Cash Income Research Articles

Characteristics of the Basic Socio-Economic Factors of the Development of Small Towns in Russia

Currently, small towns in Russia are going through a difficult period due to changes in the economic situation, demographic trends and financial constraints. These factors have a significant impact on the lives of citizens and require in-depth study and analysis. The purpose of the study is to identify the general features of small forms of settlement as part of the regional socio-economic system for the further development of proposals for the formation of specific measures for the socio-economic development of small towns. The research was conducted on a sample of data from 82 regions of Russia for 2018–2022 according to 11 statistical hypotheses. The work used modern methods of statistical analysis, including testing the normality of distribution (ShapiroWilk statistics), equality of variances (Livigne criterion) and the method of statistical testing of hypotheses based on the Mann-Whitney test. Calculations were performed in the Python software environment using the NumPy and Pandas libraries for data preprocessing and SciPy and XlsxWriter for statistical analysis and export results. The following socio-economic indicators are considered: average per capita cash income of the population, gross regional product and investment in fixed capital per capita, average turnover of organizations and the share of the population with cash income below the subsistence level. It is shown that, within the framework of the existing administrative structure of regional governance, regions with different levels of urbanization have statistically significant differences in these indicators. At the same time, no such differences were found in relation to indicators such as expenditures and revenues of consolidated budgets per person, the total area of residential premises per inhabitant on average, the fertility rate, the population maturity index and the dynamics of population change over 10 years (2012-2022 inclusive).

Evaluasi Penerapan Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Pendapatan Kas Terhadap Pengendalian Intern pada Pemandian Air Panas Pariban

In information systems accounting income cash and internal control there needs to be a good procedure in a company that has been set. The gap between any duty unit-unit organization to separate functions, duty, and responsibilities of each employee as, parking lot, ticketing, café, restaoran, and lodging. Cash income is computerized so that the company can know the amount of income each month because it is able to present data on each income and expenditure transaction completely and accurately. The purpose of this study is to find penelitin how accounting of this information in at pariban hot springs . And to know that the implementation of the internal control have walked with the applicable regulation or not. Research sites as the object of this research is in pariban hot springs. Review at this research is cash income. Method collection method used is research filed literature and methods. And the method of analysis of data on research kualitatif this is the method. Based on the discussion this research result we can conclude that the system of cash revenues at pariban hot springs systematically has been running well. The event bagian-bagian selling transaction services have been able to coordinate well in completing the transaction.

Оценка территориальной дифференциации показателей уровня жизни в Российской Федерации

The results of statistical analysis and assessment of the standard of living of the population in the Russian Federation are presented in the context of territorial features, taking into account the influence of various factors using a complex of statistical methods. The main groups of living standard indicators presented in the data of the Federal State Statistics Service are considered. Due to the presence of territorial differentiation in the standard of living in the Russian Federation, clustering of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was carried out based on such characteristics of the standard of living as average per capita cash income, average consumer spending per capita, healthy life expectancy and unemployment rate in the regions. Assessments of the situation within each cluster are given in connection with their territorial location. To identify existing patterns in living standard indicators at a regional level, correlation and regression analysis was used. Regression models of budget indicators of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the main characteristics of the standard of living are considered. Statistically significant patterns have been identified between indicators of the budgets, the labor and housing spheres, as well as the well-being of the population. The correlation between various living standard indicators has been determined. A comparative assessment over time is given. The results obtained can be used to monitor living standard indicators in the regions, as well as in developing socio-economic policy measures.

Diallel analysis, maternal effect and heritability in groundnut for yield components and oil content

BackgroundGroundnut is one of the world's major food and oil crops. Being sources of nutrition and vegetable oil, rich in affordable and digestible protein, it is a strategic crop in Burkina Faso for food security, nutrition, and cash income. Understanding the nature of gene effect and genetic variation affecting yield and yield component traits will contribute to designing appropriate breeding methods for groundnut improvement and increase selection efficiency in Burkina Faso. MethodsIn 2018, a total of 30 F2 progenies were generated through a 6 x 6 full diallel mating using six different and contrasting varieties. In 2019, parents and progenies were evaluated in a lattice square design in 3 replications at ICRISAT-Mali experimental field to assess the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, the inheritance and the maternal and reciprocal effects for yield component traits (YCT) and oil content (OC). ResultsSignificant variabilities were observed among the parental genotypes and their F2 progenies for DTH, PSR, HPW, PL, PWD, SL, SWD, and OAC. Mean performance of the six parents were HPW (117.05g), HSW (57.24 g), PYH (1914.76), SYH (1312.73), PL (2.52), PWD (1,19), SL (1.38), SWD (0.83), OC (49.43), OAC (50.43) and LAC (33.61). Parent QH243C presented the highest value for SWD (1.02 cm) and OAC (60.76) while the parent ICGV09195 had the highest value of OC (50.36). Chalimbana presented the highest value of HPW (169.61 g), PL (2.98 cm), PWD (1. 41 cm), and SL (1.57 cm) while CG7 presented the highest value for HSW (75. 14 g), and SYH (1639.28 kg). Both YCT and OC are controlled by additive and non-additive gene effects with a predominance of additive gene action for HSW, SL, and SWD, whereas HPW, PL, PWD, and OAC were found to be more controlled by non-additive gene effects. Maternal effects as well as nuclear and cytoplasmic interaction effects were observed for both YCT and OC indicating that YCT and OC are influenced by a combination of genetic factors from both the maternal parent and the nuclear genome, as well as cytoplasmic factors such as mitochondrial DNA. Broad sense heritability ranged from 3.76 % to 91.56 %, and higher broad sense heritability values were recorded for pod length (91.56 %), hundred pod weight (83.71 %) and pod width (80.95 %). ConclusionThe study yields valuable insights into the inheritance of YCT and OC. The parents, Chalimbana and CG7, showed promise as good combiners for both yield component traits and oil content when used as male parents while TE3, Sh470P and QH243C can be used as female for the oil content and its components (oleic and linoleic content).

Contribution of Fuel Wood Income from Natural Forests to Household Economy in Delanta District, Northeastern Ethiopia

For Ethiopia’s rural homes, particularly those in the Delanta district, fuelwood is the primary energy source. This suggests that the impact of fuel wood from the forest to family energy use or income is significant. The goal of the current study was to estimate how much annual fuel wood harvested from forests contributes to household consumption and monetary income. 96% of the forest’s income comes from fuelwood. In the study area, it contributes 2,013,539 Birr, or 33%, of all family income. 703,014 ETB, or 23.8% of the total subsistence income, and 1,310,525 ETB, or 40.65% of the total cash income of the tested households, are both covered by fuelwood from the forest. Both socioeconomic and physical characteristics close to the users influenced how dependent a household was on fuelwood income from the forest. The data obtained from randomly selected households by survey method have been subjected to multiple regression analysis and obtained that households’ reliance on fuelwood income from the forest was significantly influenced by factors such as age, educational level, number of trees owned, distance to forest, distance to market, and nonforest income, all of which had a negative and significant impact. The only significant factor that significantly and positively influences reliance on fuelwood income from the forest is the number of family members. Therefore, preserving a natural forest through the use of alternative energy sources, such as electricity, or encouraging a plantation on one’s own property is a potential discipline for mandating climate change prevention.

The implication of standard units of weights and measures on small-holder farmers maize productivity and welfare in Ruvuma Region, Tanzania

The accurate measurement of agricultural productivity and its consequential effects on the welfare of farmers plays a pivotal role in economies heavily dependent on agriculture. This study delves into the repercussions of employing standard weights and measures on both productivity and welfare in the Ruvuma Region of Tanzania. Employing a cross-sectional design, primary data were collected from 557 households selected at random from six districts within Ruvuma region. Utilizing negative binomial and multiple regression models, the study scrutinizes the impact of standard weights and measures on maize productivity and farmer welfare. The findings elucidate a noteworthy correlation between the adoption of standard units and amplified maize productivity and cash income. Farmers utilizing standard measurements in maize transactions exhibited a 19.5% higher yield per acre and a 14.5% improvement in welfare compared to those adhering to traditional measuring methods. Influential factors such as sex, the quantity of maize produced, and land size significantly influenced the adoption of standard units. Recommending empowerment initiatives through government agencies and pertinent organizations, this study advocates for targeted training and sensitization to redirect small-holder farmers from traditional measuring practices. Such endeavours align with Sustainable Development Goal 2, contributing to the overarching aim of achieving zero hunger by 2030.

ИНДИКАТОРЫ СОСТОЯНИЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ И УРОВНЯ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА

In developed countries of the world, human capital is recognized as the main most valuable resource, which is the principal factor in the development of any territory. The life and health of people is the most important asset of any nation. The population of Russia has been steadily decreasing in recent decades due to natural and migration decline. In the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD), the demographic situation is especially acute: over the last three decades, the population has decreased by 22,3 %. The main reason is the rapid decline in the standard of living of the population. In turn, the demographic situation is significantly influenced by housing conditions, the level of food supply and the quality of nutrition. The population of the Far Eastern regions eats irrationally: people compensate for the energy and nutrients not received in protein foods and vegetable and melon products by excessive consumption of baked goods, pasta and cereals. This diet contributes to an increase in morbidity and a reduction in life expectancy. These problems are especially acute in regions with high poverty, low living standards and low social productivity. The most problematic in terms of the standard of living of the population are the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Trans-Baikal Region and the Republic of Buryatia: the median per capita cash income of residents of these regions allows them to buy no more than 4 minimum sets of food per month (in Russia as a whole – 5,7 sets), housing conditions are the worst in the Far Eastern Federal District. To improve the quality of food supply and living standards of the population in the regions, it was proposed to strengthen the social responsibility of the state and take comprehensive measures to increase real cash incomes; development of social entrepreneurship and social partnership; restoration and development of production in the regions of necessary products - milk, eggs, melons and vegetables. This will require significant investment in the rural economy of the Far Eastern regions to ensure growth in production volumes and development of human capital.

Implementation of Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small, and Medium Entities (SAK-EMKM) in Sekarsari Florist Surabaya City

This research investigates the challenges faced by small and medium enterprises in preparing financial reports based on SAK-EMKM. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, researchers conducted interviews and field observations of the owners of Sekarsari Florist. The research results show that the MSME Sekarsari Flower Shop in Surabaya City has not implemented SAK-EMKM because the owner of the Sekarsari Flower Shop does not know and understand the Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small and Medium Entities (SAK-EMKM). Apart from that, they also do not understand the benefits of implementing SAK-EMKM. Obstacles faced by Sekarsari Florist include the lack of socialization and owner knowledge regarding SAK-EMKM. The financial reports prepared by Sekarsari Florist so far are still prepared manually and simply, only in the form of recording cash income from sales and cash disbursements to determine profits and losses in a certain period.

The Role of Root and Tuber Crops on Food Diversification Facing the Climate Change in East Java Indonesia

Root and tuber crops consisting of cassava, sweet potato, potato, taro and others root and tubers have the important roles as the source of food, nutrition and cash income for many farmers in Indonesia. These crops also as a source of carbohydrates beside rice, corn, cereals, wheat etc. Root and tuber crops are the second most important group of crop plants after the cereals. The government of Indonesia accelerate food diversification based on local food resources, especially facing the climate change. The objective of this study was to estimate the role of root and tuber crops on food diversification and to estimate the household root and tuber crops demand in East Java Indonesia. The research used SUSENAS (Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey) 2020 data with 31.990 household respondents in East Java Indonesia. Demand for food was estimated by AIDS (Almost Ideal Demand System) model. The results show that the average consumption for root and tuber crops was 0,69 kg/household/week (11,23% from carbohydrates foods), whereas rice consumption amount 4,86 kg/household/week (79,68 %), maize amount 0,25 kg/household/week (4,13%) and cereals amount 0,3 kg/household/week (4,96%). The expenditure elasticity of root and tuber crops was 1,36, while the expenditure elasticity of rice amount 0,78 (normal food), maize (1,41) and cereals (1,27). The expenditure elasticity more than 1 means that root and tuber crops as a superior food, also for maize and cereals. People no longer considers that root and tuber crops to be an inferior food. The root and tuber crops consumptions have the highest proportion after rice. It can be mean that root and tuber crops have the important role on food diversification in East Java Indonesia. Facing the climate change, root and tuber crops development be a right decision, moreover, root and tuber crops can be planted on dry land which is still widely available in Indonesia.

SOCIAL ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN

In the modern world, the development of the economy of any country is closely linked to the sustainable development of regions. Social processes play a crucial role in the sustainable development of a region. Much attention is paid to these processes in scientific works on economics, politics, sociology and interdisciplinary studies. We have touched upon the economic aspects of social development of regions. When writing the article such methods of scientific cognition as system approach, comparative and statistical analysis were used. The data on average monthly wages were used. Taking into account the presence of other sources of income, we also analysed the data on nominal cash incomes of the population by regions. In the analysis we used average per capita indicators to adjust for differences in the population size of the regions. The comparison was carried out using the unevenness index. The calculations revealed that the unevenness of both indicators is growing, which does not correspond to the current trends of sustainable development. The importance of the problem of sustainable development of regions in terms of social development is obvious, so we believe that the results of the research conducted in this article can be used for further scientific developments. Keywords: social development, sustainable growth, unevenness, regions, Kazakhstan, economy, wages, income, population, standard deviation.

Contribution of NTFPs towards Tribal Income and Employment Generation- A Study in Eastern Himalayan Region

"NTFPs are considered as important source for food, energy, and other aspects of rural livelihood. Around 50 million people in India depend upon NTFPs for their subsistence and cash income. The proposed study was conducted in the Eastern Himalayan states of Meghalaya and Nagaland where two districts from each state were selected purposively i.e., East Khasi Hill and Ri-bhoi districts from Meghalaya and Mokokchung and Peren districts from Nagaland. A total of 250 respondents from twenty villages of 4 Rural Development blocks were selected proportionately based on the availability of number of households. Agriculture income dominated the share in the household income in both the states followed by income from NTFP. However, the major share of cash income among the households was from NTFP in the Eastern Himalayan Region. In case of non-cash income, agriculture contributed the highest followed by NTFP income. The contribution of NTFP to household income was largely from plant-based NTFPs followed by animal-based NTFP. Overall, of the total average of 280 employed days, agricultural activities constituted 44% followed by days involved in NTFP collection (26%). Female attributed more to the collection of plant-based NTFPs followed by fuel wood, while the male spent more time in the collection of animal-based NTFP followed by plant-based NTFPs. Independent factors like adult literacy, income from wage employment, and employment generated from NTFPs significantly influenced the income from NTFPs. Dependency ratio and employment from NTFPs were found significant and positively related to income from NTFPs suggesting that as the number of dependents increased in the households, they favoured going for NTFPs collection. For every one percent increase in dependency, income from NTFPs increased by ` 164.87, and for every one-man-day increase in employment from NTFPs, the NTFPs income increased by ` 368.7"

Economic Empowerment of Tribal Women through Non-Timber Forest Products

"The present paper attempts to explore and analyze the purpose of women collecting Non-Timber Forest Products based on the socioeconomic status of the women and their households. The study finds that 59.14% of women respondents were engaged in collecting NTFPs. The study employed Binary Logistic Regression for data analysis. The logistic regression analysis shows that the respondent’s main occupation, total household income excluding income from NTFPS, respondent’s age, respondent’s educational level, household size and distance to market significantly influences the dependence of women in NTFPs to earn cash income. The study found the distance to the market an important deciding factor for women to earn cash income from NTFPs. Women staying nearer to the market were more likely to earn cash income from NTFPs than those who live far from the market. Therefore the study suggests the need for government and non-government institutions (NGOs) intervention to initiate training and capacity building for the tribal women at the village level to bring more women to the market."

A Survey of Universal Basic Income Experiments

Abstract Interest in universal basic income has risen recently as an alternative to existing exchequer-sourced social security methods, such as conditional cash transfers. This article presents a survey of multiple experiments investigating the impact of basic income cash transfers on recipients while presenting a meta-analysis of the results across nine categories. Many findings indicate successful outcomes across financial security, health, and educational dimensions. Children were amongst the strongest beneficiaries of the trials and observed a 4.5 % reduction in obesity, a 19.5 % increase in their normal weight-for-age, a 30 % increase in female secondary school attendance, and an increase in the educational attainment of one year in response to the cash transfers.

Yak Herding as the Main Source of Livelihood: Examining Challenges and Opportunities of Highlanders in Bhutan

Yak farming is the mainstays of nomadic herders’ economy in Bhutan. However, it has declined over the years despite diverse government interventions. Rapid socio-economic development and access to economic opportunities further hindered yak farming culture rather than helping to maintain highlanders’ livelihood. The study was carried out in four gewogs, Chhoekhor, Sephu, Merak and Sakteng, that depends on yaks for their living. Questionnaire based semi-structured interview was conducted to identify the main challenges and opportunities of yak herding within the different regions and examined the cost-benefit of herding yaks within the premises of nomadic herder’s livelihood sustenance. The study revealed that yak farming generates sufficient income to support the herders’ livelihood even though the profit margin was minimal. Around 90% of herders earned cash income from yaks. Dry cheese was the main revenue generator of Chhoekhor and Sephu, while fermented cheese earnt the highest income in Merak and Sephu. Yaks not only serve as the primary source of livelihood but also acts as a catalyst to generate additional income by gaining access to natural resources such as Cordyceps and herbal medicines. However, increased wildlife depredation on yaks and inadequate pastureland coupled with poor modern amenities threatened yak farming. The findings showed a declining trend in total yak population and number of yak-owning households particularly in Chhoekhor and Sephu compared to Merak and Sakteng. The future of yak farming in Bhutan is uncertain, but there is potential to address the challenges and ensure its continued importance to Bhutanese highlanders.

The Development Strategy of Quail Farming Business in Pesantren Manajer Tholabie, Indonesia

Pesantren Manajer Tholabie is Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia that has business units in the field of animal husbandry, the business of quail farming. The quail farming business in boarding school is expected to has a good economic impact and social impact on students and boarding school management. The purpose of this study was to formulate a development strategy for quail farming in boarding school starting in 2022. The method used was descriptive quantitative using SWOT analysis as data analysis. The results of this study show that the quail farming business has a significant impact on the boarding school, such as increasing cash income, providing education and additional skills for students, and adding community and stakeholder relations for the boarding school. The right strategy to develop the quail farming business is a collaboration of SWOT (Strengths-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats) strategies, which is using strengths and taking advantage of opportunities to minimize threats and improve weaknesses.

On the question of the limit of Russian economy growth

Subject. The article addresses lending to the economy, gold and foreign exchange reserves, savings, and the securities market. Objectives. The purpose is to identify factors that have the greatest impact on the financial stability of the Russian economy in the context of international sanctions. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis. Results. The most important parameter influencing the stability of the Russian economy is the ratio of real cash income (on average per capita) to the price of gold. Conclusions. The findings can be used in the process of introducing the digital ruble.

Peran Unit Billing And Payment Collection Dalam Melakukan Penagihan Piutang Indihome

Billing and Payment Collection plays an important role at PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia. This unit is tasked with collecting and handling receivables collection and cash receipts from Indihome customers. The unit's role is to communicate with customers to remind them of their obligations in paying bills for the current month and arrears that are due. This research uses qualitative methods with primary data types. The research results show that the role of the unit greatly influences Telkom's cash income. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. However, there are problems faced by both customers and companies, such as network damage, errors in inputting customer data and so on. Therefore, Billing and Payment Collection should provide the right information to customers and must adjust the incoming information in accordance with applicable policies at Telkom so that there are no misunderstandings between marketing and billing, and reduce the level of customer complaints.

Is Climate Change Posing a Challenge to Food Security? Empirical Evidence from a Small Island Developing Country

Food security remains one of the main goals for all countries worldwide. While several agencies have mobilized resources to achieve this goal, food insecurity remains a significant livelihood challenge in many developing countries. Therefore, in this paper, we examine some critical factors affecting the food security of rural agricultural households in Fiji using the latest Agricultural Census data. This study reveals that farmers’ access to fishing grounds and non-timber forest resources can improve farming households’ food security. The study also shows that while the government vigorously pursues a transition from subsistence agriculture towards commercial agriculture, improving market access and reducing transportation costs will significantly improve food security. Given the importance of regular cash income, the study also demonstrates that off-farm employment of household members, particularly larger-sized households, will substantially help to improve food security. Lastly, and most importantly, the government must quickly examine how it could mitigate challenges posed by climate change, as this could devastate food security via reduced food production.

The utilization and contribution of timber and non-timber forest products to livelihoods under a changing climate in the Limpopo River Basin

Forest products contribute immensely to rural livelihoods and household income. However, their contribution to climate change adaptation in semi-arid areas, and the limited ecosystem management capacities of rural communities are poorly examined. We examined the influence and challenges of cash income derived from forest products on livelihoods and climate change adaptation using data from 130 household surveys, 20 participatory mapping exercises, several in-depth interviews, and field observations in the Limpopo Basin of Botswana. Households derived livelihoods and/or income from Mopane caterpillars, firewood, timber, palm plants, wild fruits, thatch, medicinal plants, natural dyes, natural pastures, and game meat. Mopane caterpillars, firewood, and other forest products featured in the top ten sources of household income and contributed weighted monthly income of BWP 1,647.27 ± 1,519.04, BWP 1,110.02 ± 1,980.05, and BWP 780.56 ± 1,360.32, respectively (US$1 ≈ BWP13.4). A higher proportion of households (62.3%) were in the low-income category, earning income below BWP5,000/month. Income derived from Mopane caterpillars and firewood made a significant difference between low-income and high-income households (p = 0.006). Generally, higher proportions of high-income households adopted climate change adaptation measures than proportions in the low-income category, indicating the influence of cash income on household adaptations. However, significant differences were only observed in cropland expansion, purchasing of supplementary livestock feed, drilling boreholes/wells, and use of drip irrigation (p < 0.05). We discuss the potential threats, such as the unsustainable harvesting of forest products, caused by an increasing need for cash incomes and the interconnectedness with distant urban markets. Such threats add to the institutional and biophysical challenges, further limiting prospects for effective adaptation in the Limpopo Basin of Botswana. We call on the government to capacitate and strengthen traditional authorities—as custodians of local resources—in the regulation, management, and conservation of forest products to make them more sustainable adaptation options.

A Business Case for Climate Neutrality in Pasture-Based Dairy Production Systems in Ireland: Evidence from Farm Zero C

Agriculture in Ireland is responsible for producing and exporting healthy, nutritional food pivotal for meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as global food security, economic development and sustainable communities. However, the agricultural sector, dominated by a large bovine population, faces the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to reach climate neutrality by 2050. The objective of the current study was to model the environmental and economic impact of simultaneously applying farm-level climate change mitigation strategies for a conventional grass-based dairy farm in Ireland. An average farm of 52 ha with a spring-calving herd of 93 was used as a reference scenario to create a business case. Partial budgeting was used to calculate the annual net benefit. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to model the reduction in GHG emissions, which was expressed as kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilogram of fat- and protein-corrected milk (kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM). The baseline for average emissions was 0.960 kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM. An average farm would reduce its annual emissions by 12% to 0.847 kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM in Scenario 1, where climate change mitigation strategies were applied on a minimal scale. For Scenario 2, the emissions are reduced by 36% to 0.614 kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM. In terms of annual savings on cash income, an increase of EUR 6634 and EUR 18,045 in net savings for the farm are realised in Scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. The business case provides evidence that farms can move towards climate neutrality while still remaining economically sustainable.