Increase In Langerhans Cells Research Articles

Immunohistochemical and Histopathological Features of Persistent Gingival Enlargement in Relation to Metal Allergic Sensitisation during Orthodontic Treatment.

This study aimed to analyse the immunohistochemical profile of inflammatory infiltrates in the gingival tissue of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in relation to patients’ titanium and/or nickel allergy status. Patients with gingival enlargement received initial periodontal therapy, followed by external gingivectomy in the case of persistent gingival enlargement. The sample included 44 patients (22 had metal allergic sensitisation). Histopathological changes were assessed, and an immunohistochemical analysis was performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded gingival samples using antibodies against CD1a, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, and CD138. Computer-assisted image analysis was performed to evaluate the positive cell count in the gingival tissue. The gingiva of the sensitised patients was characterised by the absence of multifocal inflammatory infiltrates (p < 0.05), while pronounced exocytosis and band-like inflammatory infiltrates were more frequently observed in sensitised patients. In addition, there was an increase in Langerhans cells and T-helper lymphocytes and a decrease in naïve T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells in the sensitised subjects compared to non-sensitised. However, the differences were only statistically significant for macrophages, with a moderate effect size (82.8 vs. 133.9; p = 0.041; r = 0.308). The absence of multifocal inflammation appears to be the most characteristic histopathological feature of the gingiva of sensitised patients. Although their gingiva presented certain characteristics of late hypersensitivity immune reactions the observed changes imply dominant irritative effect e.

Transdermal Drug Delivery in the Pig Skin.

Transdermal delivery can be accomplished through various mechanisms including formulation optimization, epidermal stratum corneum barrier disruption, or directly by removing the stratum corneum layer. Microneedling, electroporation, a combination of both and also the intradermal injection known as mesotherapy have proved efficacy in epidermal-barrier disruption. Here we analyzed the effects of these methods of epidermal-barrier disruption in the structure of the skin and the absorption of four compounds with different characteristics and properties (ketoprofen, biotin, caffein, and procaine). Swine skin (Pietrain x Durox) was used as a human analogue, both having similar structure and pharmacological release. They were biopsied at different intervals, up to 2 weeks after application. High-pressure liquid chromatography and brightfield microscopy were performed, conducting a biometric analysis and measuring histological structure and vascular status. The performed experiments led to different results in the function of the studied molecules: ketoprofen and biotin had the best concentrations with intradermal injections, while delivery methods for obtaining procaine and caffein maximum concentrations changed on the basis of the lapsed time. The studied techniques did not produce significant histological alterations after their application, except for an observed increase in Langerhans cells and melanocytes after applying electroporation, and an epidermal thinning after using microneedles, with variable results regarding dermal thickness. Although all the studied barrier disruptors can accomplish transdermal delivery, the best disruptor is dependent on the particular molecule.

Geographic tongue: assessment of peripheral nerve status, Langerhans cell, and HLA-DR expression

The objectives of this study were to determine whether geographic tongue (GT) is an antigen-driven condition by assessing Langerhans cell numbers and the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP, -DQ, and -DR in the epithelium of GT and to assess peripheral nerve status for any possible damage/injury association by quantifying neurite area in connective tissue in GT. Randomly selected samples of GT were examined by using routine immunoperoxidase staining methods to S100 protein, neurofilament, CD1a, and HLA class II. The Student t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to assess statistical significance. Langerhans cell numbers were found to be increased in GT. HLA expression was also seen in Langerhans cells and inflammatory cells and in the spinous layer and parabasal epithelial cells in 2 samples of GT. Total nerve tissue, based on area measurements, was not significantly different between GT and control tissues. The increase in Langerhans cells suggests that GT is a condition that is likely driven by an unknown external antigen. Peripheral nerve damage was not apparent, suggesting that this is not a mechanism whereby patients with GT become symptomatic.

Langerhans, plasmacytoid dendritic and myeloid-derived suppressor cell levels in mycosis fungoides vary according to the stage of the disease.

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is characterized by a switch from indolent behaviour in the early stages to a worse clinical outcome in the advanced ones. Recently, various studies have investigated the role the microenvironment might play in such a switch. We have analysed the distribution of Langerhans cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in 46 MF cases in various stages, aiming to assess whether changes occur from early to advanced stage. We have investigated the number of langerin, CD303 and arginase-1 positive cells and their distribution at high power. Data were analysed using t test for continuous variables, χ 2 tests or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, as well as analysis of covariance. In comparing stages IA/B to IIB, we observed a significant decrease in Langerhans cells (p value 0.03) and a significant increase in CD303 and arginase-1 positive cells (p value <0.01 for both markers). Furthermore, a significant increase in Langerhans cells only was observed in stage IIB in comparison to stage III (p=0.02), while in stage IV, a significant decrease in Langerhans cells was noted in comparison to stage III (p=0.02). Our data suggest that changes in the microenvironment might influence disease progression, especially from stages IA/B to IIB, opening new scenarios in MF therapy.

Glasgow rangers lymphadenopathy

A 23-year-old kick boxer was referred for assessment of persistent lymphadenopathy affecting his groins and axillae over a 12-month period. He was otherwise entirely well and without B symptoms. The palpable nodes were non-tender and were of variable size up to 2 cm diameter; the liver and spleen were not palpable. He was noted to have multiple non-inflamed tattoos sited over his left shoulder, abdomen and upper right chest; the latter indicating his affiliation with a local football team (above left). Laboratory investigations including full blood count, urea and electrolytes, liver enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase were normal but, in view of the duration of the lymphadenopathy, we proceeded to excision biopsy of a groin node. The appearances were of a reactive lymph node with sinus histiocytosis and follicular hyperplasia. In particular, there was a prominence of dark pigment within the paracortex (arrows, above right) associated with a reactive increase in Langerhans cells. We concluded that the widespread lymphadenopathy was reactive to tattoo pigment which had undergone regional lymphatic migration, perhaps encouraged by the trauma of kick boxing bouts. He remains clinically well after a further year of follow-up but the lymphadenopathy is unchanged. Tissue reactions to tattoos are rare and not well recognized. They are usually localized either to the site of the tattoo itself or to the regional draining lymph nodes. Tattoo inks are made from a variety of metal salts suspended in a carrier solution. The red inks made from iron and mercury compounds are most likely to generate a reaction. The blue/black pigment seen in this lymph node was likely to have been generated from salts of iron, cobalt and carbon. Although reactions can occur with any colour of ink the followers of the other Glasgow football team might suggest that the use of green pigment would be unlikely to cause any unpleasant reaction.

Local defense systems in the prepuce

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection in children. Circumcision reduces the incidence of UTI, and prevents preputial colonization with uropathic bacteria in childhood. However, there is insufficient information about the reason(s) why such colonization tends to occur in prepucium skin. We evaluated some of the humoral and cellular defense systems in the prepucium skins of 30 boys (age range 6 months to 5 years). We measured the expressions of Langerhans cells, mast cells, T lymphocytes, IgA, IgG and IgM in the prepuce and compared them with those in normal skin. Tissues obtained during circumcision were divided into two groups. In the first group, sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed on paraffin-embedded tissue by means of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. The antibodies used were S-100 for Langerhans cells and CD8 and CD4 for T lymphocytes. In the second group, frozen sections were stained for IgA, IgG and IgM using an immunofluorescence method. The distribution of mast cells and IgG positivity was similar to that of normal skin. Langerhans cells were increased in prepucium skin (p<0.05), whilst only a few CD4 T lymphocytes were observed around the perivascular area and no expression of CD8 was observed in the prepucium and normal skin. The increase in Langerhans cells in prepucium skin may be the result of continuous stimulation of bacteria found in the periurethral area, and the absence of CD8 may help the colonization of uropathic bacteria.

Regulation of the cutaneous allergic reaction by humidity.

Humidity is 1 of the environmental factors which regulate skin conditions. Effects of humidity on the cutaneous immune reaction were examined. Contact hypersensitivity to 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene was elicited in C57BL/6 mice. The reaction was greater in mice housed under low humidity conditions (about 10%) for 2 days, at either the induction or elicitation phase, than in mice housed under rather high humidity conditions (80%). After housing under controlled humidity for 2 days, the number of I-A positive cells was 16% higher in the epidermis exposed to the dry condition. The increased population of FITC-positive cells were in regional lymph nodes after painting of FITC during housing under lower humidity. Our study demonstrated that the cutaneous immune reaction is regulated by environmental humidity and suggested 2 possible mechanisms, i.e., increase in Langerhans cells and increased penetration of allergen with low humidity.

중이 진주종 및 만성중이염에서 랑게르한스 세포에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

Middle ear cholesteatoma is biologically invasive keratinizing squamous epithelial cyst that contains the desquamated debris. And it is clinically important entity because it causes destruction of adjacent bones and serious complications. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of cholesteatoma has been debated but there are basic theories of epithelial ingrowth and metaplasia of middle ear epithleium. Also there is concept that expanding process of desquamation causes bone destruction and that it may be due to proteolytic enzymes such as collagenase. Recent works suggest that Langerhans cells have an immunologic altering function and have a role of generating and maintaining the chronic inflammatory reacton which induces bone resorption. The morphologic feature of cholesteatoma was similar to that of the tympanic membrane but there was a increase of Langerhans cells in cholesteatoma. Langerhans cells are the bone marrow-derived immune cells of the epidermis. They express la antigens and receptors for the Fc portion of IgG and complement components. Langerhans cells appear to recognize antigen and present them to T-lymphocyte and possibly macrophage. The authors used immunohistochemical method to indentify and quantify distribution of Langerhans cells(S-100 protein), T-lymphocyte(HLA-DR, CD3) using monoclonal antibody techniques. We compared distribution of Langerhans cells in cholesteatoma matrix, infected tympanic membrane and adjacent canal skin of chrnic otitis media of which were taken from patients during operation. The obtained results were as follows : The Langerhans cells in cholesteatoma matrix increased significantly compared to those in chronic otitis media and post auricular skin. The Langerhans cells in chronic otitis media were more increased numbers than those in post auricular skin(p&lt;0.05). The Langerhans cells and T lymphocytes with inflammatory reaction in subepithelial tissue of cholesteatoma were significantly higher than those chronic otitis media(p&lt;0.05).

Immunophenotyping of Skin Cells during Healing of Suction Blister Injury

The time course of appearance and the dynamic changes of immunocompetent cells were assessed in human skin following sterile suction blister would healing. During epidermal regeneration, a local increase in Langerhans cells (LC) and the appearance of a mononuclear cell infiltrate were observed. Initially, T cells were exclusively of the T helper/inducer subtype, whereas during the later stages of the healing process an increasing number of cytotoxic/suppressor T cells (up to 30%) was observed. Keratinocytes of neither the adjacent nor the newly formed epidermis expressed HLA-DR over the course of the wound-healing process. Our results suggest that immune-competent cells such as T cells and LC may play an important role in the regulation of the wound-healing process.

Immunohistochemical comparison of actinic reticuloid with allergic contact dermatitis

Biopsy specimens of chronic lesions and ultraviolet-induced lesions from actinic reticuloid patients were examined by immuno-peroxidase techniques and compared with those of allergic contact dermatitis skin, one of the delayed-type hypersensitivity conditions. Each lesion of actinic reticuloid showed a clear predominance of suppressor/cytotoxic T cells to helper/inducer T cells and an increase of Langerhans cells in the epidermis and the dermis. These findings are generally similar to those in the late phase (on day 7 and 11) but not in the early phase (on day 2) of allergic contact dermatitis and suggest that delayed-type hypersensitivity might be involved in some parts of the pathogenesis of actinic reticuloid. CD36 +DR + epidermal cells were also observed in ultraviolet-induced lesions from actinic reticuloid patients, suggesting a possible role in the modulation of the mechanism.

Langerhans cells in human chronic gingivitis and phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia

Langerhans cell numbers in oral epithelium increase as dental plaque accumulates. The anti-convulsant drug phenytoin predisposes to gingival hyperplasia in certain patients who take this medication for epilepsy and who also have poor oral hygiene. In this study 7 patients with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia were compared with 5 subjects with chronic marginal gingivitis. On initial examination and on completion of the hygiene phase of periodontal therapy (a period ranging from 3.0 to 4.25 months), clinical indices of plaque and gingivitis were recorded and biopsies were taken from the lower anterior labial gingiva. Frozen sections were stained by an immunoperoxidase technique using the monoclonal antibody OKT6, and the number of Langerhans cells in a defined cross-sectional area was counted. In phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia there was a marked increase in Langerhans cells (13.8 ± 0.45) when compared with chronic gingivitis (7.7 ± 0.31; p < 0.05). Both groups showed marked reductions in their plaque and gingival indices and numbers of Langerhans cells once treatment had been completed. However, levels of Langerhans cells in the drug-induced hyperplasia remained significantly higher (3.5 ± 0.26) than in chronic gingivitis (1.5 ± 0.22; p < 0.05).

Acute effect of DMBA application on Langerhans cells of the hamster buccal pouch mucosa

One, two, and three applications of DMBA in mineral oil to hamster buccal pouch mucosa did not result in obvious histologic alterations in experimental periods ranging from 4 1/2 hours to 2 weeks after the last DMBA application. However, there were significant increases in the number of Langerhans cells, as disclosed histochemically with ATPase staining. There was also an increase in the length and size of the dendritic processes of the Langerhans cells. Applications of DMBA in oil resulted in a consistently significant increase in Langerhans cells when compared to the buccal pouch mucosa of untreated animals. However, mineral oil applications also resulted in a slight increase in Langerhans cells when compared to the mucosa of untreated controls. The major effects of the DMBA on Langerhans cells occurred after 2 weeks and with increasing numbers of applications. The increase in Langerhans cells is interpreted as an enhanced response by immunologically competent cells which may represent an early immune response to the very early changes in carcinogenesis.

Langerhans cells increase in the dermal lesions of adult T cell leukaemia in Japan.

In cases of adult T cell leukaemia neoplastic T cell infiltration in the skin was accompanied by an increase in Langerhans cells. This is in keeping with the view that Langerhans cells may induce antigen-specific and allogenic T cell activation.

Lymphocytes and Langerhans cells in the human oesophageal epithelium.

Using monoclonal antibodies on fresh frozen endoscopically obtained oesophageal biopsies the distribution of Langerhans cells, B lymphocytes, and various subpopulations of T lymphocytes was studied in the normal human oesophageal mucosa and in oesophagitis. Identification of the lymphocytes was carried out by an immunoperoxidase technique using OKT3 (antihuman T cell antibody), OKT4 (antihuman helper T cell antibody), OKT8 (antihuman cytotoxic T cell) and OKT10 (antihuman null cell antibody). Identification of the Langerhans cells was carried out using an ATPase stain and OKIa (Ia like antigen) and OKT6 (antihuman thymocyte). In the normal oesophageal epithelium cytotoxic T lymphocytes are found as well as Ia positive Langerhans cells. Helper T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are present mainly in the lamina propria. In oesophagitis an increase in Langerhans cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes within the epithelium is found. From these findings it can be concluded that the oesophagus contains a reticuloepithelial system as well as a lymphocytic population which are a part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

A monoclonal antibody technique to demonstrate an increase in Langerhans cells in cutaneous lesions of mycosis fungoides.

Summary Two monoclonal antibodies raised against cortical thymocytes have been found to react with epidermal Langerhans cells in normal human skin. Using these antibodies, an increase in the number of Langerhans cells was seen in the epidermis and dermis of ten biopsies from patients with mycosis fungoides.