Incompatible Expectations Research Articles

Forgotten Voices: The Onerous Role of School Health Nurses Residential Schools of India- A View Point

Background: School health nursing is a specialized practice that addresses students' well-being. Apart from routine health screening, immunization, and health education, the role of school health nurses is expanding to deal with public health crises. remains a challenging concept to practice school health nursing. This article reflects on the challenges of school health nurses and methods to overcome these challenges at different levels- Individual, Professional, Organizational, and Policymaking Methods: Continuing professional education is the best way to manage school health nursing challenges. Upgradation of knowledge and skills can offer new career opportunities. The following are the methods to overcome the challenges discussed above. Results: Discrepancies in guidelines and protocols and lack of written standing orders for school health practice reflect inconsistent and incompatible expectations and demands at work. Information deficits concerning which tasks and responsibilities individuals should undertake have been shown to result in work stress. Policies and protocols exist but not in reality. Policies, protocols, annual performance appraisal records, and training schedules exist for school health nurses but not in reality and practice Conclusion: In residential schools, the school nurse is often the only healthcare professional to meet the students and staff's routine and emergency needs. The work of school nurses is essential in supporting children to have a whole, active, and healthy school life. With such an important role, adequate school nurses must be recruited and provided with the necessary power and infrastructure to ensure their positive contribution to student’s health

The Experience of Pregnancy and Childbirth Overshadowed by Obstetric Violence and Structural Barriers of the Israeli Health System from the Perspective of Arab and Jewish Women.

The aim of this study was to give a voice to Arab and Jewish women in Israel who had suffered obstetric violence during various stages of fertility treatments, pregnancy, and childbirth and also to learn from the women about their experiences of obstetric violence subject to the barriers of the Israeli health system, and their recommendations of possible solutions. The study underlines the unique gender, social, and cultural context in Israel concerning pregnancy and childbirth, and was based on the feminist approach that strives to promote human rights, and eradicate phenomena of gender-related, patriarchal, and social structures. The study used a qualitative-constructivist methodology. Twenty semi-structured interviews with ten Arab women and ten Jewish women were thematically analyzed, and five main themes emerged: first, the women's experience of becoming pregnant and pregnancy overshadowed by physical and emotional barriers from caregivers and the close environment; second, the women's awareness of their bodies and needs during pregnancy dominated by the challenges of the health services; third, the women's awareness of their bodies and needs during childbirth alongside incompatible expectations and nonattentive medical staff; fourth, the women's descriptions of experiences and types of obstetric violence; and fifth, the women's recommendations to eradicate obstetric violence.

Staging science: Dramaturgical politics of the IPCC's Special Report on 1.5 °C

The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) first report after the adoption of the Paris Agreement, attracted substantial attention in science, media, and politics. In a climate regime where discursive and symbolic elements are important aspects of climate governance, how the IPCC's products are strategically mobilized and staged provide insights into an important facet of science-policy-politics interfaces. Drawing on a novel analytical framework for dramaturgical governance analysis, this article presents an in-depth case study of the IPCC's SR15. It examines how, where, why, and in front of what audiences it was brought out onto stage. The analysis, based on ethnographic observations at COP24 and COP25, expert interviews, background discussions, and document analysis, shows that the IPCC – now more than ever – is mobilized for different and sometimes contradictory political purposes. Different performance patterns reveal organizational strategies that the IPCC had already used during its sixth assessment cycle to meet the diversifying and increasingly incompatible expectations it is facing. At the same time, the analysis shows that questions about the IPCC’s official mandate and practices of fulfilling and interpreting it, responses to misrepresentation of the report, and the problem of political venue shopping within IPCC processes remain unanswered. The study concludes that the production and performance of global environmental assessments are inextricably linked. In addition to the notion of co-production, future research and efforts to design interfaces between science, policy and politics should therefore put more emphasis on the politics inscribed in practices of co-performance.

Limitless Opportunities for Wealth? Witchcraft as a Strategy for (In)Equality and Economic (Dis) Empowerment

The persistence of witchcraft beliefs and practices in Africa contradicts earlier scholarly work that suggested it would disappear. In addition, theorising witchcraft as a local discourse that only exists between people in an intimate relationship in anthropology has also long been challenged. This strand of scholarship has sought to understand witchcraft within the local-global nexus pointing to a new direction in witchcraft studies. Unlike other themes in anthropology that began the discipline, witchcraft continues to be a ‘hot currency’ topic and has been termed by some scholars as the ‘long conversation’. This article presents a current ethnographic account of how witchcraft is utilised by individuals as a strategy for wealth gain and protection and serves as narrative for the challenges individuals are experiencing when having to navigate between often incompatible expectations placed on the individual vis-a-vis the community. This is further exemplified through the ethnographic account on how witchcraft strategies are employed against individuals who are pursuing success in neoliberal socio-economic model.

Relational Expectations and Transactional Obligations: Incompatible Psychological Contracts and Triadic Employment Relationships

This research investigated the triangular employment relationship between organizations, temporary staffing agencies, and clerical temporary workers using the conceptual framework of the psychological contract. The rapid growth in triadic employment relationships is well documented; however, there is limited research into the interlocking psychological contracts between the three parties. This research advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying triangular psychological contracts by drawing attention to the ways in which people’s beliefs concerning their own obligations toward others may be incommensurate with their expectations of other parties. Findings are based on semistructured interviews with 10 client organization representatives, 10 staffing agency consultants, and 20 female clerical temporaries working in Auckland, New Zealand. The interviews revealed that the three sets of participants held mutually incompatible expectations, which were shaped by their differing positions and power bases within the temporary labor market. Each group expected, or wanted, the other parties to behave toward them as if a relational psychological contract existed but perceived their obligations toward others in more transactional terms. In consequence, the expectations, goals, and actions of the three sets of participants often conflicted, creating a range of adverse outcomes, which were unintended by, and problematic for, each group within the triangular employment relationship.

“Power together”: Professionals and parents of children with disabilities creating productive partnerships

AbstractDisparity of power and authority in the relationship between parents and professionals has been shown to be a major challenge in creating a successful partnership in caring for children with disability. The goal of this article was to evaluate workshops attended by professionals and parents of children with disability by raising awareness to barriers related to incompatible expectations and role definitions. The research explored the experiences of the participants in order to identify factors that facilitated or impeded their collaborations. Data were collected from three workshops attended by 22 mothers of children with disability and 24 professionals (most of them are social workers). This qualitative research used interpretative phenomenological analysis to investigate the participants' experiences. Findings showed that parents and professionals joined forces to create a productive working relationship by taking advantage of power over and power together relationships. This mutual process required participants to be aware, empathic, and respectful of one another's needs and limitations; acknowledge the contribution of experiential and professional knowledge; and co‐operate in overcoming the effects of ineffective bureaucratic service systems. Interventions geared to contain emotional burden, acknowledge differential knowledge and experience, and structure the use of power are suggested.

The Mind of the Network Broker

Adapting to network contacts’ incompatible expectations and engaging with these expectations instrumentally can elicit cognitive dissonance in people occupying network brokerage and make others perceive the brokers negatively, which can threaten brokers’ self-integrity—the sense of being a good and appropriate person. We argue that network brokers cope with the threat to their self-integrity with motivated perceptions of their disconnected contacts that help them justify the lack of social ties between their contacts: namely, brokers tend to perceive their disconnected contacts as being “meant to be disconnected.” To corroborate the mechanism underlying this hypothesis, we further argue that this perception of disconnected contacts is attenuated through self-affirmation of brokers’ personal values unrelated to the threat, because self-affirmation decreases the threat to their self-integrity and enhances their self-view. We find support of our hypotheses in an experimental study that uses a novel paradigm to experimentally manipulate network positions. We find additional and complementary support from a field study of 170 professionals working in 26 teams in the finance, fashion, and the electric power industries, where network brokers perceive disconnected alters with little intention to socially integrate. From our theory and findings, we advance a view of brokerage as a psychological phenomenon, in addition to a structural one.

Balancing Parenthood and Academia: The Challenges and Contradictions of Academic Careers

Balancing career and parenthood is a challenging task for women and men from all career paths.However, there are aspects of academic positions that make balancing career and parenthood uniquelychallenging. The balance may be especially difficult when individuals are making the transition intoacademia and parenthood during the same time period. In addition, there are stresses related to timepressures, multiple roles and incompatible expectations which can create work/family conflict for bothtenured and non-tenured faculty striving to cope with competing family demands.

‘Devolution is only for development’? Decentralization and elite vulnerability on the Kenyan coast

On the Kenya coast, it was widely hoped that devolution would address strict political functions – historical injustices and communal narratives of marginalization. However, newly elected county governors are finding themselves constrained in addressing this role due to ongoing operational logics of local governance and the limitation of the role of county governors by the central government to ‘less political' and ‘quieter’ functions of development. Based on field interviews, official reports, newspaper sources, and electoral data, this article advances a series of interrelated arguments. Firstly, to avoid political contestation from below, the central government frames devolution in technocratic (as opposed to political) terms of development. Secondly, county governments contest official de-politicization due to ongoing logics of patronage politics – where local county leaders have to show that they are able to protect local interests in terms of both immediate assistance and communal narratives of injustice. Thirdly – related to preceding arguments – county governors and executives find themselves vulnerable within incompatible expectations, differing from common analyses of decentralization across Africa that emphasize on ‘elite capture’ or re-centralization.

Pulling Closer and Moving Apart

This article reconciles two seemingly incompatible expectations about interpersonal interaction and social influence. One theoretical perspective predicts that an increase in interaction between two actors will promote subsequent convergence in their attitudes and behaviors, whereas another view anticipates divergence. We examine the role of political identity in moderating the effects of interaction on influence. Our investigation takes place in the U.S. Senate—a setting in which actors forge political identities for public consumption based on the external constraints, normative obligations, and reputational concerns they face. We argue that interaction between senators who share the same political identity will promote convergence in their voting behavior, whereas interaction between actors with opposing political identities will lead to divergence. Moreover, we theorize that the consequences of political identity for interpersonal influence depend on the local interaction context. Political identity’s effects on influence will be greater in more divided Senate committees than in less divided ones. We find support for these hypotheses in analyses of data, spanning over three decades, on voting behavior, interaction, and political identity in the Senate. These findings contribute to research on social influence; elite integration and political polarization; and identity theory.

Managing Institutional Complexity: A Longitudinal Study of Legitimacy Strategies at a Sportswear Brand Company

Multinational corporations are operating in complex business environments. They are confronted with contradictory institutional demands that often represent mutually incompatible expectations of various audiences. Managing these demands poses new organizational challenges for the corporation. Conducting an empirical case study at the sportswear manufacturer Puma, we explore how multinational corporations respond to institutional complexity and what legitimacy strategies they employ to maintain their license to operate. We draw on the literature on institutional theory, contingency theory, and organizational paradoxes. The results of our qualitative longitudinal study show that managing corporate legitimacy is a dynamic process in which corporations adapt organizational capacities, structures, and procedures.

From Farms to Fuel Tanks: Differential Effects of Collective Action on Firm Entry in the Emergent U.S. Biodiesel Sector

We expand understanding of category evolution by exploring how the compatibility of different category expectations advanced by multiple industry stakeholders can shape category meaning and influence the types of firms that enter new markets. Using in-depth qualitative and quantitative data on all ventures founded in the U.S. biodiesel industry from 1990 to 2008, we examine how stakeholders espousing compatible and incompatible category expectations led to definitional changes in the central identifying features of the category. The findings show that compatible and incompatible expectations exert disparate impacts on category meaning and in turn differentially influence consumer demand and entry of focused and hybrid firms. The unintended consequences of attracting audiences with divergent goals on control of desired category definitions and product demand are also discussed.

"Interaction, Ideology, and Identity in the U.S. Senate, 1979-2001"

This article reconciles two seemingly incompatible expectations about social interaction and ideological change. One theoretical perspective predicts that an increase in interaction between two actors will promote subsequent convergence in their ideologies, while another anticipates ideological divergence. Integrating network-analytic approaches to social influence with social psychological theories of identification, we argue that interaction between actors who share a salient social identity promotes ideological convergence, while interaction between actors with contrasting social identities leads to divergence. Moreover, the consequences of social identity for influence depend on the local context of interaction. Social identity’s effects on influence are greatest in groups with a limited, rather than extensive, history of prior collaboration and with moderate, rather than low or high, levels of ideological diversity. Empirical support for these propositions comes from analyses of the U.S. Senate from 1979 to 2001. Using two distinct indicators of social identity —party affiliation and region of representation—we demonstrate that, as the level of interaction between senators changed, the ideological distance between them subsequently shifted as a function of their respective social identities and characteristics of committees they served on together. These findings contribute to research on social influence, elite integration and political polarization, and social identity.

Managing Institutional Complexity: A Study on the Legitimacy Strategies of a Sports Utility Firm

Multinational corporations are operating in complex business environments. They are confronted with contradictory institutional demands that often represent mutually incompatible expectations of various audiences. Managing these demands poses new organizational challenges for the corporation. Conducting an empirical case study at the sportswear manufacturer Puma, we explore how multinational corporations respond to institutional complexity and what legitimacy strategies they employ to maintain their license to operate. We draw on the literature on institutional theory, contingency theory and organizational paradoxes. The results of our qualitative longitudinal study show that managing corporate legitimacy is a dynamic process in which corporations adapt organizational capacities, structures and procedures.

Managing Institutional Complexity A Case Study on the Legitimacy Strategies of Puma

Multinational corporations are operating in complex business environments. They are confronted with contradictory institutional demands that often represent mutually incompatible expectations of various audiences. Managing these demands poses new organizational challenges for the corporation. Conducting an empirical case study at the sportswear manufacturer Puma, we explore how multinational corporations respond to institutional complexity and what legitimacy strategies they employ to maintain their license to operate. We draw on the literature on institutional theory, contingency theory and organizational paradoxes. The results of our qualitative longitudinal study show that managing corporate legitimacy is a dynamic process in which corporations adapt organizational capacities, structures and procedures.

Incompatible Rhetorical Expectations: Julia W. Carpenter's Medical Society Papers, 1895–1899

This article examines 3 papers presented before the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine by 19th-century physician Julia W. Carpenter. The article identifies 3 strategies Carpenter used to negotiate the incompatible rhetorical expectations for women and for physicians. The published records of academy discussions provide evidence for Carpenter's colleagues' reactions to each strategy, revealing the complexity of her rhetorical situation and demonstrating the complex links among rhetorical practice, professional identity, and a communicator's social position.

Early relationship struggles: A case study of alliance formation and reparation

AbstractAim: A good alliance established during the early sessions of psychotherapy will most likely lead to a good outcome. As a result, there is much to learn from a case in which both the patient and therapist regarded the alliance as being poor for an extended period (the first 15 sessions), yet still managed to develop a solid and stable alliance and reach a successful completion of therapy. The aim is to give a close inspection of this reparation process. Methods and analysis: Ratings on the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) were used to guide the strategic selection of a case in which a depressed woman in her thirties sought help from an experienced senior male psychotherapist. A detailed analysis of the therapeutic dialogue brought forth what the parties expected from each other and how they responded to explicit and implicit expressions about how to proceed. Post‐termination interviews revealed their subjective configurations of events in therapy and their corresponding reflections. Findings and discussion: Important steps and hallmarks of the alliance formation and reparation were identified: (i) Early in the process, incompatible expectations about what the relationship could achieve led to repetitious struggles. (ii) Their conflicting notions came forward in a more open dialogue about two specific issues (her medication and sick leave). (iii) Through the recognition of different viewpoints they were able to expand on their interactional pattern and develop playful ways to explore her decision making in everyday life. (iv) Temporary breaks seemed to consolidate her autonomy. (v) Late in the course of therapy, the therapist introduced a literary metaphor that seemed to further consolidate the alliance.

Consumer Arbitration in the EU: A Forced Marriage with Incompatible Expectations

This article explores the way in which the European Union (EU) legal order interacts—or maybe rather ‘collides’—with the world of arbitration. The EU invariably refuses to consider arbitration as a full-fledged alternative to court proceedings. Arbitrators, in turn, take great liberty in defining the legal rules to which they will adhere. This article offers no prescriptions on how both worlds should ideally coexist but rather examines how and why they continue to operate as two distinct and almost antagonistic legal orders. It also points to the potential consequences of this stand-off for both legal orders. The article focuses on consumer regulation/arbitration. The case-law ensuing from the Directive 93/13 on unfair terms in consumer contracts offers a particularly useful starting point for this inquiry.

Development through interruptions and reparations – A case study of a dual challenging psychotherapy

The aim of this study was to understand how relational difficulties in psychotherapy may be handled to represent possibilities for change. Temporary interruptions and subsequent reestablishment of contact were chosen as the strategic focus in one severely challenging case of long term psychodynamic psychotherapy where outcome was known to be good. Interruptions and reestablishments were conceptualised by how the informants gave meaning to them. The choice of focus represented a strategic selection of events in the course of therapy where the regulation of the alliance by the therapist as well as by the patient was at stake. A detailed case record was studied and interviews with patient and therapist were conducted. A hermeneutical-phenomenological approach was used to analyse the material. The narrative dimension was important in structuring and interpreting the data. It was shown how important relational difficulties, such as mutual incompatible expectations and demands was handled both on a structural and interpersonal level, and some important steps and hallmarks of the healing process was identified. Close inspection of the course of events in psychotherapies is seen as a promising method for bringing a better understanding of how change processes unfold.

An accreditation dilemma: The tension between program accountability and program improvement in programmatic accreditation

AbstractAn examination of the experiences of the Teacher Education Accreditation Council highlights the conflicting and sometimes incompatible expectations for accreditation.