contains the results of a study on increasing the durability of pavement on reinforced concrete road bridges by using rubber crumb. The pavement on reinforced concrete road bridges is one of the main structural elements of the structure, the technical condition of which affects the safety of the structures as a whole.
 Given the constant increase in traffic intensity and load on the road network, as well as insufficient funding for major repairs or reconstruction, it is necessary to use materials that ensure reliable operation of the roadway of bridge structures to increase the durability of the asphalt pavement.
 The asphalt concrete pavement of a roadway has a number of important factors that ensure the safety and comfort of vehicular traffic, namely: flatness, low noise and roughness, which provides the necessary grafting coefficient with the car tires while driving. However, it should be noted that during operation, such a coating is easily exposed to unfavorable factors, which leads to premature deformation in it.

LoRaSync: Energy efficient synchronization for scalable LoRaWAN

AbstractLow‐power wide‐area networks connect a large number of battery‐powered wireless devices over long distances. Among them, long range wide area networks (LoRaWAN) implement a pure ALOHA medium access scheme to save device energy by minimizing the radio usage. However, frame collisions restrain the network scalability when the traffic load increases. In this context, synchronization can be used to exploit the available bandwidth more efficiently by controlling the timing of frame transmissions and reducing the collision probability. Such strategy allows to increase the network throughput at the cost of an extra energy demand due to the inherent overhead. In that, the entailed network scenario is still supposed to address low power applications. Therefore this article timely presents LoRaSync, an energy‐efficient synchronization scheme designed for LoRa networks of any size. An accurate clock drift model was established based on measurements made on real cheap devices, and leveraged to support the design of LoRaSync. Our mechanism has been used to evaluate the same ALOHA‐based random access but on a time‐slotted basis, thus increasing the maximum achievable throughput compared to the legacy access. Throughput and energy efficiency models are established to evaluate the performances of a LoRaSync‐operated network. These models are validated with a simulation environment mimicking large‐scale deployments, and then used to determine the most energy efficient slot size for any traffic load. As a final proof of concept, LoRaSync has been implemented and tested on a LoRa testbed to demonstrate the feasibility of our solution on real hardware.

Poster] ADS-B anomaly detection in the surveillance of low-altitude aircrafts

In the past few years, the fast increase in air traffic load has brought new challenges for air traffic controllers. The air surveillance task has become harder and as a consequence, the actual monitoring tools need to be improved. In this work, a method based on deep learning that automatically detects ADS-B spoofing attacks is proposed. As autonomous drone technologies will, in the near future, be more and more developed, this study focuses on low-altitude traffic. Our tool is based on a classifier model that raises anomalies between true aircraft trajectory shapes and supposed aircraft categories (e.g. planes, helicopters). The proposed approach can detect spoofing attacks with a success rate of 96.2%.

Impact of the Structural Defects on Risk Assessment of Concrete Bridges According to the Italian Guidelines 2020

The Italian infrastructure network of roads and bridges is one of the most complex in the world due to the territory orography. Italy is strongly interested in seismic and hydrogeological hazards, and, in addition, degradation and obsolescence phenomena are common in infrastructures nowadays approaching the end of their nominal life. Furthermore, these infrastructures are subjected to continuous traffic load increase over time. In 2020, the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (MIT) published the guidelines for risk classification and management, safety assessment, and monitoring of existing bridges (LG2020) as an attempt to unify the multiple procedures of inspection, monitoring, and maintenance of infrastructures. The multilevel approach proposed in the Italian guidelines for the management of the complex existing system of bridges is herein discussed and investigated, focusing on an operational methodology to evaluate the impact of structural defects on the risk assessment. This study aims to develop an operational methodology for the application of the procedure generically depicted in the LG2020 for the attribution of the level of defectiveness based on the outcomes of the periodical inspections. In particular, such a methodology is applied to two of the most widespread bridge structural typologies in the Mediterranean area: reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed RC (PRC) bridges. The defects’ extent and level to structural members are associated with the proposed procedure for different bridge risk ratings. The work presents a useful tool to proceed from the outcomes of the inspections to the assignment of a level of defectiveness for the bridge, which enters into the risk assessment. This is to drive decision-makers in the definition of future actions and interventions, such as the detailed assessment of safety level and relevant strengthening interventions or installation of continuous monitoring systems.

DENSE SENSING ON ROAD BRIDGES NETWORK: NEW APPROACH TO DATA‐INFORMED ASSESSMENT

AbstractHazards, ageing, damaging, and traffic loads increase are some of the growing risks that bridge infrastructures in Europe face throughout their design life. Key issues of the asset management plan are the safety assessment of existing structures, the prioritization of the interventions and the optimization of the maintenance schedules. As such, to enable appropriate diagnostics and cost‐effective decisions on assessment/repairs, timely and accurate information from monitoring, inspection and testing is essential. This paper outlines the strategic role of SHM systems to identify the actual condition and future performance of the infrastructures, supporting an effective maintenance plan to meet the target reliability requirements. This contribution describes the use of dense sensing on an Italian bridges network of over 100 bridges, to account for monitoring in safety assessment, facilitating the application of proactive maintenance strategies through a deeper knowledge of the structural behaviour over time. Multiple case studies are detailed, where MEMS sensors have been installed with the purpose of monitoring the evolution of deterioration process, supporting a data‐informed structural diagnostics as well as providing evidence of the effectiveness of strengthening interventions.

Optimal Decision Making for Polymer-Modified Bitumen Mixture Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation

With the increase in traffic load, the rutting problem of bitumen pavement appears more and more frequently, and the shear resistance of pavement has attracted more and more attention. A polymer-modified bituminous mixture is usually used to solve the problem of insufficient shear resistance in bitumen pavement. However, there are many polymer modifiers for bituminous mixture, which lead to different performances of the modified bituminous mixtures. Currently, the modification methods cannot obtain a bituminous mixture having all types of performance simultaneously. Therefore, considering the different performances and economics of modified bituminous mixtures, it is necessary to determine an optimal modification method for bitumen pavement. This study used a toll plaza in Jilin province, which is a seasonally frozen region. On this section of road, vehicles start and brake at high frequency, and the bitumen middle course suffers from large shearing forces. Therefore, permanent deformation is the main form of failure. In addition, low-temperature cracking of the bitumen pavement is also a very severe issue in this region. Four kinds of bituminous mixture modification schemes were selected and tested, and the pavement performance of these modified bituminous mixtures was evaluated. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to quantitatively evaluate the performance level of bituminous mixtures according to fuzzy logic theory. Using the actual situation of the bituminous mixture used in the toll plaza, and based on the analytic hierarchy process method, the weight matrix of each service attribute was established. Here, the weight of each index was calculated by combining the entropy weight (EW) method, reducing the influence of subjective factors. According to the evaluation result of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, it could be seen that the modified bituminous mixture (70#+M) had the best overall performance compared to the other bituminous mixtures.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ МОДЕЛЕЙ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ПЕРЕСАДОЧНЫХ УЗЛОВ В СИСТЕМЕ ГОРОДСКОГО ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ТРАНСПОРТА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ Г. БЕЛГОРОДА

Today, the suburbs are growing and urbanizing, the level of motorization of the population is increasing, which entails an increase in traffic intensity and load on the city's road network. The organization of an intermodal transport system contributes to an increase in the level of comfort of the urban environment, reliability and safety in the integrated use of suburban and surface urban transport. The optimally chosen place for the formation of the transfer hub will improve the standard of living of the population of a large city and its suburbs. In this paper, intermodal transport hubs are considered. Depending on the category of transport hub, commuter rail and route transport, land-based urban passenger and individual transport, as well as passenger services with social infrastructure facilities located in the immediate vicinity of the transport hub interact. The analysis of normative, domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature on the features of the formation and functioning of TPU was carried out. The possibility of an integrated approach in organizing activities for the formation and development of transport hubs within the framework of the existing urban development has been studied. Methods for the design of transport interchange nodes and their models are considered. The existing TPU models are adapted to the context and resource potential of the territories of Belgorod with the highest intensity of labor and social migration of the population.It is proposed to form four transport hubs: 1) category 2 from the south direction (Dubovoe village) at the intersection of Shchorsa streets - Vatutina avenue; 2) TPU of the 1st category based on the railway and bus stop "Salyut Market"; 3) TPU of the 2nd category from the northern direction (Severny village) along the Belgorod bypass road; 4) TPU of the 1st category on the street. Vokzalnaya (station square).

Towards a real-time IoT: Approaches for incoming packet processing in cyber–physical systems

Embedded real-time devices for monitoring, controlling, and collaboration purposes in cyber–physical systems are now commonly equipped with IP networking capabilities. However, the reception and processing of IP packets generates workloads in unpredictable frequencies as networks are outside of a developer’s control and difficult to anticipate, especially when networks are connected to the internet. As of now, embedded network controllers and IP stacks are not designed for real-time capabilities, even when used in real-time environments and operating systems.Our work focuses on real-time aware packet reception from open network connections, without a real-time networking infrastructure. This article presents two experimentally evaluated modifications to the IP processing subsystem and embedded network interface controllers of constrained IoT devices. The first, our software approach, introduces early packet classification and priority-aware processing in the network driver. In our experiments this allowed the network subsystem to remain active at a seven-fold increase in network traffic load before disabling the receive interrupts as a last resort. The second, our hardware approach, makes changes to the network interface controller, applying interrupt moderation based on real-time priorities to minimize the number of network-generated interrupts. Furthermore, this article provides an outlook on how the software and hardware approaches can be combined in a co-designed packet receive architecture.

Delay Analysis of IEEE 802.11be Multi-Link Operation Under Finite Load

Multi-link Operation (MLO), arguably the most disruptive feature introduced in IEEE 802.11be, will cater for delay-sensitive applications by using multiple radio interfaces concurrently. In this paper, we analyze the delay distribution of MLO under non-saturated traffic. Our results show that upgrading from legacy single-link to MLO successfully contains the $95$th percentile delay as the traffic load increases, but also that adding extra interfaces yields rapidly diminishing gains. Further experiments we conduct on Google Stadia traces, accounting for realistic traffic with batch arrivals, confirm the insights stemming from our theoretical analysis, vouching for MLO to support high-resolution real-time video with a controlled delay.

Traffic management in vehicular adhoc networks using hybrid deep neural networks and mobile agents

<p>The traffic congestion in vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) is a vital problem due to its dynamic increase in traffic loads. VANETs undergo inefficient routing capability due to its increasing traffic demands. This has led to the need for intelligent transport system (ITS) to assist VANETs in enabling suitable traffic loads between vehicles and road side units (RSU). Most conventional systems offer distributed solution to manage traffic congestion but fail to regulate real-time traffic flows. In this paper, a dynamic traffic control in VANETs is offered by combining deep neural network (DNN) with mobile agents (MA). An experimental analysis is carried out to test the efficacy of the DNN-MA against conventional machine learning and a deep learning routing algorithm in VANETs. DNN-Mal is validated under various traffic congestion metrics like latency, percentage delivery ratio, packet error rate, and throughput. The results show that the proposed method offers reduced energy consumption and latency.</p>

Sustainable asphalt mixtures: enhancing environmental impact by partial fine aggregate substitution with rubber powder and bitumen modification using Nano-SiO2

ABSTRACT The costs of producing asphalt mixtures are increasing day by day, and with the expansion of roads, the use of natural resources of aggregates has also increased. On the other hand, several factors, such as the increase in traffic load and the number of vehicles, intensify the stress in the pavement layers, reduce the service life of asphalt pavements, and increase the cost of maintenance of road pavements. For this reason, researchers are striving to reduce the costs of asphalt mixture production and the need for natural aggregates by taking advantage of rubberised asphalt in this field. However, when using rubber powder as aggregate, some weaknesses are observed in this mixture, which this study strives to solve by modifying bitumen and improving its performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of bitumen modified with Nano-SiO2 on the mechanical properties of rubberised asphalt mixture. The percentages of Nano-SiO2 are 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2% by weight of bitumen, and used rubber powder has been replaced with fine aggregates with different percentages of 0, 1, 3, and 5%. The characteristics investigated in this study are rutting and fatigue, evaluated in various laboratory conditions. Considering all three target criteria of this study (i.e. environmental, economic and technical), an asphalt mixture containing 3% rubber powder and 1.2% Nano-SiO2 can be considered the best combination to deal with rutting and fatigue. A combination by replacing 3% of aggregates with rubber powder, needs less to extract natural aggregates resources, and also the use of a waste material whose depot in nature is known as an environmental problem in the construction of new asphalt mixture. In addition to environmental aspects, This sample fatigue resistance is about 5%, and the rutting resistance is about 17% more than the control specimen (without additives).

Application of strut-and-tie models for assessing RC half-joints not complying with current code specifications

The work described is concerned with an investigation of the effectiveness of the use of strut-and-tie models for the structural assessment of half joints. Such elements form a part of many existing bridges which, although not complying with current code specifications, have not as yet displayed any significant signs of distress in spite of the increase in traffic volume and loads over the years. The work is based on a comparative study of the predicted and experimentally established values of load-carrying capacity and location and causes of failure of half-jointed beams with reinforcement layouts that replicate those found in structures designed in accordance with previous code specifications. The results obtained show significant shortcomings of the assessment method as this is found not only to underestimate load-carrying capacity by a margin ranging between 40 % and 65 %, but also to often fail to identify the location and causes of failure. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative assessment method that will be based on concepts capable of both providing a realistic description of structural-concrete behaviour and identifying the causes of failure leading to the loss of load-carrying capacity.

Performance and Verification of High-Modulus Asphalt Modified by Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymer (SBS) and Rock Asphalt

High asphalt grade and poor high-temperature performance are the primary reasons for the permanent rutting deformation of asphalt pavement. However, the low grade of asphalt and the poor low-temperature performance and fatigue life of the mixture can easily lead to the low-temperature cracking of asphalt pavement. With the rapid increase in road traffic, volume, and traffic load, the performance requirements of road asphalt materials are becoming higher and higher. High-modulus asphalt has excellent temperature stability and good fatigue resistance. However, high-modulus asphalt is expensive, so its use can greatly increase the pavement cost, restricting its wide application in road engineering. It is necessary to find an economical way to produce modified asphalt to meet the current road requirements. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) and rock asphalt on the road performance of modified high-modulus asphalt, in which the replacement level of SBS and rock asphalt below 8 wt.% are compared. Apart from the conventional performance measurements, such as softening point, penetration, ductility and viscosity, thermal storage stability and rheological properties are also measured. The test results show that the composite modification of SBS and North American rock asphalt can effectively improve the high-temperature resistance and reduce the temperature sensitivity of 50# matrix asphalt, but it has no obvious improvement on its low-temperature performance. The preferred ternary blending system containing 4~6 wt.% SBS and 6~8 wt.% rock asphalt was obtained by performance analysis. It was verified that the performances of high-modulus asphalt mixture with the ternary blending asphalt above all meet the requirements of high-modulus asphalt mixture performance index.