Incompatibility Reaction Research Articles

Proteomic identification of apoplastic proteins from rice, wheat, and barley after Magnaporthe oryzae infection

The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae causes devastating blast disease in various cereals, including rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Despite previous reports on fungal host specificity, the mechanisms underlying differential host infection strategies remain unclear. This study aimed to identify differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in the apoplast of rice, barley, and wheat following infection with two M. oryzae pathovars using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). LC–MS/MS analysis revealed an enrichment of both M. oryzae and host proteins in the apoplast during the compatible reaction compared to the incompatible reaction. DAPs from M. oryzae involved in the host interaction included secreted extracellular enzymes (e.g., hydrolases), which were significantly increased in the M. oryzae Oryzae (MoO)-infected rice apoplast. Among host proteins, the proportion of protein-modifying enzymes increased in the M. oryzae Triticum (MoT)-infected rice and MoO-infected wheat apoplastic fluids, particularly rice glycosidases, peroxidases, and serine proteases, as well as wheat serine proteases. Furthermore, DAPs from MoL-infected rice were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that carbohydrate metabolism-related proteins may play a vital role in rice resistance to MoL. Additionally, protein-modifying and cytoskeletal proteins, as well as stress-responsive proteins, were enriched in the MoO-infected wheat apoplastic fluid. Finally, DAPs from both MoO- and MoL-infected barley were enriched in hydrogen peroxide catabolism, suggesting that peroxidases may be vital for barley resistance to M. oryzae. The identification of DAPs from both M. oryzae strains and the three host plants offers valuable insights into the host specificity mechanisms of M. oryzae in cereal crops.

Variation in Morphological Characteristic and Growth Rate of Isolated Dikaryotic Ganoderma boninense Mycelia on Nutrient Medium and Rubberwood Block: A Cue for Their Virulency

Undeniably, the formation of new Ganoderma variants within the plantation rapidly declines the life expectancy of oil palm trees. The produced variants induce severe infection on the palm, largely impeding disease management approaches to prevent infection. Selection of the high virulent of Ganoderma spp. affiliated with stem rot disease is crucial for assessing the planting material to identify either resistant or tolerant oil palm cultivars and optimise treatment strategies in line with species varieties. So far, the genetic diversity and virulency of these Ganoderma species in the IOI Group estate have not yet been explored. About seven basidocarps were collected from Ganoderma-infected palms and identified as Ganoderma boninense. The cultural traits of these nine isolates, including P4.1E and PER71 showed distinct phenotypical variations on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Though sequence analysis revealed four PM09C isolates were 100 per cent identical, incompatible reactions were observed among isolates, similar to other isolates from different fields. The mycelia rate expansion on the nutrient medium had a significantly correlated relationship to the disease incidence (DI) (r = 0.750), disease severity index (DSI) (r = 0.690) and death rate (DR) (r = 0.732). Overall, these findings contribute to the understanding of Ganoderma species in the estate and provide valuable insights for developing targeted management strategies in evaluating tolerant planting material for future replanting. Keywords: Ganoderma, oil palm, basal stem rot, genetic diversity, virulency.

Backcrossing Failure between Sikitita Olive and Its Male Parent Arbequina: Implications for the Self-Incompatibility System and Pollination Designs of Olive Orchards.

Backcrossing between Sikitita and its male parent Arbequina, offers the possibility to check the suitability of different self-incompatibility models proposed for olive. To determine Sikitita's response to self- and cross-pollination treatments, including pollination with its father Arbequina, we compared the parameters following pollen-pistil interaction, the resulting initial and final fruit set, and the paternity of the seeds produced under different crosses. The results showed that Sikitita behaves as a self-incompatible cultivar due to the inhibition of pollen tube growth in the pistil of self-pollinated flowers. This incompatibility reaction led to a significant reduction of self-fertilization and fruit set. Seed paternity analyses confirmed the self-incompatibility response of Sikitita. A similar incompatibility response was observed in Sikitita flowers when hand-pollinated with pollen of Arbequina and Koroneiki. On the contrary, cross-pollination with Arbosana gave excellent results, with analyses showing that pollen of Arbosana is largely preferred by Sikitita to father its seeds more than the pollen of other cultivars presented in the orchard. The backcross failure of Sikitita with Arbequina pollen suggests that the self-incompatibility system in olives is not of the gametophytic type. In contrast, pollination tests fit features of previously reported sporophytic self-incompatibility systems. However, some amendments are proposed, among them the incompatibility groups for Sikitita and Koroneiki.

Thermal Compatibility of New ACEI Derivatives with Popular Excipients Used to Produce Solid Pharmaceutical Formulations.

Background/Objectives: Increasing drugs' stability and adequately protecting them against degradation will ensure a decrease in their price and broader availability of pharmaceutical substances. This is of great importance, especially for drugs used to treat the most common diseases in the population, such as hypertension. The study examined two newly synthesized substances from the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) group as potential drugs. ACEIs are among the leading drugs used in the treatment of hypertension in the world. The chemical modifications of the tested substances applied concerned the places most susceptible to degradation. The presented work analyzed the compatibility of new derivatives with selected excipients used in pharmacy. Methods: Thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analyses (c-DTA) were used as the main methods. In addition, non-thermal methods such as colorimetry analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and UV spectroscopy were used. Results: Based on the conducted studies, it can be concluded that the incompatibility of IND-1 with glucose anhydrous and lactose monohydrate occurs only when the mixture is stored at higher temperatures. For the remaining IND-1 and IND-2 mixtures with excipients, compatibility was demonstrated. Conclusions: The obtained results confirmed the usefulness of the applied thermal analyses (TGA and c-DTA) for assessing the compatibility of the tested potential drugs with excipients. However, in the case of incompatibility reactions of substances occurring under the influence of elevated temperatures, such as the Maillard reaction, it is necessary to use non-thermal methods to obtain the right result.

Pickering Emulsion Promoted Interfacial Sequential Chemo-Biocatalytic Reaction for the Synthesis of Chiral Alcohols from Styrene.

Chemo-biocatalytic cascades have emerged as a promising approach in the realm of advanced synthesis. However, reconciling the incompatible reaction conditions among distinct catalytic species presents a significant challenge. Herein, we introduce an innovative solution using an emulsion system stabilized by Janus silica nanoparticles, which serve as a bridge for both chemo-catalysts and biocatalysts at the interface. The chemo-catalyst is securely anchored within a hydrophobic polymer matrix, ensuring its residence in an organic environment. Meanwhile, the negatively charged E. coli cells containing enzymes are attracted to the aqueous phase at the interface, facilitating their optimal positioning. We demonstrate the efficacy of this system through a two-step cascade reaction. Initially, the oxidation of styrene to acetophenone using palladium as a chemocatalyst achieves a 6-fold increase in yield compared to the control system. Subsequently, the reduction of achiral acetophenone to its chiral alcohol derivative presents a 17-fold yield enhancement relative to that of the control reaction. Importantly, our system exhibits versatility, accommodating a wide range of substrates for both individual and sequential reactions. This work not only validates the concept but also paves the way for the integration of chemo- and biocatalysts in the synthesis of a broader array of high-value chemical compounds.

Refinement of rice blast disease resistance QTLs and gene networks through meta-QTL analysis

Rice blast disease is the most devastating disease constraining crop productivity. Vertical resistance to blast disease is widely studied despite its instability. Clusters of genes or QTLs conferring blast resistance that offer durable horizontal resistance are important in resistance breeding. In this study, we aimed to refine the reported QTLs and identify stable meta-QTLs (MQTLs) associated with rice blast resistance. A total of 435 QTLs were used to project 71 MQTLs across all the rice chromosomes. As many as 199 putative rice blast resistance genes were identified within 53 MQTL regions. The genes included 48 characterized resistance gene analogs and related proteins, such as NBS–LRR type, LRR receptor-like kinase, NB-ARC domain, pathogenesis-related TF/ERF domain, elicitor-induced defense and proteins involved in defense signaling. MQTL regions with clusters of RGA were also identified. Fifteen highly significant MQTLs included 29 candidate genes and genes characterized for blast resistance, such as Piz, Nbs-Pi9, pi55-1, pi55-2, Pi3/Pi5-1, Pi3/Pi5-2, Pikh, Pi54, Pik/Pikm/Pikp, Pb1 and Pb2. Furthermore, the candidate genes (42) were associated with differential expression (in silico) in compatible and incompatible reactions upon disease infection. Moreover, nearly half of the genes within the MQTL regions were orthologous to those in O. sativa indica, Z. mays and A. thaliana, which confirmed their significance. The peak markers within three significant MQTLs differentiated blast-resistant and susceptible lines and serve as potential surrogates for the selection of blast-resistant lines. These MQTLs are potential candidates for durable and broad-spectrum rice blast resistance and could be utilized in blast resistance breeding.

Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs: Retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory diagnostic data

In this retrospective study, patient records of dogs suffering from poisoning with coumarin derivatives were evaluated to characterize the clinical appearance more precisely. Retrospective data analysis included 52 dogs with hemostaseologically proven anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning which were treated as inpatients at the Clinic for Small Animals between September 2011 and October 2018. In only 2 dogs (4%) the intake of poison could be observed with certainty. The most common clinical signs observed were reduced general behavior (79%), pallor of the mucosa (79%), anorexia (60%), and dyspnea/tachypnea (60%). In contrast, macroscopically visible internal and external bleedings occurred less frequently. Initially, all cases showed a highly altered prothrombin time and most patients a considerably prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. Anemia was present in 75% of patients. All dogs included in the study received initially an intravenous treatment with 10 mg/kg vitamin K1. Pretreatment with 1 mg/kg prednisolone was given for prophylaxis of possible incompatibility reactions. No patient showed signs of anaphylactic reaction. Transfusions of whole blood or concentrated red cells were given to only 10 of the 52 animals; only one received 2 transfusions of erythrocytes. 94% of the animals could be discharged home for outpatient therapy after a median length of hospitalization of 3 days (1-9 days) with physiological or almost physiological coagulation test results. Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning is often associated with non-specific symptoms and good prognosis if treated adequately. Coagulation diagnostics is always indicated in cases with unclear disorders. In life-threatening emergencies, immediate intravenous infusion of high-dose vitamin K1 is a very effective treatment and results in a rapid increase in coagulation factor activity.

Dissection of transcriptional events in graft incompatible reactions of "Bearss" lemon (Citrus limon) and "Valencia" sweet orange (C. sinensis) on a novel citrandarin (C. reticulata × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock.

Citrus is commercially propagated via grafting, which ensures trees have consistent fruit traits combined with favorable traits from the rootstock such as soil adaptability, vigor, and resistance to soil pathogens. Graft incompatibility can occur when the scion and rootstock are not able to form a permanent, healthy union. Understanding and preventing graft incompatibility is of great importance in the breeding of new fruit cultivars and in the choice of scion and rootstock by growers. The rootstock US-1283, a citrandarin generated from a cross of "Ninkat" mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and "Gotha Road" #6 trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), was released after years of field evaluation because of its superior productivity and good fruit quality on "Hamlin" sweet orange (C. sinensis) under Florida's growing conditions. Subsequently, it was observed that trees of "Bearss" lemon (C. limon) and "Valencia" sweet orange (C. sinensis) grafted onto US-1283 exhibited unhealthy growth near the graft union. The incompatibility manifested as stem grooving and necrosis underneath the bark on the rootstock side of the graft. Another citrandarin rootstock, US-812 (C. reticulata "Sunki" × P. trifoliata "Benecke"), is fully graft compatible with the same scions. Transcriptome analysis was performed on the vascular tissues above and below the graft union of US-812 and US-1283 graft combinations with "Bearss" and "Valencia" to identify expression networks associated with incompatibility and help understand the processes and potential causes of incompatibility. Transcriptional reprogramming was stronger in the incompatible rootstock than in the grafted scions. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in US-1283, but not the scions, were associated with oxidative stress and plant defense, among others, similar to a pathogen-induced immune response localized to the rootstock; however, no pathogen infection was detected. Therefore, it is hypothesized that this response could have been triggered by signaling miscommunications between rootstock and scion either through (1) unknown molecules from the scion that were perceived as danger signals by the rootstock, (2) missing signals from the scion or missing receptors in the rootstock necessary for the formation of a healthy graft union, (3) the overall perception of the scion by the rootstock as non-self, or (4) a combination of the above.

Immune privilege in the subretinal space and prospects of retinal pigment epithelium transplantation in degenerative diseases of the retina

Damage of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) underlies the pathogenesis of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the retina, in particular, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — one of the leading causes of irreversible loss of central vision, blindness and elderly population disability. Advanced AMD treatment options are limited to angiogenesis inhibitors in the wet form of the disease; there is no effective treatment for geographic atrophy, since RPE cells are unable to regenerate. The advances of biomedicine and the progress of vitreoretinal surgery gave rise to searching new high-technology methods of degenerative retinal disease treatment, aimed at restoring RPE. Replacement transplantation with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) specifically oriented at RPE seems to be the most promising approach for replacing damaged retinal elements and improving visual acuity, while, as some researchers believe, the fact that the eye is an immune-privileged organ ensures relatively safe conditions for subretinal administration of iPSC-RPE. The review systematizes the literature data on immune privilege in the posterior eye segment, as well as the results of studies in the field of subretinal stem cells transplantation. The conditions and possible mechanisms that trigger graft rejection, methods aimed at preventing tissue incompatibility reactions are also discussed.

Post‐attachment resistance to Striga hermonthica in finger millet (Eleusine coracana)

AbstractFinger millet is a highly nutritious and climate‐resilient cereal crop. Despite its importance, finger millet productivity in East Africa trails other cereals due to several biotic and abiotic factors, including the parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica. Striga spp. are noxious parasitic weeds whose damage can result in 100% yield losses in sub‐Saharan Africa. The objective of our study was to determine differences in post‐attachment responses of a selection of genotypes. We germinated finger millet in Petri dishes, transferred them to rhizotrons and infected the roots with Striga that had been pre‐conditioned for 7 days at 30°C and subsequently pre‐germinated using GR24. Histological analysis was done on three distinct genotypes to determine the host–pathogen interactions. The attachment of Striga onto the host was observed 3 days after inoculation. LESK10, a wild genotype, and OKHALE1 (cultivated) consistently supported fewer Striga plants after inoculation, while GBK029646A, a cultivated finger millet, consistently supported the highest. Histological analysis recorded an incompatible reaction in both OKHALE1 and LESK10 and a compatible reaction in GBK029646A as early as 3 days after infection. Our results suggest the likely existence of novel resistance in crop wild relatives that will be valuable for developing durable resistance to Striga in elite finger millet varieties.

A one-pot method based on rolling circle amplification and light‐activated CRISPR/Cas12a reaction for simple and highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus

Developing robust methods that achieve simple and highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is still a challenge. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification reactions-triggered CRISPR/Cas12a strategies offer promising sensing tools for bacteria detection, but have several issues that need to be solved, such as incompatible reaction systems, compromised sensitivity, and multiple reaction steps. Here, we develop a light-activated one-pot method based on rolling circle amplification-triggered CRISPR/Cas12a (RCA-Cas12a) for analyzing S. aureus directly. In the one-pot assay, the Cas12a reaction is started under light irradiation only after the RCA reaction is completed, thus avoiding interference between the two systems. The light-activated method is simple to operate, and its sensitivity is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the traditional one-pot assay. Accurately identifying contaminated samples from 120 real samples (serum, milk, and broth) prepared in a double-blind way demonstrates the good application capacity of the light-activated one-pot method. The method has a shorter analysis time, fewer operation steps, and higher accuracy in identifying contaminated samples compared with bacterial culture. Thus, the light-activated one-pot RCA-Cas12a method represents a simple tool for sensitive and specific detection of S. aureus in food and clinical samples.

Oligogenic control of quantitative resistance against powdery mildew revealed in Portuguese common bean germplasm.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important food legumes worldwide, being its production severely affected by fungal diseases such as powdery mildew. Portugal has a diverse germplasm, with accessions of Andean, Mesoamerican, and admixed origin, making it a valuable resource for common bean genetic studies. In this work, we evaluated the response of a Portuguese collection of 146 common bean accessions to Erysiphe diffusa infection, observing a wide range of disease severity and different levels of compatible and incompatible reactions, revealing the presence of different resistance mechanisms. We identified 11 incompletely hypersensitive resistant, and 80 partially resistant accessions. We performed a genome-wide association study to clarify its genetic control, resulting in the identification of eight disease severity-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms, spread across chromosomes Pv03, Pv09, and Pv10. Two of the associations were unique to partial resistance, and one to incomplete hypersensitive resistance. The proportion of variance explained by each association varied between 15 and 86%. The absence of a major locus, together with the relatively small number of loci controlling disease severity (DS), suggested an oligogenic inheritance of both types of resistance. Seven candidate genes were proposed including a disease resistance protein (TIR-NBS-LRR class), an NF-Y transcription factor complex component, and an ABC-2 type transporter family protein. This work contributes with new resistance sources and genomic targets valuable to develop selection molecular tools and support powdery mildew resistance precision breeding in common bean.

Towards bioresource-based aggregation-induced emission luminogens from lignin β-O-4 motifs as renewable resources

One-pot synthesis of heterocyclic aromatics with good optical properties from phenolic β-O-4 lignin segments is of high importance to meet high value added biorefinery demands. However, executing this process remains a huge challenge due to the incompatible reaction conditions of the depolymerization of lignin β-O-4 segments containing γ-OH functionalities and bioresource-based aggregation-induced emission luminogens (BioAIEgens) formation with the desired properties. In this work, benzannulation reactions starting from lignin β-O-4 moieties with 3-alkenylated indoles catalyzed by vanadium-based complexes have been successfully developed, affording a wide range of functionalized carbazoles with up to 92% yield. Experiments and density functional theory calculations suggest that the reaction pathway involves the selective cleavage of double C-O bonds/Diels-Alder cycloaddition/dehydrogenative aromatization. Photophysical investigations show that these carbazole products represent a class of BioAIEgens with twisted intramolecular charge transfer. Distinctions of emission behavior were revealed based on unique acceptor-donor-acceptor-type molecular conformations as well as molecular packings. This work features lignin β-O-4 motifs with γ-OH functionalities as renewable substrates, without the need to apply external oxidant/reductant systems. Here, we show a concise and sustainable route to functional carbazoles with AIE properties, building a bridge between lignin and BioAIE materials.

Embryo Rescue in Plant Breeding.

Embryo rescue (ER) techniques are among the oldest and most successful in vitro tissue culture protocols used with plant species. ER refers to a series of methods that promote the development of an immature or lethal embryo into a viable plant. Intraspecific, interspecific, or intergeneric crosses allow the introgression of important alleles of agricultural interest from wild species, such as resistance or tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses or morphological traits in crops. However, pre-zygotic and post-zygotic reproductive barriers often present challenges in achieving successful hybridization. Pre-zygotic barriers manifest as incompatibility reactions that hinder pollen germination, pollen tube growth, or penetration into the ovule occurring in various tissues, such as the stigma, style, or ovary. To overcome these barriers, several strategies are employed, including cut-style or graft-on-style techniques, the utilization of mixed pollen from distinct species, placenta pollination, and in vitro ovule pollination. On the other hand, post-zygotic barriers act at different tissues and stages ranging from early embryo development to the subsequent growth and reproduction of the offspring. Many crosses among different genera result in embryo abortion due to the failure of endosperm development. In such cases, ER techniques are needed to rescue these hybrids. ER holds great promise for not only facilitating successful crosses but also for obtaining haploids, doubled haploids, and manipulating the ploidy levels for chromosome engineering by monosomic and disomic addition as well substitution lines. Furthermore, ER can be used to shorten the reproductive cycle and for the propagation of rare plants. Additionally, it has been repeatedly used to study the stages of embryonic development, especially in embryo-lethal mutants. The most widely used ER procedure is the culture of immature embryos taken and placed directly on culture media. In certain cases, the in vitro culture of ovule, ovaries or placentas enables the successful development of young embryos from the zygote stage to maturity.

PROFILE OF INCOMPATIBLE REACTIONS TO PACKED RED CELL TRANSFUSION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AT SANGLAH HOSPITAL

Background: Since the prevalence of chronic renal failure disease has increased. Packed Red Cell (PRC) transfusions were a common way to replace the kidneys' function in filtration. However, the reaction caused was not widely reported. Purpose: To assess the profile of incompatible reactions in PRC transfusions of chronic kidney disease patients at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Method: A descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design was employed to identify incompatibility reactions in 210 patients using medical records from July–December 2021 at Sanglah Hospital in Denpasar. Sample determination using saturated sampling techniques and data analysis were carried out descriptively. Result: Incompatible reactions in patients with chronic renal failure at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar still affected 57 people (27.14%) out of 210 people with chronic renal failure. This condition could increase fatalities in various health services if not appropriately handled. Incompatible reactions could occur, and the higher risk was in patients of the male sex who were elderly (45–65 years), had blood type O, had hemoglobin (Hb) levels ranging from 6.1–9.0 g/dL, and had conducted PRC transfusions above three pouches with a frequency of more than three times. Conclusion: People with chronic kidney failure still had a high chance of having an incompatible reaction after a PRC transfusion. Many different things caused these reactions. Incompatibility reactions in people with chronic kidney failure should happen less often in the future if they were evaluated and found early.

Multirate mass transfer simulation of denitrification in a woodchip bioreactor

Denitrifying woodchip bioreactors (DWBs) have proven to be an efficient nature-based solution for nitrate removal. Modeling DWBs is required for improving their design and operation, but is hindered by the complexity of the modeled system where numerous chemical species and model parameters are needed. Reactions inside the woodchips are different from those at the edges, causing chemical localization (i.e., apparent simultaneous occurrence of incompatible reactions). We used the Multi Rate Mass Transfer (MRMT) approach to overcome these problems when simulating reactive transport processes in a DWB located at Kiruna, Sweden. Besides denitrification, other nitrogen-cycling processes (e.g., nitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, anammox) and alternative electron donors (e.g. oxygen, sulfate) were also considered. Biomass concentration is incorporated into the biochemical reaction rates, including growth and decay, to characterize microbial catalysis. We found that the MRMT model: 1) can account for the heterogeneity of the porous woodchips; 2) was capable of reproducing the nitrogen species evolution in the DWB with kinetic parameters from the literature; and 3) allows reproducing localized biochemical reactions (e.g., aerobic reactions on the woodchip edges, near the DWB entrance and anaerobic reactions inside); and 4) reproduces the full denitrification reactions sequence, but with the different reactions occurring in different portions of the woodchip (e.g., nitrate to nitrite near the edges and nitrite to nitrous oxide further inside). The latter observation suggests that increasing woodchip size may reduce the outflow of these undesired species.

Guideline on the investigation and management of acute transfusion reactions.

Guideline on the investigation and management of acute transfusion reactions.

Post transfusion reactions in animals (review)

Currently, veterinary specialists are increasingly using blood transfusion in various pathological conditions of the animal body. But at the same time, the effect of hemoconservatives on the body of animals and whole blood has been little studied. The review article provides an analysis of the results of studies of post-transfusion complications in the period from 2008 to 2022. Particular attention in these studies was paid to the frequency of occurrence, the quality of blood or its component, the compatibility of the donor and recipient, complications during and after hemotransfusion. Post-transfusion reactions that can occur as a result of blood transfusion have shown a number of possible immunological and nonimmunological reactions of the organism of animals and humans, the origin of which has been little studied. Posttransfusion reactions of the body include incompatibility reactions, reactions to erythrocyte proteins, reactions to platelets and leukocytes during plasma transfusion, anaphylactoid reactions, hypothermia, heparinization, coagulopathy and thrombosis, microbial contamination, hyperammonemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperkalemia, acidosis, pre-transfusion hemolysis, hemosiderosis. The frequency of occurrence of these reactions has not been sufficiently studied, since mainly isolated cases or studies with a small sample are described. The problem of post-transfusion reactions in animals in our country began to be studied recently. Post-transfusion reactions are practically not monitored, since this requires additional research in a hospital veterinary clinic.

Spatial Localization of Two Enzymes at Pickering Emulsion Droplet Interfaces for Cascade Reactions.

Developing biocatalytic cascades in abiological conditions is of utmost significance, but such processes often suffer from low reaction efficiency because of incompatible reaction environments and suppressed intermediate transportation. Herein we report a new type of biocatalytic cascade by localizing two different enzymes separately in the outer and inner interfacial layers of Pickering emulsion droplets. This versatile approach enables the localization of two enzymes in their preferred reaction microenvironments and simultaneously in nanoscale proximity of each other. The thus-designed interfacial biocatalytic cascades show outstanding catalytic efficiency in alkene epoxidation and thioether oxidation with in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions, 6.9-13.6 times higher than the catalytic efficiency of the free enzymes in solution and their multi-enzymatic counterparts. The remarkable interfacial effect of Pickering droplets was found to be responsible for the significantly enhanced cascading efficiency.

Spatial Localization of Two Enzymes at Pickering Emulsion Droplet Interfaces for Cascade Reactions

AbstractDeveloping biocatalytic cascades in abiological conditions is of utmost significance, but such processes often suffer from low reaction efficiency because of incompatible reaction environments and suppressed intermediate transportation. Herein we report a new type of biocatalytic cascade by localizing two different enzymes separately in the outer and inner interfacial layers of Pickering emulsion droplets. This versatile approach enables the localization of two enzymes in their preferred reaction microenvironments and simultaneously in nanoscale proximity of each other. The thus‐designed interfacial biocatalytic cascades show outstanding catalytic efficiency in alkene epoxidation and thioether oxidation with in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions, 6.9–13.6 times higher than the catalytic efficiency of the free enzymes in solution and their multi‐enzymatic counterparts. The remarkable interfacial effect of Pickering droplets was found to be responsible for the significantly enhanced cascading efficiency.