Increase In Domestic Consumption Research Articles

G-20 SUMMIT 2022 LESSON LEARNED: THE DEFENSE DIPLOMACY LENSES

As the president of G-20 in 2022, Indonesia held the Summit of 19 countries plus one region, representing 80% of the world's GDP, 75% of global exports, and 60% of the global population. Indonesia's interests in G-20 Bali were on strategic and direct appeal. The strategic benefits were (a) taking G 20 as a strategic forum to discuss global issues: global health, financial stability, and climate change, (b) showcasing Indonesia's economic recovery efforts during the Covid-19 pandemic, and (c) showcasing Indonesia's role as a meeting leader that will support the formation of global policies. The immediate benefits were (a) an increase in foreign exchange from delegation visits to Indonesia, (b) a revival of the hospitality sector, (c) support for the increase in domestic consumption, (d) optimising the role of MSMEs, and (e) increase employment absorption. Using the defence diplomacy lens instrument, the research found that the Summit has reached a profound performance, as the total commission is reaching 3,89 from 4.00. The economic interest of the nation has been delivered at the score of 3.66, which means the level of defence diplomacy has almost reached the 4th level –the regulator—which puts Indonesia as a very high-impact country. The political interest was delivered at the score of 2.00, which means the performance level was facilitator, the ow impact country. The general interest was shown at a 3.00 score, which means the negotiator, which means that Indonesia might have been a high-impact country.

Fats and Oils as Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry

The 11th Workshop on Fats and Oils as Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry was scheduled for March 2021. However, COVID-19 appeared, and the pandemic developed and soon had Europe and most parts of the world under control. Therefore, in November 2020, we decided to defer the Workshop by 1 year to March 2022. We thought that after 1 year, we could forget all problems with COVID-19. That was an error. In January 2022, we discussed the alternative of a real versus a virtual conference. After consultations with the invited speakers, we decided to favor an actual face-to-face workshop and another postponement in the summer because of the pandemic. And then Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, setting in motion a devastating European ground war. Nonetheless, the 11th Workshop eventually took place in Dortmund, Germany, from May 30 to June 01, 2022, organized by abiosus e.V. in cooperation with the Agency of Renewable Resources (FNR), Germany, and with financial support from the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture.[1] Some important contributions to the Workshop are compiled in this Special issue. COVID-19 had a tremendous impact on the global production and consumption of fats and oils. Overall, vegetable oil production was projected in 2020 in the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook to increase globally by about 1.4% p.a., mainly driven by food demand in developing countries as a result of population and income growth. Vegetable oil consumption was also projected to grow by about 1.4%.[2a] Though, it was already stated in this Outlook that the pandemic spread of COVID-19 has resulted in a reduction of mobility with substantial implications for away-from-home consumption. Hence, the demand for vegetable oil, widely used for deep-frying, may have been affected. In addition, the decline in economic activity and reduced crude oil price curb the demand for vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock.[2b] In fact, global production of the major vegetable oils decreased by 0.64 Mt (0.3%) in 2020/21, followed by a lower-than-projected increase of 0.8% in 2021/22. In 2022/23, global production grew by 4.4%, close to the growth projected in summa.[3] The minor production is mainly due to the slow to negative growth in palm oil production in Malaysia and Indonesia due to weather issues and labor shortages linked partly to the COVID pandemic.[4a] The global vegetable oil consumption corresponded in 2019/20 and 2020/21 approximately the projection, whereas a decrease of about 0.3% occurred in 2021/22.[2, 3] Global exports, which were projected to increase by 1.2% p. a.,[2a] decreased by 1.9 Mt (2.2%) in 2020/21 and by 6.4 Mt (7.9%) in 2021/22.[3] For example, China's COVID-related restrictions, slowing economic growth, and higher global commodity prices have weakened the country's demand for vegetable oil consumption. For the marketing year 2021/22, China's imports of major vegetable oils declined by 6.13 Mt (46%) and domestic consumption by 3.8 Mt (9.4%).[3, 4b] On the other hand, the export of palm oil by Indonesia declined by 4.7 Mt for the marketing year 2021/22, followed by an increase in domestic consumption of 2.45 Mt, primarily due to biodiesel production combined with an increased biodiesel blending mandate of up to 35%.[3, 4c] Moreover, the Russian invasion of Ukraine triggered a series of major impacts on the global oilseed market. Ukraine exported 0.8 Mt (15%) less sunflower seed oil in the marketing year 2021/22 than in the previous year.[3, 4d] Last but not least, we would like to invite you to the 12th Workshop on Fats and Oilsas Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry from June 3 to 5, 2024. Hopefully, you will have the opportunity to participate. We are looking forward to an exciting and fruitful discussion with you, the fats and oils community. The program and additional information will be available in September 2023 (http://www.abiosus.org/meetings.html.de). The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Increasing The Income Of The Population And Reducing The Tax Burden As A Key Factor In Improving The Living Standards Of The Population

The article describes the increase in living standards, income of individuals, income from wages, salaries of employees of budgetary institutions and organizations, pensions, stipends and allowances, increase in domestic consumption as a result of income growth, growth of gross per capita income, tax rates have been reduced and simplified over the years

From Global to Local Tea Markets: The Changing Political Economy of Tea Production within India's Domestic Value Chain

ABSTRACTThe growth of emerging economies has led to a significant expansion of domestic markets in the global South. Yet, the vast majority of studies examining contemporary patterns of trade and production continue to use a global value chain (GVC) lens, therefore obfuscating important spatial and temporal shifts occurring within domestic geographies of production in the early decades of the 21st century. This article explores how a rapid increase in domestic consumption in the case of Indian tea production has transformed the industry, and how institutional and regulatory actors have responded to these changes. Using a value chain framework to explore the key actors and processes shaping the political economy of domestic production, this article identifies three processes which have driven the creation of new trade and production structures within India's domestic tea market: a significant rise in the outsourcing and fragmentation of the production process; the expansion of smallholder‐led production; and the introduction of private standards and governance programmes within the domestically oriented segment of production. These trends have important implications for the tea industry and shed light on how domestic markets in the global South are being transformed under 21st century geographies of trade and consumption.

Sustained uptake of LPG as cleaner cooking fuel in rural India: Role of affordability, accessibility, and awareness

India is witnessing gradual increase in domestic consumption of LPG for past few decades. As a part of journey towards low carbon economy, a concerted push is been given towards promotion and adoption of cleaner cooking technologies especially LPG at household level in rural areas where bulk of population resides. There are sustained efforts being made by government to overhaul their subsidy systems, introduce pro-poor financial schemes, and bolster infrastructure so as to increase adoption and use of LPG in the rural landscape. Despite such initiatives, demand side issues of adoption, sustained and exclusive use of LPG by these communities remain. We argue in the paper that uptake and sustained use of LPG is a function of economic and social determinants, which have not been systematically studied so far. Energy-society relationship is intricate. Vulnerability of energy poor population exacerbates the intricacies of this relationship. Evidence base on strategies fostering uptake and sustained use of LPG among energy poor communities is weak and anecdotal. Unless we explore the economic and social determinants of adoption and sustained use of LPG, larger policy level initiatives on pro-poor LPG dissemination will not render adequate success to address energy poverty. Evidence suggests that adoption and sustained use of LPG is impacted by affordability, accessibility, and awareness (3As) issues. Systematic research is needed to undertake a concurrent analysis of the 3As and their corresponding impact on both adoption and sustained use of LPG in rural households.

Retrofitting of existing buildings to achieve better energy-efficiency in commercial building case study: Hospital in Egypt

Egypt has large energy production but due to the huge increase in domestic consumption and decrease of investment in energy sector, Egypt has become dependent on hydrocarbon imports. This problem had a negative impact on economical trade balance and the country budget. Therefore, Egyptian government stimulates the energy saving research. Air conditioning system in buildings consumed 56% of total energy consumed in buildings (Fink, 2011, Aldossary et al., 2013) [17,18]. In Future HVAC energy consumption will rise further due to increase in growing population, rapid expansion and call for new residential and commercial buildings, and rising global warming due to climate change. A hospital in Alexandria, Egypt, was chosen as a case study as the hospital considered a huge energy consumption building due to 24h 7days availability, medical equipments, and requirements for clean air and disease control. In this study an efficient energy saving technique that decreases the energy consumption and reduces HVAC system sizing in buildings was developed. This will provide specific methodologies and information, for energy efficiency improvements in hospital at Alexandria, Egypt, to help hospital designers and managers in getting started on an energy managing program and creating some “energy winnings” in order to save more energy for other purpose.The new system that was selected according to the new hospital cooling loads was compared against the existing system and significant energy saving (7,068,178kWh/year) was found.

Perspectivas da produção de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) no Brasil

Brazil is a country with a large land area that features an extensive catchment area, a fact which gives the country a great potential for aquaculture. Despite this potential, fish production in the country is still low. Among fish farmed Nile tilapia has great potential due to its easy reproduction, white meat and high quality, low production costs and can even be grown in areas with high salinity and low temperatures. From 2003 there has been an increase in domestic consumption of fish and the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture has incentives to fish production in Brazil. The latest data from MPA (2014) showed that the country produces about 1.25 million tons of fish, these being 38% of farmed fish. The activity generates a GDP of R$ 5 billion and attracts more than 800,000 professionals, providing 3.5 million direct and indirect jobs. Against this background and the Brazilian potential for aquaculture, this review aims to present the main production data of Nile tilapia in Brazil and the potential of its cultivation in the country.

Assessing Materialism among the Future Elites of China

ABSTRACT. This study assesses Chinese college-attending future elites as to their materialism values. Its intent is to reveal suggestive insights into the extent of materialism being manifested for China's needed increase in domestic consumption. The results revealed a bifurcation of materialism values, and theory-based difference assessments validated the study results. The most powerful predictors of materialism were vertical individualism, vertical collectivism, and life satisfaction, with the latter evidencing an inverse relationship. The study's overall results suggest that the materialistic values of future elites may both facilitate and impede China's economic prosperity. Insights are also revealed into the unique nature of materialism among future elites, and strategic perspectives are presented.

Contratos, Novas Tecnologias e Produtividade do Trabalho entre os Avicultores do Sul do Brasil

A avicultura brasileira apresentou nas últimas quatro décadas um conjunto de modificações ligadas à estrutura organizacional que englobam grande parte dos processos produtivos, administrativos e de organização do trabalho. A industrialização do setor teve início na década de 1960, impulsionada pelas empresas estabelecidas no Sul do Brasil, sobretudo a Sadia, Perdigão, Ceval, Frangosul, Aurora, entre outras. A produção passou de 217 mil toneladas em 1970 para 9,2 milhões de toneladas em 2006. Nesse mesmo período, o consumo interno brasileiro passou de 2,3 quilos para 36 quilos por habitante/ano e o preço do quilo de carne no varejo caiu de US$ 4,05 para menos de 1 dólar. Apesar desse forte aumento no consumo do mercado interno, a produção cresceu a ponto de tornar o Brasil o maior exportador mundial de frangos e derivados. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a influência dos contratos com os agricultores produtores de frango e as novas tecnologias empregadas nos aviários, ao longo desse tempo, e que tipo de transformações causaram na organização e na dinâmica do trabalho desses agricultores, chamados integrados. Para tanto procedeu-se a uma revisão na literatura e um levantamento junto aos produtores rurais e aos técnicos das empresas que lhes prestam assessoria, para identificar tais transformações. Concluiu-se que os contratos são um elemento-chave na relação com os integrados e que a produtividade no trabalho avançou em função das novas tecnologias e do saber acumulado pelos agricultores.

Iran's Economic Policy Dilemma

IN 1979, THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN (IRI) inherited an economy that was heavily dependent on oil with a small and inefficient manufacturing sector. An eight-year war with Iraq, an influx of refugees, rapid population growth, US economic sanctions and politically expedient policies have resulted in the economic conditions of today, conditions under which the IRI has little room for manoeuvre. The medium- and long-term policies that are called for are obvious yet politically difficult to implement.This article provides a brief overview of the Islamic Republic's economic performance since the revolution of 1979, describes its policy record, and addresses the economic policy dilemma at hand.ECONOMIC PERFORMANCEIn 1988, Iran's real gross domestic product (GDP) was about what it was in 1977, and given population growth of about 60 percent, per capita real incomes had fallen by roughly 40 percent. Recently, GDP growth has been more satisfactory, at an average annual rate of 6.7 percent for 1990-1995 (although unbalanced and with heavy external financing); 3.8 percent for 1995-2000; and more recently, after adopting some reforms, a more balanced 5.8 percent on average for 2000-2003. During 2002-2003, overall growth reached 6.8 percent even though the oil sector contracted, and 6.5 percent growth is projected for 2003-2004. Yet even after these recent successes, real per capita GDP in 2000 was some 30 percent below the levels of the mid-1970s(1) and 20 percent below those levels in 2003. These figures suggest subpar economic performance and rapid population growth over the long haul, although with significant improvement in recent years.Iran's overall export growth has also been less than stellar since the revolution. Total exports in current dollars declined at an annual rate of 2.5 percent, with fuel oil exports--on which Iran depends heavily--declining at an annual rate of 4.3 percent. (Non-fuel exports increased at an annual rate of 10.9 percent.) Petroleum exports declined for most major oil exporters over the same period. But in the case of Iran, two internal developments further exacerbated the decline in oil export revenues: a decline in oil output (and capacity) and a rapid increase in domestic petroleum consumption. The decline in production capacity was due largely to investment shortfalls in the oil sector. The increase in domestic consumption was due to high population growth and one of the world's highest petroleum product price subsidies.Although the economy underperformed and total exports did not fare well, Iran did not resort to significant external borrowing until 1988, after the Iran-Iraq war. Between 1988 and 1993, Iran's external debt exploded from $5.8 billion to $28.5 billion (all figures in US dollars) because of the rapid increase in imports (to meet pent-up demand in the aftermath of the war) and resulted in large current account deficits. Unfortunately, the increased external borrowing did not finance productive investments and Iran received little long-term benefit from the external debt it incurred. This period was followed by several years of current account surpluses because of lower imports. These current account surpluses reduced the stock of external debt to around $7.2 billion 2002.(2) At the same time, gross official reserves increased from $5.3 billion in 1997 to an estimated $21.8 billion in 2002. Iran's debt/GDP ratio stood at 6.3 percent in 2001; its ratio of debt to exports was 30.4 percent; and its debt (excluding short-term debt) service ratio was 6.3 percent.(3) These are low figures by any standard and represent a significant accomplishment relative to most other developing countries.In the social arena, Iran has enjoyed much more success since the revolution: the average Iranian's life expectancy has risen steadily; infant mortality rates have fallen; access to safe water, sanitation and health care have shown significant improvement; the number of physicians, dentists and nurses per person have increased; and immunization rates have risen. …

The Elusive Gains From International Financial Integration

Standard theoretical arguments tell us that countries with relatively little capital benefit from financial integration as foreign capital flows in and speeds up the process of income convergence. We show in a calibrated neoclassical model that conventionally measured welfare gains from this type of convergence appear relatively limited for developing countries. The welfare gain from switching from financial autarky to perfect capital mobility is roughly equivalent to a 1 percent permanent increase in domestic consumption for the typical non-OECD country. This is negligible relative to the welfare gain from a take-off in domestic productivity of the magnitude observed in some of these countries.

The Elusive Gains from International Financial Integration

Standard theoretical arguments tell us that countries with relatively little capital benefit from financial integration as foreign capital flows in and speeds up the process of convergence. We show in a calibrated neoclassical model that conventionally measured welfare gains from this type of convergence appear relatively limited for the typical emerging market country. The welfare gain from switching from financial autarky to perfect capital mobility is roughly equivalent to a 1% permanent increase in domestic consumption for the typical non-OECD country. This is negligible relative to the welfare gain from a take-off in domestic productivity of the magnitude observed in some of these countries.

Domestic Water Demand Forecasting: A Static Microsimulation Approach

AbstractPlanning the provision of a future water supply depends upon forecasts of likely demand. Existing forecasting techniques suffer from a lack of spatially relevant information on likely trends in the micro‐components of demand. At a sub‐regional level, current approaches also understate between‐area variability. A static micro‐simulation model is described, which makes more efficient use of existing data in producing forecasts of domestic water consumption. Spatially detailed synthetic microdata are reweighted towards level population estimates which are derived from official Government population projections. A 30% increase in domestic consumption between 1991 and 2025 is forecast for the Yorkshire Water region, three‐quarters of which is attributable to changes in consumer behaviour.

Meat and milk balance sheet in Croatia

The food balance sheet of animal products showed that Croatian production did not satisfy domestic consumption of milk, beef, pork and sheep and goat meat. Trade balance is positive for poultry meat and eggs. It is to be expected that Croatian animal production will increase due to increase in domestic consumption and increase of domestic competitiveness because of its comparative advantages in corn production. Higher number of tourists already showed a positive influence on animal production.

Coordinating Tariff Reduction and Domestic Tax Reform

A key obstacle to fundamental tariff reform in many developing countries is the revenue loss that it ultimately implies. This paper establishes a simple and practicable strategy for realizing the efficiency gains from tariff reform without reducing public revenues, showing that for a small open economy, a cut in tariffs combined with a point-for-point increase in domestic consumption taxes increases both welfare and public revenues. Increasingly stringent conditions are required, however, to ensure unambiguously beneficial outcomes from this reform strategy when allowance is made for such important features as nontradeable goods, intermediate inputs, and imperfect competition.

Kelet-Közép-Európa és Magyarország agrárgazdasága az Európai Unióhoz való csatlakozás előtt

As the date of the EU accession approaches, one can more and more often hear opinions within the EU – and especially in Austria – that the date of the accession should be postponed to a later date, and that agricultural assistance (compensations) should be unequally distributed – to the detriment of the newly joining countries. The essay draws the attention to the fact that the accession countries do not make a homogeneous agrarian region, they are countries with different endowments. The emerging problems should be examined and tackled separately in the individual countries. The development of the economy and the raise in the living standards would not only slow down the movement of labour (which is considered as a danger), but the increase of domestic consumption would aiso prevent the production of food surplus.

Argentine Trade under Wartime Conditions

HE political situation in the Argentine Republic has obscured an interesting economic one: for the last two or three years the country has been enjoying unprecedented prosperity. A moderate though generally steady upward trend that began in I932' has increased at a noticeably greater rate since I940. In particular, the foreign trade balance has built up rapidly in Argentina's favor since the war began. Official figures for the first io months of 1943 give a total value of exports of 1,756,389,ooo Argentine pesos (the present exchange value of the peso is about $0.25 United States currency), as against a total value of imports of 780,iI6,ooo pesos, a balance in favor of Argentina of 976,273,ooo pesos. This is in marked contrast with a favorable balance of some 392,000,000 pesos during the first io months of 1942.2 The influences of the war on Argentine economy may be considered under two headings:3 (i) transformations in the structure of national production and (2) transformations in the structure of foreign trade. The first of these involves the production of an immense amount of food to satisfy the needs of distant populations and combatants-for the United Nations are fighting their European battle partly on Argentine meats and other foodstuffs. It involves also the expansion of industrial activities and the increase of domestic consumption. The second influence involves complete reorganization of the foreign commerce, because of the disappearance of traditional providers and consumers. Argentina can no longer obtain certain imports, nor can it ship the same goods to the same customers by the same means. The country has therefore found it necessary to build up its own merchant marine. Further, Argentina has paid off a part of its external debt and has amassed immense credit balances.