Increase In Household Income Research Articles

CDC-Funded HIV Testing Services Outcomes and Social Determinants of Health in Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. Jurisdictions.

We performed an ecological analysis to examine associations between CDC-funded HIV testing services outcomes and social determinants of health (SDOH) among Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. jurisdictions. Using National HIV Prevention Program Monitoring & Evaluation (2020) and American Community Survey (2016-2020) data, we ran robust Poisson models (adjusted for race/ethnicity). In healthcare settings, a 10% absolute increase in percentage without health insurance was associated with a 40% lower prevalence of newly diagnosed positivity (aPR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.83); a $5,000 increase in median household income (aPR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03-1.06) and a 10% absolute increase in percentage unemployed (aPR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.31-2.46) were associated with 4% and 80%, respectively, higher prevalence of percentage linked to HIV medical care within 30 days of diagnosis (i.e., linkage). In non-healthcare settings, a 10% absolute increase in percentage with less than high school diploma (aPR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.96) was associated with a 47% lower prevalence of newly diagnosed positivity, whereas a 10% absolute increase in percentage without health insurance (aPR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.29-2.88) was associated with a 92% higher prevalence of newly diagnosed positivity; a 10% absolute increase in percentage with less than high school diploma was associated with a 35% lower prevalence of linkage (aPR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43-0.97). Addressing SDOH in HIV prevention programs will play an important role in ending the HIV epidemic.

Four modifiable factors that mediate the effect of educational time on major depressive disorder risk: A network Mendelian randomization study.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental illness, which is a notable public health problem that aggravates the global economic burden. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between education and MDD risk and the contributions of effects mediated by four modifiable factors. Instrumental variables were screened from several large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) data (years of schooling with 766,345 participants, MDD with 59,851 cases and 113,154 controls, neuroticism with 329,821 individuals, smoking behavior with 195,068 cases and 164,638 controls, body mass index [BMI] with 336,107 individuals, and household income with 397,751 individuals). The data were used to evaluate the association of the four modifiable factors (neuroticism, smoking behavior, BMI, and household income) that mediate the effect of education on MDD risk via Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Each standard deviation increase in years of schooling could reduce the risk for MDD by 30.70%. Higher neuroticism and BMI were associated with a higher risk of MDD. Non-smoking status and increased household income were protective factors for MDD. Notably, the mediator neuroticism, BMI, smoking behavior, and household income explained 52.92%, 15.54%, 31.86%, and 81.30% of the effect of years of schooling on MDD risk, respectively. Longer years of schooling have a protective effect on MDD risk. Reasonable interventions to reduce neuroticism, BMI, smoking, and increasing household income are beneficial for MDD prevention. Our work provides new ideas for the development of prevention strategies for MDD.

Government‐led e‐commerce expansion project and rural household income: Evidence and mechanisms

AbstractThis paper examines the impacts of a government‐led e‐commerce expansion project on household income. We find that the project has led to increases in rural household income. The positive impacts are more prominent for lower‐income rural households. The income‐increasing effects are driven by the reduction in information search costs and transportation costs. The provision of complementary interventions for e‐commerce, such as promoting the internet‐related skills of farmers and the expansion of formal financial credit support is also important for the program's success. The results provide policy implications for the design and implementation of government‐led e‐commerce policies in developing economies.

Comparing maize storage technologies for managing post-harvest loss in Bako, Ethiopia

Ethiopian stored maize is expected to lose between 20 and 30% of its stock due to insect damage. To reduce these losses, Ethiopian farmers use chemically treated traditional storage structures and chemical-free Hermetic Storage Technologies (HSTs). We evaluated the storage techniques used in the area in this study. SPSS software was used to analyse the collected data, and mean differences were compared. The findings showed that after nine months of storage, maize stored in plastic containers, Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags, chemically treated polypropylene bags, and chemically treated Goteras had grain damage of 4.83%, 5.65%, 56.83%, and 71.06%, respectively; the weight loss was 2.00%, 2.95%, 37.44%, and 56.87%. The percentage germination of maize grains stored in treated polypropylene bags and Goteras decreased from 55.33% to 48.48%, whereas maize contained in plastic containers and PICS bags dropped only slightly and was 98.83% and 95.80%, respectively. Insect development, maize grain damage, and weight loss were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) for plastic containers, PICS bags, chemically treated polypropylene bags, and treated Goteras. As a result, secure maize storage technology, such as hermetic storage technology, may alleviate poverty by increasing household income.

Post-harvest Technology Adoption and Income Patterns of Tomato Farmers in Nepal

A study was conducted in the Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal to analyze the post-harvest technology adoption among open field and plastic house tomato growers and assess the factors of tomato production determining the income of the farmers. Altogether fifty-six tomato growers were selected randomly following the Simple Random Sampling technique for the household survey. Primary data were collected using pre-tested interviews with tomato farmers. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Ms. Excel 2010. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the adoption level of post-harvest technologies and a multiple linear regression model was carried out to estimate the factors of tomato production affecting the household income. Analysis of the post-harvest practices of farmers suggested that 53.85% of plastic house growers and 33.33% of open field growers harvested tomatoes in the yellow stage; 44.64% of farmers practiced grading; 88.5% plastic house tomatoes and 80.0% open field tomatoes were packed in plastic crates; only 26.49% practiced processing; more than half of the farmers had access to collection centers; the majority had a medium level of knowledge regarding different post-harvest management technologies. Among various factors, Nova variety was estimated to increase household income by 71% followed by production per unit area (48%), cost of cultivation (37%), access to processing industries (10%), and direct selling to consumers (9%). In wholesome, though NARC has recommended many post-harvest technologies, the adoption level is unsatisfactory. The unavailability of a sufficient quantity of quality fertilizers, lack of rural infrastructure facilities including roads, and inadequate technological extension were the factors hindering the adoption of post-harvest technologies in the study area.

ФІНАНСОВІ ВАЖЕЛІ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ДОХОДІВ ДОМОГОСПОДАРСТВ У СІЛЬСЬКІЙ МІСЦЕВОСТІ

The research delves into the theoretical and practical foundations of household income generation in rural areas of Ukraine. The study clarifies the perspectives of scholars on the challenges involved in the formation of these income resources. The analysis examines the structure of aggregate resources within these households during the period of 2016-2021 and identifies relevant trends. The findings reveal a consistent increase in wages as a component of total cash income, accompanied by a decrease in income from the sale of agricultural products. These trends reflect complex socio-economic processes shaping the income formation of rural households. The research uncovers the specifics of total income formation for individual households based on hierarchical levels within Ukraine’s social system, considering the influence of factors at the national, local, entrepreneurial, and personal levels. At the national level, the study analyzes the application of individual state social standards, noting a continuous increase in these standards, except for one-time financial assistance at childbirth. Different proportions of these standards are observed, such as a 1.68-fold increase in the minimum living wage per person compared to a 4.19-fold increase in the minimum wage and a 3.59-fold increase in assistance to low-income families during the analyzed period. Furthermore, the analysis of local territorial communities’ budget implementation for 2022 reveals that the financial condition of these communities plays a significant role in fostering business development, supporting the social sphere, and creating favorable conditions for increasing household incomes, particularly through infrastructure development. The research also emphasizes the importance of income from self-employment activities, which serves as a variable income source that can significantly supplement existing income based on personal capabilities. Based on the analysis results, the research provides recommendations for achieving stable growth in household incomes in five key directions.

Livestock for Livelihoods: Role of Goats in Improving the Livelihood and Well-being of Women Pastoralists in Ethiopia and Uganda

Abstract Farm Africa worked with semi-nomadic pastoralist women living in the South Omo region of Ethiopia and Karamoja subregion in Uganda, thereby supporting them to set up sustainable, small-scale goat-rearing enterprises that contributed to increased household income, improved dietary diversity and nutritional status of their families. The project also supported community-based animal health service delivery as part of the integrated approach. Livestock is the main source of livelihood for the pastoralist communities in East Africa, though disease, drought and degraded grasslands make it unproductive. Rural women in pastoralist communities in Ethiopia and Uganda lack nutritional knowledge, financial skills, credit access and a voice in household decision making, which result in them having a low economic status and which contribute to malnutrition. Declining animal health services, due in part to reduced government capacity, exacerbate the challenge of increasing goat productivity. Farm Africa through the Livestock for Livelihoods project (March 2019–July 2021) supported 10,000 women to improve their socio-economic status and improve household nutrition. It supported women beneficiaries to be more economically empowered through access to finance provided by Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLAs) and facilitated them to be involved in profitable enterprises in the goat value chain (goat breeding, leather tanning and milk value addition). These activities stimulated livelihood diversification and trade, contributing to reduced levels of poverty and malnutrition. Some of the remarkable results include increased revenue that women acquired from the sale of live goats, meat, hides, skins and milk; improved dietary diversity in children under 5 years and women; and increased Women’s Economic Empowerment (WEE) scores. This project created and strengthened a network of Community-Based Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) linked to agro-input dealers to enhance pastoralists’ access to quality animal health services. A total of 155 CAHWs (127 men and 28 women) in the two countries were empowered to provide animal health services to the pastoralists across the project area. The logo of Farm Africa. Information © The Author 2023

Pendampingan Edukasi Pembuatan Minyak Goreng Murni Pada Petani Kelapa

<em>Coconut plant is a plant that is useful for everyday life. These plants can be used by the community starting from the roots to the tips of the leaves, this is what makes coconut plants have high economic value. Some areas in Indonesia make coconut as a source of livelihood, one of which is in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Kab. KulonProgo, Kec. Kokap, Dusun Tangkisan II. Based on the local natural resources they have, the majority of the local people's livelihood is selling coconuts but what is sold is still raw. The purpose of this service is to improve soft skills as a stimulation of the independence of making coconut oil through a group of coconut farmers in Tangkisan II Hamlet. This activity method uses a questionnaire instrument by analyzing the average value of the pre-posttest results on coconut farmers. Result: there is a difference in the mean value of the pretest. Conclusion: the group of housewives is able to make and process coconut into pure cooking oil so that it has economic value and increases household income.</em>

PENGUATAN PENDIDIKAN SOSIAL KEAGAMAAN MELALUI KAJIAN FIQH AN-NISYA’ BAGI IBU-IBU PEMBINAAN KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA (PKK) DI DESA LARANGAN PERRENG PRAGAAN SUMENEP

Community Empowerment Practices is a learning activity for students to get important lessons from the community. In this case, empowerment in Larangan Perreng Village is more focused on the socio-religious and education sector. The goal to be achieved in this activity is to create an "Activist Village in Religious Socialization". Students of the Dirosat Islamiyah Al-Amien Institute Prenduan are required to have special skills in the field of Islam which are very much needed by the community in spiritual development by not neglecting socio-cultural factors in accordance with the regional development program of the East Java region in general and the development of the district government. -districts on the island of Madura in particular. Meanwhile, the nature of the practice of community empowerment at the Dirosat Islamiyah Al-Amien Institute Prenduan is a process of transforming, inviting, independent, growing and educating the community so that they know their potential to be developed and identify existing problems, so that they can be handled independently by the community. society itself. Community empowerment is sought so that every individual can compete and have the opportunity to try to increase household income which will later affect community food security. This awareness and concern is also mentioned by Paulo Freire as conscientization as a form of critical awareness. Another great idea that also underlies the spirit of community service is the concept of organics intellectual by Antonio Gramsci. In simple terms, intellectual organics is not only concerned with scientific development an sich but also has concern and awareness of fighting and taking action to improve the human condition.

Developing the European Villages in the Republic of Moldova taken into account the Digital Economy Society Index (DESI)

The digital competitiveness of regions of EU member states is measured by the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), a composite index summarizing the progress made in connectivity, digital skills, internet use by citizens, digital integration of enterprises, farms and digital public services, while at the local government level there is currently no single indicator measured on a regular basis. Based on recent international and national researches, it can be concluded that with the development of digital technology, a significant increase in services and solutions available to citizens digitally is expected. Recent positive experiences of EU member states, which have been analyzed in previous research papers, show that the creation of jobs in agricol sectors in rural areas contributes to increasing household incomes. The objective of our study is to analyze and implement the methods and data sources for calculating DESI indicators at the level of local administrative units in the Republic of Moldova, in the context of the National Program for the European Village, launched in spring 2022. The results of the study will be the development of recommendations for local administrations on the use of the DESI index to coordinate the European evaluation parameters. The value of this work is in reinforcing activities for localisation of smart infrastructure and spatial data taking in consideration the DESI index and innovative products of the national Innovation Centres in innovative economics, stimulating investments in the creation of Smart Villages.

Broiler Business is the Best Diversification for Furniture Business

The research objective was to analyze the potential and contribution of the broiler business as business diversification in increasing household income for furniture entrepreneurs. The research was conducted in Jepara Regency as the center of the furniture industry. The research used a purposive sampling method with 101 respondents. LQ and DLQ analysis is used to explore business potential, while the income contribution uses a business diversification model. The average broiler LQ and DLQ results are 1 and 1.2, while the average broiler income contribution is 52.3% of the total household income of diversified entrepreneurs, by contributing above 50%. Therefore, the broiler business diversification model is the best alternative to increase the household income of furniture entrepreneurs.

Parental supervision positively impacts children's economic prospects two decades later: A prospective longitudinal study.

Upward income mobility is associated with better health outcomes and reduced stress. However, opportunities are unequally distributed, particularly so for those in rural communities and whose family have lower educational attainment. To test the impact of parental supervision on their children's income two decades later adjusting for parental economic and educational status. This study is a longitudinal, representative cohort study. From 1993-2000, annual assessments of 1,420 children were completed until age 16, then followed up at age 35, 2018-2021, for further assessment. Models tested direct effects of parental supervision on child income, and indirect effects via child educational attainment. This study is an ongoing longitudinal population-based study of families in 11 predominately rural counties of the Southeastern U.S. About 8% of the residents and sample are African American and fewer than 1% are Hispanic. American Indians make up 4% of the population in study but were oversampled to make up 25% of the sample. 49% of the 1,420 participants are female. 1258 children and parents were assessed for sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parent educational attainment, family structure, child behavioral problems, and parental supervision. The children were followed up at age 35 to assess their household income and educational attainment. Parental educational attainment, income, and family structure were strongly associated with their children's household income at age 35 (e.g., r = .392, p < .05). Parental supervision of the child was associated with increased household income for the child at age 35, adjusting for SES of the family of origin. Children of parents who did not engage in adequate supervision earned approximately $14,000 less/year (i.e., ~13% of the sample's median household income) than those who did. The association of parental supervision and child income at 35 was mediated by the child's educational attainment. This study suggests adequate parental supervision during early adolescence is associated with children's economic prospects two decades later, in part by improving their educational prospects. This is particularly important in areas such as rural Southeast U.S.

Digital Based Non-Formal Business Education in Improving the Creative Economy: Systematic Literature Review (SLR)

Technological developments at this time have an impact on all groups to be more competent in their use. Unfortunately, the use of this technology is still used as an object of communication and consumption, does not provide economic productivity for business development. The community should be aware of and make a big contribution to poverty alleviation activities through digitalization. One of them is that the community needs to increase business knowledge through non-formal business training/education. Along with digital developments and business knowledge, it is hoped that the community will be able to improve the welfare of their families by carrying out creative economic activities. The creative economy in this study is the management of a business in making decisions and implementing them related to the allocation of limited resources among its various members by taking into account the abilities, efforts and desires of each. Even though at first the creative economy was carried out more by the community as a side job and to increase household income, in its development it has become the main source of income if done seriously. The purpose of this study was to find out the portrait of digital-based non-formal business education in improving the creative economy. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by collecting and analyzing journals related to keywords. Based on the literature study conducted, it was found that digital business knowledge can improve welfare by carrying out creative economic activities. Another fact is that it has a big role in the development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia, especially in the context of poverty alleviation. Technological developments also have a positive impact on practical digital business opportunities. The results of this research have implications for the government and non-formal educational institutions to continue to make programs related to the digital-based creative economy, be it seminars, webinars, training or mentoring.

Does Outmigration of Unskilled Labourer from Domestic Agriculture Affect Household Income Sources Differently at Origin? Evidence from Assam, India

The study aims at examining the impact of outmigration of unskilled labourer from domestic agriculture on household income sources with farm level data collected from central Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The regression results confirm that outmigration of unskilled labourer from domestic agriculture is associated with the reduction in household income sources. However, the reinvestment of remittances partially offsets household’s loss of family labour effects through rising farm and off-farm income. Though, influx of remittances has not significantly increased household income, however, it has assisted in sustaining agricultural operation and other household activities. The findings of the study offer evidence in support of New Economics of Labour Migration theory. JEL: J21, J62

Gender Equality and Development: Indonesia in a Global Context

Gender equality in Indonesia is approximately at the level you would expect given the country’s level of development. Indonesia has more gender inequality than some neighbouring countries and less than others; and less than in the vast majority of Muslim-majority nations worldwide, regardless of income level. Women’s economic participation is, however, low relative to Indonesia’s level of development. Female labour force participation is low as many women leave the workforce when they get married and have children, particularly in the formal sector as formal sector employers do not generally offer flexible workplace conditions that would increase their ability to retain female employees. Social norms that position mothers as the main caregiver play an additional important role in women’s low economic participation. Public information campaigns that challenge people’s perceptions of gender norms are likely to be an important component of efforts to increase women’s economic participation. Greater female economic participation has payoffs in terms of increased household incomes. By contributing to household income and reducing economic stress within the household, greater female labour force participation is also likely to reduce family violence and so lead to happier home and family lives. A focus on increasing women’s economic empowerment would be farsighted as the country looks to recover from the pandemic and lay the groundwork for a dynamic future.

Short-Term Labor Supply Response to the Expanded Child Tax Credit

We estimate the extensive and intensive margin labor supply response to the monthly Child Tax Credit disbursed in 2021 as a part of the American Rescue Plan Act. Using Current Population Survey microdata, we compare labor supply outcomes among households who qualify for varying relative increases in household income as a result of their income level and household size. We do not find strong evidence of a change in labor supply for families receiving the credit. The results are robust to alternative labor supply models, where households respond mainly to cash on hand or changes in the annual budget set.

Land Tenure Rights and Short- and Long-term Agricultural Practices: Empirical Evidence From Burkina Faso

AbstractThis study examines the impact of land tenure rights on the adoption of short- and long-term agricultural practices and the impact of these practices on the income and food insecurity for rural households in Burkina Faso. The bivariate probit model and propensity score matching are used to analyze data collected from 4,398 rural households. The results show that ownership of permanent land rights only increases the likelihood of adopting long-term agricultural practices. In addition, adoption of short-term practices increases household income and reduces food insecurity, while adoption of long-term practices only increases household income.

Farmers’ Responses of Introducing Technology and its Production Sustainability

Cocoa is the cash crop for smallholder farmers in Southeast Sulawesi. In the past two decades cocoa is the leading commodity as the valuable crop in the dry land. Nowadays, farmers are facing the problem with low productivity due to aging crop, pest and disease attack. In order to increase household income and improving the productivity, research and development are needed with providing assistance and advancing to smallholder farmers. The activities aims to: a) Improve the knowledge and skills of farmers in cocoa farming in Kolaka Regency, b) Accelerate the adoption of cocoa technology innovations to users. This study was carried out in May till December 2017, in Lalombaa village, Kolaka District, Kolaka Regency. The focus of activities in the first year is mentoring and learning for cocoa cultivation farmers. Survey with a structured questionnaire guide were conducted and description methode was analyzed and presented in tabular form and interpreted descriptively. The results of the study showed that, from an economic point of view, that farmers who applied the recommended technology were able to get an income of IDR 22,680,000, - / ha per year with R/C 2.04, means that the farming is profitable. Meanwhile, the existing farmers only get IDR 10,615,000, - / ha.

Impact of CS-IPM on Key Social Welfare Aspects of Smallholder Farmers’ Livelihoods

All stakeholders, especially households that depend on agriculture, must come up with every avenue available to improve farm productivity in order to raise yields due to the constraints posed by climate change on food production systems. Sufficient increments in yields will address the challenges of food insecurity and malnutrition among vulnerable households, especially smallholder ones. Yield increases can be achieved sustainably through the deployment of various Climate Smart Integrated Pest Management (CS-IPM) practices, including good agronomic practices. Therefore, CS-IPM practices could be essential in ensuring better household welfare, including food security and nutrition. With such impact empirically documented, appropriate policy guidance can be realized in favor of CS-IPM practices at scale, thus helping to achieve sustainable food security and food systems. However, to this end, there is yet limited evidence on the real impact of CS-IPM practices on the various core social welfare household parameters, for instance, food security, household incomes, gender roles, and nutrition, among others. We contribute to this body of literature in this paper by reviewing various empirical evidence that analyzes the impact of respective CS-IPM practices on key social welfare aspects of smallholder farm households in developing countries around the world. The review finds that CS-IPM practices do increase households’ adaptation to climate change, thus enhancing soil and crop productivity, thereby ensuring food and nutrition security, as well as increasing market participation of CS-IPM adopters, thus leading to increased household incomes, asset accumulation, and subsequently better household food and nutrition security via direct own-farm produce consumption and market purchases using income. CS-IPM practices also enhance access to climate-related information, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve biodiversity, and enhance dietary diversity through improved crop and livestock varieties and also reduce variable farm production costs. Therefore, there would be multiple welfare gains if CS-IPM practices were scaled up.

Protecting Poor Rural Households from Health Shocks: Poverty Alleviation Practices in Chongqing, China

In certain low- and middle-income countries, information asymmetry, human capital damage and long-term economic decline are longstanding problems in health-related poverty alleviation. Notably, China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation program sheds new light on resolving these problems. Based on existing paradigms in the poverty research area, the purpose of this paper is to summarize and explore the roles of Chinese support policies in poor rural households coping with health shocks. Using a questionnaire survey of 4635 poor rural households in a municipality in Southwest China conducted from December 2018 to January 2019, this study examines the relationships between health shocks, human capital, support policies, and per capita household income. The results show that (1) apart from safety nets and cargo nets, monitoring nets are formed in China’s poverty alleviation practice, which could resolve the problem of information asymmetry. (2) Health shocks do not cause poor rural households to fall back into poverty. The reason for this is that safety net and cargo net policies are provided to relevant poor rural households by considering household human capital endowments and the information received from cargo nets. Through this method, patients can obtain effective support and caregivers can obtain off-farm employment opportunities. Thus, the ability of poor rural household human capital to resist health shocks is enhanced. (3) With the support of these policies, the negative effects of dependent family members and agricultural laborers on per capita household income are reversed. Thus, the long-term increase in poor rural household income is also ensured. These findings hold great value for other developing countries coping with health shocks and formulating anti-poverty policies.