Increase In Household Income Research Articles

The Road to Common Prosperity: Can the Digital Countryside Construction Increase Household Income?

With the rapid development of China’s digital economy, promoting the digital countryside construction has become the strategic focus and priority development direction of rural revitalization and common prosperity. This paper combines the county-level digital countryside index with the data from the China Household Finance Survey to empirically analyze the impact and mechanism of the digital countryside construction on household income. The results show that the digital countryside construction can significantly improve the level of household income. After the endogenous analysis and the robustness test, this core conclusion is still valid. From the perspective of mechanism test, the digital countryside construction can increase household income by promoting household entrepreneurship and nonagricultural employment. Heterogeneity analysis shows that there is no significant difference in the income-increasing effect of the digital countryside construction, whether urban or rural households, or households with different human capital and social relations, which means that the digital countryside development has the characteristics of inclusiveness and sharing. Under the background of unswervingly taking the road of common prosperity for all Chinese people, this paper provides some micro-evidence for how the digital economy can contribute to household income growth, as well as provides a useful reference for the implementation of the digital China strategy.

Risk Factors Associated with Xerophthalmia in Northern Sudan

The prevalence of eye signs and symptoms of vitamin A deficiency was determined among 29,615 Sudanese children between 6 and 72 mo of age, in five rural areas of Khartoum and Gezira provinces. Of all children, 2.9% were vitamin A deficient, and of these > 90% had Bitot's spots. Bivariate associations were found between xerophthalmia and the rural councils where the children lived, household wealth, consumption of vitamin A-containing foods, child sex, child age and weight-for-height Z-scores. Multivariate analysis showed that the following factors made significant independent contributions to the risk of xerophthalmia: living in remote and arid regions, male gender, age, poverty of the household, and prevalence of diarrhea. On the other hand, less xerophthalmia was observed among children who during the 24 h preceding the survey had consumed dairy products or non-leafy vegetables containing vitamin A. Intervention programs aimed at increasing household income and promoting consumption of foods containing vitamin A should contribute to the reduction of vitamin A deficiency among Sudanese children.

Livelihood Diversification and Residents’ Welfare: Evidence from Maasai Mara National Reserve

The contradiction between environmental protection and livelihood development is becoming increasingly serious for most protected areas in developing countries. Livelihood diversification is an efficient way to increase household income to alleviate poverty related to environmental protection. However, its impacts on household welfare in protected areas have rarely been quantitatively explored. This article investigates the determinants of four livelihood strategies in the Maasai Mara National Reserve and explores the association between livelihood diversification and household income and its heterogeneities. Based on the sustainable livelihoods framework and the information collected from 409 households through face-to-face interviews, this study adopted multivariate regression models to obtain consistent results. Results show that the determinants of the four strategies differed. Natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital had significant associations with the probability of adopting the strategy of livestock breeding. Physical capital, financial capital, human capital, and social capital were associated with the probability of adopting the joint strategy of livestock breeding and crop planting and the joint strategy of livestock breeding and off-farm activities. The probability of adopting the joint strategy of livestock breeding, crop planting, and off-farm activities was associated with all five kinds of livelihood capital except for financial capital. Diversification strategies, especially those involving off-farm activities, played greater roles in raising household income. The findings indicate that the government and management authority of Maasai Mara National Reserve should provide the households around the protected area with more off-farm employment opportunities to increase the welfare of local residents as well as to utilize natural resources appropriately, especially for those located far away from the protected area.

BUDIDAYA SAYURAN SISTEM HIDROPONIK DI KELURAHAN PARDOMUAN KECAMATAN SIANTAR TIMUR KOTA PEMATANGSIANTAR

The limited land available has made the community less interested in farming. Even the small amount of household vegetable needs is obtained from markets and stalls. For this reason, the community needs to be given knowledge of vegetable farming by utilizing existing land so that at least it is able to meet the family's vegetable needs and if possible can increase household income. The output plan for this activity is: (1) Participants have technical skills in cultivating several types of vegetables; (2) Participants have technical knowledge and skills of hydroponic system vegetable cultivation; (3) Participants are able to produce several types of fresh vegetables; (4) Participants receive additional income; and (5) The local area can become a demonstration plot for similar activities. Methods and outcomes of activities: extension (100%), hydroponic vegetable cultivation practice (100%), sales (25%), and promotion activities (25%). The results and outcomes obtained in the community service activities carried out include increased public understanding of vegetable cultivation and hydroponic systems, vegetable self-sufficiency, utilization of empty space in the yard.

The Impact of Household Debt on the Health of the Elderly in China: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies.

With the aging of China's population and the expansion of household debt, the health of the elderly has become an important social issue. Based on the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) database, we explored the impact of household debt on the health of older adults and the mechanism of transmission. The Oprobit and IV-Oprobit models were employed for our analysis. Results: (1) Household debt had a significant negative impact on both the physical and mental health of older adults. (2) Female older adults were more sensitive to the impact of household debt. Additionally, a higher education level led to an increasing impact of debt on mental health, but physical health was only affected in the low-education group. (3) The impact of household debt had an inverted U-shape relationship with household income, indicating that, as household income increases, the impact on health level first rises and then reduces after peaking at a middling level of income. (4) According to the mechanism analysis, household debt affects the health of the elderly by causing them to return to work and reducing their medical expenditures. Considering the above conclusions, we put forward some policy implications to alleviate the health problems of the elderly.

Access to Piped Water and Off-Farm Work Participation: Evidence from Rural China

The lack of access to water services for a considerable share of the world population has been challenging the international community for decades. Billions of hours are spent each year on water collection in developing countries. Access to piped water can liberate individuals from the task of collecting water. Based on data from the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS), this paper examines the impact of access to piped water on off-farm work participation. We find that access to piped water significantly improves off-farm work participation in rural China. This result remains robust when we use the PSM approach, Lewbel IV method, placebo test, and Dose-Response Model. Anyway, we find that the positive effect of access to piped water on off-farm work participation is greater in rugged areas and women, reflecting the role of access to piped water in promoting inclusive growth. Further research shows that access to piped water increases household income, and off-farm work participation mediates, in part, the link between access to piped water and household income.

Influence of Selected Resources of Blue Economy towards the Benefit of Fishers and Seaweed Growers of Paje Village in South District of Unguja

This study was conducted in order to assess influence of selected resources of Blue Economy towards the benefit of fishers and seaweed growers of Paje village in South District of Unguja. Specifically, the study was set in order to meet three objectives, namely; to examine the contribution of selected resources of Blue Economy towards the welfare of Fishers and Seaweed Growers at Paje village; to examine the satisfaction of Fishers and Seaweed Growers of Paje village in utilizing selected resources of Blue Economy to better their lives; to explore the challenges faced by Fishers and Seaweed Growers in Paje Village. Sample size of this study was 135 respondents. In this study, simple random sampling was applied to select respondents from Paje village and purposive design was employed to target the technical staff from the Ministry of Blue Economy and Fisheries. Data were gathered using questionnaires for seaweed farmers and fishers of Paje Village and by using face to face interviews for government officials from the MBEF. Data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study revealed that, the benefits that seaweed farmers and fishers are getting through seaweed farming and fishing are earnings for meeting their daily needs by improving standard of living for having self-employment, increased household income and Engagement in different small businesses. In general, the benefits accrued contribute to poverty reduction in Zanzibar. Also due to the results, the study clearly indicated that, most fishers and seaweed farmers are not satisfied with the income they get from their daily marine activities, hence the time and effort used do not compensate with the activities they are doing and go beyond with their high expectations where by (47.6%) respondents said never compensated, (13%) said rarely, (8.4%) said very often, (10%) of respondents said always and (23.8%) were neutral. Also, most fishers and seaweed farmers were not satisfied with the income they earn and their activities did not increase their household assets and gain less benefit. This is because of low price of the seaweed products. Finally, the study recommends improvement of both key fishing and seaweed infrastructure including ice-making plants and cold-storage facilities to store excess catch, seeds and feeds for better marketing opportunities. This will be achieved using efficient modern technology and the use of advanced tools and equipment to facilitate quality production.

Processing Beautiful Banana Nugets for Assembly Group

This service is carried out to increase the ability of partners to create home industry products, change in productivity insights for productive people in entrepreneurship, increase household income in supporting the family economy. From the results of monitoring and evaluation, it is concluded that (1). The IbM program is very beneficial for the taklim assembly group, because with the home industry making beautiful banana nugget products, it can help increase the income of mothers. (2) The ibM Program Team and the Taklim Assembly group partners who have been given guidance and practice in making products can take advantage of the regional potential in their plantations or around their environment so that they can open up job opportunities and increase family income.

Household energy-saving behavior, its consumption, and life satisfaction in 37 countries

Since energy consumption became an important contributor to climate change owing to carbon emissions, energy-saving behavior and expenditure at the household level have been attracting scholars’ and policymakers’ attention. This study identified whether greenhouse gas emissions at the household level can be reduced through purchase of energy-saving goods and whether the energy-saving behavior enhanced with household income increase. We conducted a large-scale survey across 37 nations using internet-based and face-to-face approaches, collecting 100,956 observations. The wealth effect on energy consumption expenditure at the household level was found to be positive across countries, confirming that energy consumption increases with household wealth improvement. Furthermore, households show a positive association between household energy expenditure and life satisfaction in 27 out of 37 countries, including China, India, the United States, and Germany. Additionally, the favorable effects of household energy-saving behavior are confirmed. However, purchase of household energy-saving products has a limited effect on energy consumption expenditure, compared with that of energy-curtailment behavior. In conclusion, achieving a carbon–neutral household by reducing energy consumption expenditure at the household level is challenging; thus, along with the use of energy-saving goods, alternative energy sources, such as renewable energies, are recommended.

Family Farming’s Contribution in Increasing Household Income and Stunting

Background: The incidence of stunting is influenced by various factors, one of which is income in the household, therefore it is necessary to make efforts to increase income, including the family farming business.
 Aim: This study aims to determine the contribution of family farming businesses in increasing income and the incidence of stunting at the household level.
 Method: This research is a type of qualitative research, while data collection techniques are carried out by exploring journals and other information relevant to the study.
 Findings: The results of the study show that the contribution of family farming businesses can increase income, this can have an impact on increasing the ability to buy nutritious food, thereby reducing the risk of stunting at the household level.

County-level estimates of suicide mortality in the USA: a modelling study

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the USA and population risk prediction models can inform decisions on the type, location, and timing of public health interventions. We aimed to develop a prediction model to estimate county-level suicide risk in the USA using population characteristics. We obtained data on all deaths by suicide reported to the National Vital Statistics System between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2019, and age, sex, race, and county of residence of the decedents were extracted to calculate baseline risk. We also obtained county-level annual measures of socioeconomic predictors of suicide risk (unemployment, weekly wage, poverty prevalence, median household income, and population density) and state-level prevalence of major depressive disorder and firearm ownership from US public sources. We applied conditional autoregressive models, which account for spatiotemporal autocorrelation in response and predictors, to estimate county-level suicide risk. Estimates derived from conditional autoregressive models were more accurate than from models not adjusted for spatiotemporal autocorrelation. Inclusion of suicide risk and protective covariates further reduced errors. Suicide risk was estimated to increase with each SD increase in firearm ownership (2·8% [95% credible interval (CrI) 1·8 to 3·9]), prevalence of major depressive episode (1·0% [0·4 to 1·5]), and unemployment rate (2·8% [1·9 to 3·8]). Conversely, risk was estimated to decrease by 4·3% (-5·1 to -3·2) for each SD increase in median household income and by 4·3% (-5·8 to -2·5) for each SD increase in population density. An increase in the heterogeneity in county-specific suicide risk was also observed during the study period. Area-level characteristics and the conditional autoregressive models can estimate population-level suicide risk. Availability of near real-time situational data are necessary for the translation of these models into a surveillance setting. Monitoring changes in population-level risk of suicide could help public health agencies select and deploy targeted interventions quickly. US National Institute of Mental Health.

Review on the Socioecological Performance of Grassland Ecological Payment and Award Policy with the Consideration of an Alternate Approach for Nonequilibrium Ecosystems

As a large-scale Payment for Ecosystem Services program targeting grasslands on a global scale, the Chinese Grassland Ecological Payment and Award Policy (GEPAP) was implemented for two rounds until 2020, but its performance continues to be debated. In addition, equilibrium (E) and nonequilibrium (NE) ecosystem theory, which is believed to be an important perspective for researching grassland management, has not received enough attention. Therefore, based on E and NE ecosystem theory, this study summarizes herdsmen's attitudes and responses to the GEPAP. It then reviews and analyzes the ecological and socioeconomic effects of this policy by reviewing and organizing literature published since the policy was first implemented in 2011. It is found that 1) herdsmen neither felt clearly satisfied with nor actively responded to the GEPAP in both the E and NE systems; 2) In E grassland systems, the GEPAP has generally restored grasslands to some extent, except for the Xinjiang region. It also promoted an increase in herdsmen's total household income, changes in income structure, and reformations of livestock husbandry; 3) In NE grassland systems, the GEPAP did not significantly improve either the grassland ecological environment or local socioeconomic development. Therefore, it is advised that the GEPAP could beneficially continue, albeit with some improvements, in E systems; however, in contrast, it should be stopped and substituted with other grassland management modes such as community-based grassland management in NE systems. These findings are important for the improvement of Payment for Ecosystem Services programs both nationally and globally.

PEMANFAATAN LAHAN DIBAWAH TEGAKAN DALAM UPAYA MENDUKUNG KETAHANAN PANGAN DI DUSUN BANGKO HALMAHERA BARAT

The use of land under stands is an alternative to improve the quality of land around the forest. Bangko is one of the hamlets located around the forest in West Halmahera. The Village Development activities carried out aim to enable the community to utilize the available land, especially under the stands to meet daily food needs and increase household income. The methods used in village development activities are socialization, education, and training in the community. The result of the implementation of village development is the achievement of targeted outputs in the form of community skills in cultivating land and chili cultivation techniques under the stand. So that it is expected to be able to become a production center to meet the needs of the community of Bangko

Prevalence of chronic low back pain and its associated factors in the general population of South Korea: a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

BackgroundMany factors associated with chronic low back pain (CLBP) have been proposed, including individual, psychosocial, and physical factors. However, these associated factors are still controversial.Purpose(1) To determine the prevalence of CLBP and (2) to analyze factors associated with CLBP in the general population using a nationally representative sample of South Koreans.Study designCross-sectional study.Patient sampleData from versions IV-1, -2, and -3 of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which were performed in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively (n = 24,871).Outcome measuresMultiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between several factors (age, gender, alcohol consumption, household income, education level, mid-intensity physical activity, depressive symptoms, vitamin D level, and comorbidities [stroke, ischemic heart disease, knee osteoarthritis, asthma, COPD, cancer history]) and CLBP.MethodsCLBP status was surveyed using a self-reported questionnaire. Demographic, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and other factors were evaluated from health questionnaires, health and physical examinations, and laboratory tests. To analyze the association between these factors and CLBP, we used multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsData from 17,038 participants were included in the final analysis, including 2,693 with CLBP and 14,345 without. The prevalence of CLBP was 15.8% in South Korean subjects, with a prevalence of 11.8% in men and 24.5% in women. After regression analysis, we found advanced age, female gender, mid-intensity physical activity, depressive symptoms, stroke, ischemic heart disease, knee arthritis, asthma, COPD, and cancer history were positively associated with CLBP. In contrast, alcohol consumption ≥ 1 drink per month, increased household income, higher education level, and vitamin D insufficiency were negatively associated with CLBP.ConclusionsOur study showed that CLBP was most common in the elderly and women in the general South Korean population. Several individual, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health-related factors were associated with CLBP. These results demonstrate the influence of these factors on CLBP in the general population and suggest that consideration of these factors may improve the management of CLBP.

PELATIHAN SAPTA PESONA KENANGAN DI PULAU BULUH KECAMATAN BULANG KOTA BATAM

This community service aims practicing and making the handicraft products that were produced to increase household income and also participate in developing their own regional tourism potential by making something or souvenirs that are characteristic of their region. The Sapta Pesona’s training was attended by the people of Buluh Island, both men and women, consisting of housewives, businesspeople and other people who have an interest in souvenirs. The training is carried out by providing education and outreach about one form of Sapta Pesona, namely Kenangan in the form of souvenirs which are then followed by exploration and practice of making handicrafts or souvenirs. The resulting output is that the trainees have additional expertise and are expected to start practicing and producing through creative industries which are currently increasingly advanced because they can be applied in various sectors one of which is tourism, which in turn can improve the people's economy, especially for the Buluh Island

Reverse subsidy dilemma caused by the transformation from individual heating to central heating

With the increase in household income enhancing people's expectations for life comfort, the demand for central heating in hot summer and cold winter areas (HSCWs) has increased. This study aims to explore whether it is appropriate to promote central heating in HSCWs from the perspectives of inequality and reverse subsidies. Reverse subsidy dilemma caused by the transformation from individual heating to central heating was proposed by the analysis relying on utility theory. This paper presents data suggesting that individual heating could provide more options for different household income groups than could central heating. Furthermore, the heating inequality among different income groups is assessed, and reverse subsidies from the poor to the rich are discussed. We find that the implementation of central heating leads to few adverse effects and high utility for the rich and increased expenditures and low utility satisfaction for the poor at the same price level.

Does rural livelihood change? Household capital, climate shocks and farm entry-exit decisions in rural Pakistan

Agriculture is a primary source of livelihoods in developing countries. The process of entry and exit of farming activities continues to play an important role in maintaining competition in agriculture and allocating resources between agriculture and other sectors. However, climate changes and other economic and social shocks have been severely affecting farmers’ livelihoods. This article examines rural household livelihood transition in the context of farm entry and exit decisions in rural Pakistan. Using 1867 rural household survey data, we brought insights into how livelihood assets, climate shocks, climate investment and locational characteristics affect their farm entry and exit decisions. The results indicate that the proportion of farm entry (24%) was higher than that of farm exit (15%). The major factors were crop inputs using as credit with a huge markup, crop inputs sold by farmers on net cash in financial crisis, climate shocks and poor climate investment that contributed to farm exit. They were household head characteristics, land ownership (family farm), and livestock ownership that increased the likelihood of farm entry decisions. Farm exit decisions were significantly and positively associated with household migration status, irrigation water shortage, off-farm income, crop input used as credit, crop diseases, climate shocks and lack of local government role in sharing climate knowledge. Furthermore, Propensity Score Matching (PSM) results found that the entry decision significantly decreases household income, while the exit decision significantly increases household income and food security status. These findings provide insights into farm entry and exit for those who are planning livelihood transition, and offer recommendations on how to overcome the constraints faced by farming businesses, agricultural sustainability, self-sufficiency and food security during the transition nationally and internationally.

Estimation of household energy poverty and feasibility of clean energy transition: Evidence from rural areas in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Energy poverty has attracted widespread attention from the government and researchers for its close relationship with human well-being and resident health. Estimating the energy poverty line is essential in understanding energy poverty and alleviating it. However, there is no consensus on the measurement of energy poverty. This paper defined the energy poverty line as the threshold at which energy consumption ceases to change significantly as household income increases, which is based on the household minimum energy demand. Considering the environmental endowment in Qinghai, this paper established new scenarios to examine the feasibility of replacing biomass with clean electricity. The findings show that 31.6% of rural households are energy poor in Qinghai. Basic energy demand has been met in Qinghai, but there are difficulties in shifting to a more efficient energy structure. Income, residents’ consumption habits and technical issues with clean energy equipment continue to limit the energy choices of rural households. Therefore, improving the actual performance of clean energy devices is critical in the clean energy transition. In addition, local governments can increase incentives for clean energy utilization by setting reasonable subsidies for clean energy.

Parental khat use and early childhood growth status in Eastern Ethiopia.

Adult chewing of the stimulant plant khat (Catha edulis) has an unclear relationship with child growth outcomes. Contradictory study conclusions because habitual khat chewing covary with increased household income from khat production. Disentangling the association of parental khat use, household khat production, and child nutritional status and growth markers. Bayesian analysis was applied to survey data for 2340 households containing 2760 children aged 24-60 months in a population-representative geographic sampling of two districts in Eastern Ethiopia, a khat chewing and producing region. Stunting effects were more evident than wasting; the negative child growth effect of khat chewing persisted regardless of household khat production; maternal chewing particularly mattered for child growth delays. This exploratory analysis suggests that future studies should target the interactions of khat chewing practices with gendered performances of child care/feeding responsibilities.

Издержки российского общества от преступности: измерение с помощью компенсирующего изменения дохода

The paper estimates the cost of crime in Russia through an indirect approach. Using a national victimization survey, we estimate the elasticity of life satisfaction with respect to victimization and income. With estimated elasticities, we calculate the compensating variation: the increase in household income which would compensate for the decrease in life satisfaction due to victimization. Assuming strict exogeneity, one crime costs 135.2 thousand rubles ($2190), and the total societal cost amounts to 1.75 trillion rubles ($28.3 billion) of annual household income (1.3% of GDP).