Global Temperature Increase Research Articles

Batteries and beyond: Multi-vector energy storage as a tool to decarbonise energy services

With the 2015 Paris Agreement pursuing efforts to limit global temperature increase to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and the “energy trilemma” goals of energy security, energy equity and environmental sustainability, decarbonisation remains a priority across all of the United Kingdom (United Kingdom) energy system, not just electricity. Electricity and thermal energy storage technologies can offer a host of benefits across the energy value chain through the abilityS to capture, store and then release electricity or thermal energy over a period of time. These benefits include helping capture the full potential of renewable generation and providing services such as frequency response and reserve to Great Britain’s (GB) electricity system. In addition, with the aforementioned climate targets in mind, energy storage can also play a role in facilitating the decarbonisation of other activities and sectors. Here we delve deeper into how energy storage technologies can contribute to both energy sector transformation and more broadly, decarbonisation. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of ensuring a technology-agnostic approach to the development of policy and regulation with relevance to energy storage. This ensures that storage technologies with significant potential to contribute to the ‘energy trilemma’ goals are not precluded from entering the market due to unfavourable policy and regulatory frameworks.

Physiological and molecular implications of multiple abiotic stresses on yield and quality of rice.

Abiotic stresses adversely affect rice yield and productivity, especially under the changing climatic scenario. Exposure to multiple abiotic stresses acting together aggravates these effects. The projected increase in global temperatures, rainfall variability, and salinity will increase the frequency and intensity of multiple abiotic stresses. These abiotic stresses affect paddy physiology and deteriorate grain quality, especially milling quality and cooking characteristics. Understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms behind grain quality reduction under multiple abiotic stresses is needed to breed cultivars that can tolerate multiple abiotic stresses. This review summarizes the combined effect of various stresses on rice physiology, focusing on grain quality parameters and yield traits, and discusses strategies for improving grain quality parameters using high-throughput phenotyping with omics approaches.

Palaeontological evidence for community-level decrease in mesopelagic fish size during Pleistocene climate warming in the eastern Mediterranean.

Mesopelagic fishes are an important element of marine food webs, a huge, still mostly untapped food resource and great contributors to the biological carbon pump, whose future under climate change scenarios is unknown. The shrinking of commercial fishes within decades has been an alarming observation, but its causes remain contended. Here, we investigate the effect of warming climate on mesopelagic fish size in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during a glacial-interglacial-glacial transition of the Middle Pleistocene (marine isotope stages 20-18; 814-712 kyr B.P.), which included a 4°C increase in global seawater temperature. Our results based on fossil otoliths show that the median size of lanternfishes, one of the most abundant groups of mesopelagic fishes in fossil and modern assemblages, declined by approximately 35% with climate warming at the community level. However, individual mesopelagic species showed different and often opposing trends in size across the studied time interval, suggesting that climate warming in the interglacial resulted in an ecological shift toward increased relative abundance of smaller sized mesopelagic fishes due to geographical and/or bathymetric distribution range shifts, and the size-dependent effects of warming.

Hot spots of methane emission in West Siberian middle taiga wetlands disturbed by petroleum extraction activities

Hot spots of methane emission in West Siberian middle taiga wetlands disturbed by petroleum extraction activities

Assessment of Global Temperature Rise Based Upon Approved Algorithms

This Article presents the results of an independent assessment of the estimated global temperature increase since the 1.1degree Celsius measured in 2020. It illustrates that the goals of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement can be met by the end of the century by gradually reducing Carbon Dioxide emissions from present levels. The required rate of global emissions reductions is significantly less than those estimated by the United Nations reports. Most of the difference in estimates can be attributed to an error that was made by the UN in figuring the future atmospheric concentration of Methane. All of the various agency reports forgot to account for the short 12-year lifetime of CH4 that must be subtracted from the total new yearly emissions to then yield very small net concentration and temperature increases. The Nations of the World will be jubilant to hear that they now have both more time and lower yearly emission reduction requirements than currently reported.

Infectious human diseases: Regions, habitats, threats, and mitigation strategies: The issues—Part II

Abstract Globally, vaccines against 47 infectious etiologic agents are approved by at least one regulatory authority as of December 2022. The numbers of viral diseases, infections caused by mycoplasma, bacterial and protozoal diseases, mycoses, diseases caused by parasitic worms, and other infectious diseases of unknown etiology run into thousands. Therefore, more vaccines are required to be developed to keep more populations disease free. Climate change and global increase in temperature may promote sea level rises and an increase in the intensity of rains, causing an upsurge in certain infectious diseases in regions of the human population and even causing movement of habitats. In societies where the expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product is higher, people are more capacitated to tackle the treatment and spread of infectious diseases. As several of such conditions are zoonotic, well-planned strategies for controlling the spread would go a long way in the proper direction. Poverty and contagious diseases are infallibly linked. Major infectious diseases of poverty include tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, measles, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, and several neglected tropical diseases. The world is not yet unified in action to jointly work to contain the global problem of infectious diseases in every human habitat. There was a visible divide between and among the rich countries versus the developing countries regarding accessibility and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 flu. To contain the spread of infectious diseases in the future, the whole world would have to work together, raising funds, strengthening epidemiological surveys, inventing effective vaccines, and vaccinating the eligible population, as also treating the infected with therapy in time, besides resorting to other preventive measures for overall human progress. The developmental efforts are to be pursued jointly and together to benefit all people, respecting the world as one.

Konfuzija u energetskoj tranziciji – svet i Srbija danas

The extraordinary circumstances due to the pandemic have been lasted for almost three and a half years. During that period unexpected new challenges arose in the development of humanity. It is understandable, since most events in today's world are defined as different crisis situations, which are characterized by: slowing down of global growth and international trade, almost unrestrained inflation as a global phenomenon, turbulence in the energy and food markets, finally an unprecedented war in Europe, geopolitical tightening of relations between the bearers of global power, followed by widely applied mechanisms of various economic and political sanctions. All this could easily lead to the de facto interruption of global climate action, the organized fight against poverty, harmful inequalities and humanitarian trials in many parts of the world. As one of the key challenges of global harmonization of economic practice and economic policy for the purpose of a better future, energy transition is largely becoming a victim of unwillingness to agree and to dialogue, especially among key global rivals for economic-technological and military dominance in the world. Conceptually, the energy transition remains, at least on paper, in the focus of all policies and documents and strategies as part of the green transition. However, in practice, it turns out that strategic decisions are always victims of tactical adjustments of policies and practices in the short and medium term. Humanity is once again at a turning point: either it will return to the practice of global cooperation, painstaking harmonization and actions that include climate policy, the social and human aspects of the energy transition and industrial transformation in the context of the common goals of stopping the increase in global temperature at the level of 1.5 degrees comparing to the preindustrial era, or climate plans and actions will collapse like a soap bubble dominated by short-term economic, military and technological goals. Serbia belongs to the countries with above-average climate changes intensity, and its energy sector is among those with the highest harmful emissions, as well as the highest share of coal (over 50%) in the production of final energy. The restructuring of its economy and economic-technological structure in the process of energy transition will be exposed to high social and psychological challenges, which especially concern local and regional communities and public energy companies. Controversial news and signals arrive from the political scene to a large part of employees in the energy sector. Part of these controversies and misunderstandings originate from the international public scene affected by the growth and debt crisis, inflation and new confrontations. Confrontations in our region confrontation, along the global, may be strong challenges in the coming period. Despite everything, the energy transition in the world is an unstoppable process, which has climatic, ecological, resource, social and cultural goals, which should be insisted upon in every conceptual crisis.

An Intelligent Two-Stage Energy Dispatch Management System for Hybrid Power Plants: Impact of Machine Learning Deployment

The utilization of renewable energy sources such as PV and wind power has become imperative due to the increase of carbon dioxide emissions, which leads to the increase in global temperature and the negative consequences of climate change. As a result, renewable energy sources are constantly gaining popularity to be integrated in power systems to create hybrid power plants (HPPs). However, HPPs come with great complications due to the uncertainty in renewable energy output, which has given rise to the need for a reliable and effective energy dispatch management system for HPPs. In this paper, a two-stage machine learning (ML) based energy dispatch management system for HPPs is designed to control renewable energy sources (PV and wind power), reserve energy sources (energy storage systems) and backup energy sources (diesel, fuel cells, auxiliary loads, etc.). The system aims to minimize the power variance in the HPPs to achieve peak shaving and valley filling. The first stage aims to forecast the power output of renewable energy sources, as well as the load demand. The second stage aims to coordinate the energy output of the reserve and backup sources to achieve the required objective. Different ML techniques were compared to find the highest performing ML algorithm to achieve the required objective of the system, where long short-term memory (LSTM) provided the highest results with an average mean squared error of 0.005 and an average explained variance score of 0.9. The results of the management system verify the effectiveness of the system for the management of the energy dispatch in HPPs, through the successful flattening of the load curve of the HPP, which increases the reliability of the power system with the integration of renewable energy sources. Also, the system was shown to be robust against the uncertainty of the PV and wind power output, and the load demand.

Optimal Management Strategies to Maximize Carbon Capture in Forest Plantations: A Case Study with Pinus radiata D. Don

Plantations with fast-growing species play a crucial role in reducing global warming and have great carbon capture potential. Therefore, determining optimal management strategies is a challenge in the management of forest plantations to achieve the maximum carbon capture rate. The objective of this work is to determine optimal rotation strategies that maximize carbon capture in forest plantations. By evaluating an ecological optimal control problem, this work presents a method that manages forest plantations by planning activities such as reforestation, felling, thinning, and fire prevention. The mathematical model is governed by three ordinary differential equations: live biomass, intrinsic growth, and burned area. The characterization of the optimal control problem using Pontryagin’s maximum principle is analyzed. The model solutions are approximated numerically by the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. To verify the efficiency of the model, parameters for three scenarios were considered: a realistic one that represents current forestry activities based on previous studies for the exotic species Pinus radiata D. Don, another pessimistic, which considers significant losses in forest productivity; and a more optimistic scenario which assumes the creation of new forest areas that contribute with carbon capture to prevent the increase in global temperature. The model predicts a higher volume of biomass for the optimistic scenario, with the consequent higher carbon capture than in the other two scenarios. The optimal solution for the felling strategy suggests that, to increase carbon capture, the rotation age should be prolonged and the felling rate decreased. The model also confirms that reforestation should be carried out immediately after felling, applying maximum reforestation effort in the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. On the other hand, the model indicates that the maximum prevention effort should be applied during the life cycle of the plantation, which should be proportional to the biomass volume. Finally, the optimal solution for the thinning strategy indicates that in all three scenarios, the maximum thinning effort should be applied until the time when the fire prevention strategy begins.

Snapshot of Photovoltaics − May 2023

In 2022 the cumulative installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity increased to over 1 TW, 10 years after it reached the 100 GW level in 2012. In 2022, overall investment in renewable energy has increased by 16% to USD 499 billion compared to USD 953 billion for fossil fuels, which saw an increase of 6%. Investments in solar photovoltaics accounted for USD 301.5 billion or 60% of the renewable energy investments. The annual installations of solar photovoltaic electricity generation systems increased by about 40% to over 230 GWp in 2022. Compared to 2021, the number of countries which installed 1 GWp/year or more has increased by almost 80% to 32. Despite the increase in hardware costs for solar photovoltaic systems and battery storage, both markets had a strong growth, driven by the soaring energy prices in 2022. The increase of the levelised costs for solar photovoltaic electricity was well below the increase of electricity generated with fossil fuels. The electrification of heating, transport and industry will create additional demand for renewable electricity, including solar, if we want to stay on track for not more than 1.5 °C global temperature increase.

New sobriety: Drinking less wine to save the planet?

In 2015, the Paris agreements set a global framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to keep the global temperature increase below 2 degrees between the beginning of the industrial era and 2050. Agriculture, which accounts for 25% of global CO2 emissions, plays a major role in achieving these goals. To this end, the European Parliament has adopted the "Farm to fork" strategy, which aims to reduce both CO2 emissions and the use of pesticides for food products. In order to meet these targets, average individual emissions should be 2 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year, knowing that, for example, today, on average, each French person emits 9.5 tCO2/year. Citizens who wish to contribute and reduce their carbon footprint can act on different emission items: their travel, their food, their housing, their purchases of goods and services. In France, on average, food accounts for a quarter of individual emissions. Knowing that the average impact of a standard 10-12cl glass of wine is around 180 grams of CO2 and that the target per meal should be 500 grams of CO2e, what will be the trade-offs for consumers who are aware of these issues ? Will consumers decide to limit their consumption of wine in the face of environmental issues, as some already do with meat? Will communication shift from the dangers of alcohol on health to the environmental impact of wine consumption, in a "one health" approach? Faced with this risk, the wine industry's response and its consumer information strategy will be crucial. Players will have to provide information on their assets in terms of sustainability (environmental, economic and social) while adapting to new legislation and consumer demands.

Ways of efficient use of water in conditions of water resources shortage

The shortage of water from Uzbekistan is becoming increasingly urgent due to global climate change. The demand for water of the population of the Central Asian countries is mainly satisfied at the expense of transboundary rivers. According to research, by 2025, due to climate change and global temperature increase, the reserve of glaciers supplying water to the Amu Darya and Sir Darya rivers is expected to decrease by 15-20%. It has been found that the volume of mountain glaciers is decreasing by 0.2-1 percent per year, and the snow reserves in mountain river basins are decreasing. In order to solve the problems presented in this article, it is necessary to improve the use of water-saving technologies in the irrigation of agricultural crops and fully automate the methods of water consumption calculation, remote control of the channel, recording of water losses in the channel and its prevention. elaborate proposals have been developed.

Field screening for heat-stress tolerance of floret fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum and T. durum)

Context As global temperatures increase, heat waves of >30°C for at least 3 days are projected to become more frequent during reproductive development of wheat, causing reductions in grain yield. Breeding for tolerance is difficult under field conditions owing to the unpredictable timing and intensity of natural heat events and the narrow developmental windows of sensitivity. Aims We report on a series of experiments designed to explore genetic variability for floret sterility induced by natural heat waves in the field by targeting a sensitive development stage. Methods Our method involved sowing late, and the use of auricle distance to identify main tillers exposed to heat events at a sensitive developmental stage (booting). Key results Substantial genetic variation was found for tolerance of grain set to natural heat waves, with a broad-sense heritability estimate of 0.94 for heat-exposed stems compared with 0.72 for non-stressed controls. An auricle distance of 1–3 cm was established as a phenotypic marker for tagging stems at the sensitive stage of development, and the optimal number of spikes to assess was determined as 10–15 per plot. A validation study with durum lines previously classified as tolerant/intolerant under glasshouse conditions showed agreement in ranking of genotypes at the extremes of tolerance. Conclusions We demonstrate that it is possible to screen wheat genotypes for stage-specific tolerance to natural heat waves in the field. Implications The protocol described could provide a low-cost method for evaluating heat tolerance in wheat, with relevance to commercial field production conditions. The approach allows tolerance to be assessed at a single stage of reproductive development, which should allow greater heritability in field assessments.

On the problems of global warming and carbon neutrality

Recently, there has been an accelerated growth in the number and volume of new scientific developments and research on global climate warming and the consequences of its impact on nature. The purpose of the publication of this review is to summarize and analyze materials from various sources (primarily official documents) on this issue. In particular, the results of the UN Climate Summit COP 27 and previous international meetings are discussed, as well as research by domestic scientific organizations. There are more than 20 references to relevant documents. The necessity of additional efforts to maintain the increase in global average temperature at the level of 1.5 degrees Celsius is shown. The role of Russia in international cooperation in combating climate change and the obligations of our country to limit greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris Agreement are considered. The data provided make it possible to justify the possibility of achieving the stated goal by 2030.

ЗМІНИ ВОДНО-БАЛАНСОВИХ СКЛАДОВИХ В МЕЖАХ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖЖЯ СЕРЕДНЬОГО ДНІПРА ЗА 1961-2020 рр.

The article examines the changes in water balance components within the left bank of the Middle Dnipro during two hydroclimatic periods, 1961-1990 and 1991-2020. The research also covered six key river basins on the left bank of the Middle Dnipro, including Psel, Sula, Vorskla, Trubizh, Supii, and Zolotonoshka. The examination of the modifications in the components of the water balance during the period of the climatic norm from 1961-1990 and the modern climatic period from 1991-2020 revealed a decrease in the average long-term values of precipitation in general by -7.3 mm, river runoff by -5.2 mm, and total evaporation by -2.1 mm. The amount of rain on the left bank of the Middle Dnipro was different in each river basin. In the Psel and Sula basins, there was a significant increase in precipitation, with a difference of 18.4 mm and +0.9 mm, respectively. In the Vorskla, Zolotonoshka, Trubizh and Supii basins, there was less rain by -2.2 to -51.7 mm. The opposite scenario was observed in the variation of total evaporation in the respective river basins. Thus, in the three largest river basins of the Psel, Sula and Vorskla, it increased from 5.6 to 26.7 mm, in all other basins the total evaporation decreased from -0.3 to -47.6 mm. But despite various changes in precipitation and total evaporation, there is a reduction in the volume of river runoff from -1.6 to -8.6 mm. The negative dynamics of river runoff indicators are attributed to negative cumulative values of precipitation and total evaporation. The main cause of these changes is the increase in the average annual air temperature across all studied basins by +1.2 °C, leading to an increase in climate aridity indicators within the left bank of the Middle Dnipro by +0.9 %. Similarly, there was a drop in the runoff coefficient by 0.9 %. In essence, changes in water balance components in the studied area result in more water volume from atmospheric precipitation going towards total evaporation, leading to a loss of the water volume that forms river runoff. This serves as a clear example of the influence of the global increase in air temperature on the reduction of water volume in rivers within the left bank of the Middle Dnipro.

Quinone-functionalised carbons as new materials for electrochemical carbon dioxide capture

A new class of quinone-functionalised carbon materials are shown to capture carbon dioxide through an electrochemical charging process.

Effect of phosphogypsum use as a waste recycling on GHG emissions by mineral carbonisation method

The release of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere as a result of anthropogenic sources and industrial applications has triggered the increase in global temperatures called global warming and related climate change. Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the wet process phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production process, which chemically consists of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) with some impurities. Annual PG accumulation has reached 300 Mtons and a strategy is needed to ensure efficient, continuous and bulk consumption. Due to the high amount of calcium it contains, PG is a material suitable for use in CO2 capture and storage processes to form stable solid carbonate compounds. This process, called mineral carbonisation of PG, contributes to sustainable development goals by providing the multiple benefits of both the utilisation of an industrial by-product and the realisation of CO2 capture and storage technology.

FIGHTING THE CLIMATE CRISIS WITHIN THE LAW (JUDICIAL) AXIS

The climate crisis increases the risk of threats to both our individual and social existence day by day. However, this threat is far from the attention and solution it deserves. For this reason, states (governments) that are responsible for protecting both the present and the future of humanity refrain from fulfilling this duty or taking on the role of making an effort. The increase in both emissions and global average temperatures from past to present shows that the fight against the climate crisis is only on paper or in rhetoric. This study examines the legal (judicial) solution that the public sees as a way out of the helplessness created by the climate crisis caused by the international system and governments. As a result, as citizens seek more rights and the judiciary decides in favor of the climate crisis, governments will strive for more solutions in tackling the climate crisis. Although this does not hold great promise in terms of the climate crisis, it will be beneficial for progress and awareness.

Reducing the anthropogenic impact on the environment as part of the transition to environmentally friendly energy sources: a review of current research on hydrogen synthesis and carbon dioxide utilization

The problem of carbon dioxide utilization is of increasing concern to the public, since measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are no longer sufficient to prevent a global increase in temperature on the planet. The global energy sector is facing two major challenges: skyrocketing prices for petroleum products and an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by industry. The growing anthropogenic pressure on the environment has increased interest in the geological storage of carbon dioxide. Developments in the field of alternative energy sources are becoming more and more relevant: hydrogenation and synthesis, solar energy, hydrogen energy. Promising trend, from the point of view of utilization, is associated with the production and use of environmentally friendly energy carriers through the conversion of carbon dioxide. The article discusses modern technologies for producing hydrogen and industrial conversion of carbon dioxide into useful products, including the author's nature-like method for converting carbon dioxide into green energy resources. Keywords: carbon dioxide utilization; underground storage; hydrogenation and synthesis; hydrocarbons; hydrogen; alternative energy sources; catalysts.

Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Nexus: Evidence from a Maximum Entropy Approach

The connection between Earth’s global temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is one of the highest challenges in climate change science since there is some controversy about the real impact of CO2 emissions on the increase of global temperature. This work contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the relationship between CO2 emissions and the Earth’s global temperature for 61 years, providing a recent review of the emerging literature as well. Through a statistical approach based on maximum entropy, this study supports the results of other techniques that identify a positive impact of CO2 in the increase of the Earth’s global temperature. Given the well-known difficulties in the measurement of global temperature and CO2 emissions with high precision, this statistical approach is particularly appealing around climate change science, as it allows the replication of the original time series with the subsequent construction of confidence intervals for the model parameters. To prevent future risks, besides the present urgent decrease of greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to stop using the planet and nature as if resources were infinite.