Income Tax Expense Research Articles

MENGUAK EFEK PENURUNAN TARIF PAJAK PENGHASILAN DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

This article explains the effect of lowering income tax rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. The government's role in maintaining economic stability is carried out by issuing fiscal policies, in terms of taxation, namely by reducing the Corporate Income Tax rate. This research intends to find out the results of a decrease in corporate income tax rates affecting a decrease in current taxes deposited into the state treasury, a decrease in the total income tax burden, and recording in the income statement financial statements. The informants of this research are members of the Tax Rules Update Forum. This type of qualitative research uses a netnography approach. The reduction in current taxes deposited into the state treasury benefits the company by minimizing the costs incurred for the obligation to deposit state taxes. Companies that have deferred tax liabilities receive deferred tax benefits recorded in the balance sheet account, so the total income tax expense has decreased. In recording the income statement, the company has deferred tax assets adding to the deferred tax expense. Deferred tax expense in profit or loss account.

Tax Non-Audit Services and Client Income Tax Estimation Error

SUMMARYThe provision of non-audit services (NAS) to audit clients can generate knowledge spillovers that enhance auditors' judgments or self-review and self-interest threats that impair auditors' independence. Prior research finds mixed evidence of a relation between tax NAS and clients' (actual and potential) material GAAP violations in accounting for income taxes. As auditors are likely to avoid material GAAP violations, we re-examine this issue using a measure that reflects immaterial or within-GAAP estimation error in clients' income tax expense. We find that greater amounts of tax NAS are associated with greater income tax estimation error, consistent with tax NAS threating auditors' independence. The association is partially offset by auditor expertise and concentrated in engagements where auditors face both self-review and self-interest threats. Our findings inform the ongoing policy debate regarding whether accounting firms should provide tax NAS to their audit clients.Data Availability: Data are publicly available from the sources indicated in the text.JEL Classifications: M41; M44; M49.

Profit‐tax relationship, business group affiliation, and external monitoring in china

AbstractThis study examines whether business group affiliation weakens the sensitivity of income tax expense to pretax income, while external monitoring mechanisms mitigate the effect of group affiliation. We find that this sensitivity is weaker for Chinese listed firms affiliated with a top 500 business group than for unaffiliated firms. Economically, our coefficient estimate implies that group affiliation weakens tax sensitivity to income by 5.2% in relative terms. However, we find that tax sensitivity improved in the post‐2008 period and with the presence of strong monitoring mechanisms by means of tax enforcement, analyst scrutiny, and long‐term institutional shareholding. To the extent that unexplained variation in current tax expense at a given income level is indicative of aggressive tax behavior, our results suggest that effective external monitoring can mitigate this behavior in group‐affiliated firms.

Pengaruh Total Operating Expenses Dan Income Tax Expense Terhadap Net Income For The Year

The company's performance is based on how much profit it generates. The profit generated by the company can not be separated from operational costs and taxes that must be spent. Therefore, operating costs and income tax are considered as expenses in the company that can reduce net profit. This study aims to find out the effect of Total Operating Expenses and Income Tax Expense on Net Income For The Year of PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakasa Tbk. The method used is descriptive method with quantitative approach using statistical method to test hypotheses. The results showed that Total Operating Expenses partially negatively had no significant effect on Net Income For The Year, with a contribution of 13.4%. Income Tax Expense partially positively had a significant effect on Net Income For The Year, with a contribution of 72.7%. Total Operating Expenses and Income Tax Expense simultaneously had a significant effect on Net Income For The Year, with a contribution of 72.7% .

Perbandingan Tax Planning Metode Depresiasi Fix Asset dengan Kebijakan Perusahaan dalam Meminimalkan Beban Pajak Penghasilan Badan (Studi Kasus pada PT XYZ)

Tax planning is a way to exploit a tax law gap to minimize tax expense legally, one of the ways is choosing the right method for depreciation fixed assets. This study aimed to discover tax planning in depreciation fixed assets by comparing the straight-line method and declining-balance method, the impact of profit before tax and the amount of income tax expense paid by PT XYZ. This study conducted using a qualitative approach method. The type of data used quantitative and qualitative data. The study's results showed that selecting a straight-line method has a significant impact on pressing Taxable Income and Institution Income Tax.

ANALISIS TAX PLANNING TERHADAP PAJAK PENGHASILAN BADAN UNTUK MENGEFISIENSIKAN BEBAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN BADAN TERUTANG PADA PT WAHANA ELOK LANGGENG LESTARI “WELL”

The purpose of the research is to do tax planning that must be done by the company in order to streamline the income tax expense and find out the impact that occurs after tax planning. The method of this research is qualitative descriptive method, that is a research by collecting data in accordance with the actual situation and providing an overview and analysis of existing problems. The result of the research shows that PT Wahana Elok Langgeng Lestari “WELL” has implemented tax planning, for some costs that cannot be deducted into deductible costs and comparing the tax expense before and after-tax planning.The conclusion in tax planning on financial statements can help companies to make efficiency and make savings on corporate income tax. Suggestion for companies to make maximum use of tax planning in utilizing tax-saving alternatives without violating tax regulations.

Assessment of changes in the application of the accounting regulation pbu 18/02 “Аccounting for income tax calculations” since 2020

The article assesses the changes made by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 20.11.2018 No. 236n v PBU 18/02 “Accounting for settlements with the budget for income tax”. The application of the new norms of PBU 18/02 is mandatory for corporate income tax payers with accounting (financial) statements for 2020. The essence of the problem is that the updated PBU 18/02 contains new concepts, new calculations of indicators necessary for reflection in accounting and accounting (financial) statements. The article consists of six parts, beginning with an introduction and ending with conclusions. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the study. At the beginning of the article, the purpose and objectives of the research are defined, as well as the materials, methods and conditions for conducting the research. The results of the study and their discussion are presented below. In the article, the authors highlight the problem of transition from the previously existing norms of PBU 18/02 to the new norms applied from 2020. The main part compares the concepts and indicators used in 2019 and 2020 in accordance with the requirements of PBU 18/02. The article also addresses the issues of evaluating work in progress in accordance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts in the field of accounting and taxation. The procedure for applying the norms of PBU 18/02 is shown on a specific example and the calculation procedures made that justify the occurrence of temporary differences that lead to the recognition of deferred income tax, as well as conditional income tax expense and current income tax on the accounting accounts. For clarity and comparison, the indicators for the application of PBU 18/02 in 2019 and 2020 are presented in the tables. In addition, the tables show the schemes of accounting transactions for accounting calculations with the budget for income tax in two ways to determine the current income tax: based on accounting data and based on tax Declaration data. Having considered a specific example of the procedure for applying the norms of PBU 18/02 in the version up to 2020 and in the current version from 2020, the authors conclude that changes in the procedure for identifying temporary differences do not mean a change in their value and the value of net profit

Genel Kabul Görmüş Muhasebe İlkelerine Göre, ERTELENMİŞ VERGİLERİN FİNANSAL TABLOLARDA RAPORL ANMASI

This paper discusses the rules and practices for recording and classifying deferred taxes accounting under International Accounting Standards 12 (IAS 12) that is orientated towards accounting applications in Turkey. Deferred tax accounting is an alternative approach against taxes payable accounting due to its weaknesses. Deferred taxes accounting consists of two elements: income tax expense based on accounting income and actual income taxes payable calculated for the purposes of taxation. The amount by which income taxes expense differs from actual income taxes payable due to timing and temporary differences are accounted under deferred taxes accounting rules.

Analisis Penerapan Perencanaan Pajak (Tax Planning) dalam Upaya Penghematan Beban Pajak Penghasilan Badan pada PT DCM Tahun 2017

This research aimed to discover whether tax planning implementation carried out at PT DCM could save corporate income tax expense. Qualitative method used as writing method which is method that collect, compile obtained data for subsequently interpreted and analyzed to provide complete information for problems solver. This research result is expected to provide information and suggestion for PT DCM that company could conduct tax planning as tax payment efficiency effort to gain maximum profit, but remain within tax regulation. Summary of this research revealed that tax planning implementation carried out by PT DCM could efficient payable tax expense. And company could save amounted to Rp.387.265.500,- from previous total payable taxThis research aimed to discover whether tax planning implementation carried out at PT DCM could save corporate income tax expense. Qualitative method used as writing method which is method that collect, compile obtained data for subsequently interpreted and analyzed to provide complete information for problems solver. This research result is expected to provide information and suggestion for PT DCM that company could conduct tax planning as tax payment efficiency effort to gain maximum profit, but remain within tax regulation. Summary of this research revealed that tax planning implementation carried out by PT DCM could efficient payable tax expense. And company could save amounted to Rp.387.265.500,- from previous total payable tax.

The essence of temporary differences under the conditions of changes in RSA 18/02 and convergence with IAS 12 “Income taxes” and their impact on the financial statements

The article examines the latest changes in RSA 18/02 "Accounting for corporate income tax payments", adopted by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The new version of the Regulation comes into effect since January 01, 2020. As a result of the study, the authors revealed a convergence of Russian standards for determining temporary differences and deferred taxes, and at the same time indicated differences that still remained, and also assessed the existing differences. The authors considered it appropriate to systematize new principles for calculating deferred income taxes. For clarity, the definitions of current tax, net profit and other concepts, calculations of current tax and income tax expenses are presented in the form of formulas that can be easily compared with a previously existing methodology. The results of the study can be used when transforming financial statements, as well as in the construction of the consolidated financial statements generated in Russia in accordance with the requirements of IFRS, since the latest amendments in RSA 18/02 include the calculation of income tax for members of a consolidated group of taxpayers.

Fixed and Variable Tax Expense and the Cost of Equity Capital

We incorporate fixed and variable costs into a cash flow based CAPM to investigate how each type of cost affects the cost of equity capital. A decrease in fixed costs always reduces cost of capital. With positive fixed costs, a decrease in the variable cost rate reduces cost of capital despite also increasing covariance risk. We then model income tax expense as containing both a fixed component (like a tax credit) and a variable component (a tax rate). Unlike other costs, the fixed tax component may be negative. Any decrease in the fixed tax component always reduces cost of capital. The effect of a decrease in the tax rate depends on the sign of the fixed tax component. With a negative fixed tax component, such as a tax credit, a decrease in the tax rate increases cost of capital. Results of empirical tests are generally consistent with our predictions.

METHODS FOR DETERMINING TAX INCOME IN ACCORDANCE WITH NATIONAL LAW AND IAS 12 “INCOME TAXES”

Introduction. A profit is one of the most important indicators of the financial performance of business entities, as it is a source of financing the costs of their production and social development. The part of the income is withdrawn by the state as an income tax and a source of funding for public expenditure. The understanding of the correct methodology for determining tax profit in accordance with applicable national law and IAS 12 "Income Taxes" is being the most often interest of the accountants and practitioners. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate the methodology for determining tax income in accordance with the Tax Code of Ukraine and national accounting standards. The regulatory approach to research allows for the identification of differences in the regulation of this research object at the national level and in accordance with IAS 12 “Income Taxes”. Methods. To achieve this goal, common scientific methods, both at the empirical and theoretical levels of research were used. The methods of analysis to compare the methodology for determining tax income in accordance with the Tax Code of Ukraine and the corresponding national accounting standard were used. Modeling and abstraction techniques to address the various situations associated with the reflection of income tax by businesses of different ownership were used. Results. The article describes a new methodology for determining taxable income in accordance with the rules of national legislation and gives a critical analysis of new changes in the Tax Code of Ukraine. There are two options for finding a business entity on the general tax system; regular correspondence on accounting for income tax on ordinary activities have been clarified. For the first time the method of determining tax profit (loss) according to the Tax Code of Ukraine and national standards has been compared; the composition of information on the main components of income tax expense and information subject to separate disclosure under IAS 12 “Income Taxes” has been systematized. The snippet of the Income tax declaration on the decision not to apply tax differences is given. Discussion. To increase the level of objectivity and materiality of the information on tax profit presentation presented in the financial statements, it is necessary to search for trade-offs between accounting and tax concepts within a common ideology. The results have shown that tax changes are not always made public in the proper explanation and are being challenged by users (accountants) who have different interests. The consideration of the method for determining tax income allows us to argue that the international standards more broadly define the criteria for recognizing and reflecting in the financial statement current income tax.

Does the Financial Reporting for Income Tax Expense Affect Financial Reporting Quality? Evidence from the Timeliness of Goodwill Impairments

This study examines if financial reporting for income tax expense affects the timeliness of goodwill impairments. Goodwill impairments are an important signal of expected future cash flows, yet their timing is subject to managers’ discretion. U.S. GAAP requires firms to test all goodwill for impairment, whereas tax laws generally do not permit impairment deductions but require amortization for only some goodwill. Only when an impairment includes tax-amortizable goodwill will financial statement tax benefits partially offset the impairment’s negative effect on GAAP net income. Holding the size of pre-tax impaired goodwill constant and controlling for attributes of firms’ prior acquisitions, we predict and find that managers are more likely to delay impairments when the offsetting financial statement tax benefits are smaller. We estimate goodwill impairments are 15 to 20 percent more likely to be delayed when impairments generate reduced financial reporting tax benefits. Our findings suggest financial reporting for taxes potentially distorts the timeliness of goodwill impairments, informing the current debate on goodwill accounting.

PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS DAN BEBAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN KINI TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PENDANAAN DENGAN PERTUMBUHAN PERUSAHAAN SEBAGAI PEMEDIASI PADA PERUSAHAAN DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2012-2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of profitability, current income tax burden, company growth on funding decisions. Another goal is to test the growth of the company as a mediator in the relationship between profitability and funding decisions and the current income tax burden with funding decisions. The research data was obtained from the company's annual report from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) website. The sample used as many as 20 property companies listed on the Stock Exchange in 2012-2016. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. This study uses the method of multiple regression analysis and path analysis. Based on the results of the analysis it was concluded that profitability had a significant positive effect on the growth of the company. Income tax expense has a significant positive effect on company growth. The company's growth has a significant positive influence on funding decisions. Profitability does not affect funding decisions. The current income tax expense has no effect on funding decisions. Profitability through company growth variables has a significant effect on funding decisions. Current income tax expense through company growth variables has a significant effect on funding decisions.

The Effect of Voluntary Clawback Adoptions on Corporate Tax Policy

ABSTRACTCompanies are adopting executive compensation recoupment (“clawback”) policies to discourage aggressive financial reporting choices. Recent research suggests clawback policies encourage other means of meeting earnings expectations. We suggest that reducing income tax expense is a means of meeting earnings expectations. We find that effective tax rates are lower after clawback adoption due to increased investments in tax planning. We identify three tax planning activities that clawback companies invest in to lower effective tax rates: purchases of auditor-provided tax services, increased connections to other low-tax companies, and use of tax havens. We provide evidence that effective tax rate decreases do not result from use of opportunistic income tax accruals, and that decreases are stronger among companies that adopt robust clawback policies. Additional tests indicate lower tax outcome volatility and longer, more readable tax footnotes following clawback adoption. Our results suggest a positive spillover effect of clawback adoption on corporate tax policy.

Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility, Sales Growth, dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Tax Avoidance

Effective Tax Rate (ETR) is used in the measurement of tax avoidance which shows the income tax expense paid by the company from the total income before tax obtained by the company. The population used in this study were all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2014-2017 with a total of 159 companies. The method of determining the sample in this study is a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique. The number of samples in this study is 36 annual report observations from 9 manufacturing sector companies that have been listed on the Stock Exchange in 2014-2017. The technique analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that CSR has a negative effect on tax avoidance, sales growth has positive effect on tax avoidance, and profitability does not affect tax avoidance.Keywords: Tax avoidance, corporate social responsibility, sales growth, dan profitability

Thoughts on the Deduction of Individual Income Tax Expenses

As a kind of direct taxation, personal income tax is closely related to the vital interests of the people. Since January 1, 2019, China has carried out a new round of tax reform. The type of tax system has changed, from the original classified income tax system to the combination of classification and synthesis of mixed income tax system, the cost deduction standard has been improved, the tax rate has also been adjusted. Everything is moving in a direction that is more beneficial to taxpayers. Here, we discuss the deduction standard of tax and fee in the individual income tax reform, in order to improve the personal income tax system.

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN PENERAPAN METHOD NET BASIC DAN GROSS UP TERHADAP BEBAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN BADAN (Studi Kasus Pada PT.HI)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of the application of the Net Method method and the Gross-up Method in the calculation of Article 21 Income Tax and find out which method was the most efficient used to save how much the Corporate Income Tax Expense (PPh owed by the agency) PT. HI, in this case the data analyzed is in 2011, 2012 and 2013.Data collection methods used in this study are secondary data obtained through documentation and observation of data for three years, namely in 2011 to 2013.The analytical method used in this study is descriptive analysis with a qualitative approach, namely research using documents or slowness, with data sources obtained from primary and secondary data, primary data is data obtained directly from the company, namely a general description of the company, data calculation of Income Tax Article 21 companies and profit and loss financial report data in 2011, 2012 and 2013. While secondary data is data processed by companies that are used as material for researchers. The results of this study indicate that there are differences between the net basic method and gross up method in the calculation of Article 21 Income Tax where the higher income tax payable if using gross up method with the acquisition of the difference in 2011 amounting to Rp.15,236,870, -, in 2012 of Rp. .19,573,460, - and in 2013 amounting to Rp.21,116,470, - but in this case the most efficient method of calculating Income Tax Article 21 on the calculation of income tax is owed by the corporate body using the gross-up method because by using gross up PPh method Article 21 payable can be financed in fiscal financial statements (uncorrected), while the net basic method of Article 21 Income Tax payable is made a positive correction so that the corporate corporate income tax burden is greater than using gross up method, and the results of comparison of calculations performed, gross method up does produce efficiency against Corporate Income Tax where companies can save money n income tax in 2011 amounted to Rp. 25,993,196, - in 2012 Rp. 34,605,170, - and in 2013 as much as Rp. 37,654,003.

Analisis Faktor Determinan Kinerja Keuangan pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

This research is aimed to investigate determinant factors of firm performance especially listed companies at Indonesia Stock Exchange, using Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Market-to-Book Value Ratio (MBR) as dependent variables. Determinants tested are current assets, leverage, cash flow, sales growth, investment in fixed assets, company characteristics, and income tax expense, with liquidity as control.
 Panel data regression is applied using secondary data in this study, with sample of companies with complete and audited annual financial statements for 2012-2017 period which are listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange.
 The results revealed current assets have significant negative effect on firm performance, while cash flow from operating activities, sales growth, and income tax expense significantly influence firm performance in positive. However leverage, investing and financing cash flow insignificantly influence firm performance. Firm characteristic overall has insignificant effect towards ROA and MBR but significantly determine ROE.

INFLUENCE OF INCOME TAX PAYMENT AND DIVIDEND POLICY TO THE LEVERAGE POLICY IN MANUFACTURING COMPANY LISTED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE YEAR 2012-2016

This study aims to determine the effect of income tax expense and dividend policy on leverage policy at manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange 2012-2016, This study uses secondary data in the form of financial statements. The research population is listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange 2012-2016. The sampling method used is purposive sampling with the sample of research amounted to 32 companies so that the research observation amounted to 160. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The result of the research shows that: (1) income tax expense has significant effect on leverage policy, (2) dividend policy has no effect on leverage policy, and (3) income tax expense and dividend policy simultaneously have significant effect on leverage policy.