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8714 Articles

Published in last 50 years

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  • Regional Income Disparities
  • Regional Income Disparities
  • Urban-rural Income
  • Urban-rural Income
  • Income Differences
  • Income Differences

Articles published on Income Gap

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Can you have both fish and bear’s paw? The impact of national innovative city pilot policy on the urban–rural income gap

In advancing China’s high‑quality development, the National Innovative City Pilot Policy has exerted a profound influence on the urban–rural income gap. Based on panel data from 280 prefecture‑level and above cities in China for 2006–2018, this study employs a multi‑period difference‑in‑differences (DID) framework to assess the policy’s impact on urban–rural income gap and its heterogeneous effects, and further investigates the underlying mechanisms through industrial‑structure optimization. The findings indicate that (1) the Pilot Policy significantly widens the urban–rural income gap at the prefecture level and above; (2) It intensifies this disparity via two channels—facilitating industrial upgrading while impeding structural rationalization—with partial mediation contributions of 31.71% and 35.13% of the total effect, respectively. This study concludes with policy recommendations for designing a scientifically grounded innovation system, narrowing income gap, and promoting coordinated urban–rural development.

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  • Journal IconFrontiers in Political Science
  • Publication Date IconJul 16, 2025
  • Author Icon Jiaqing Zhang + 2
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DESIGUALDADES NO ACESSO INTEGRAL A SAÚDE EM PACIENTES COM ATROFIA MUSCULAR ESPINHAL E O PAPEL DAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS

Introduction: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a rare, progressive, and costly genetic disease that poses severe challenges to the Brazilian healthcare system. Caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, SMA affects motor neurons and requires early diagnosis and highly complex therapies to ensure better clinical outcomes. Objective: This study aims to identify the main inequalities in access to diagnosis, treatment, and comprehensive care for patients with SMA in Brazil, analyzing the advances and challenges of public policies in this context. Method: This is a narrative literature review conducted between April and July 2025. The search was conducted in scientific databases such as Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), as well as official documents published by the Ministry of Health (MS), National Commission for the Incorporation of Technologies into the Unified Health System (CONITEC), and other relevant public bodies. Results: Profound regional, economic, and sociocultural disparities in access to care are noted, particularly the high cost of treatments, the scarcity of specialized centers outside the Southeast region, the limited number of trained professionals, logistical barriers, and the low reach of neonatal screening. These factors contribute to unequal access to treatment, especially for the most vulnerable populations. Although regulatory frameworks such as the National Policy for Care for People with Rare Diseases and the expansion of the heel prick test (Law No. 14,154/2021) represent progress, their implementation is fragmented and compromised by underfunding, judicialization, and failures in intersectoral coordination. Conclusion: To guarantee the right to health for this population, it is necessary to consolidate strategies that promote equity, such as strengthening primary care, expanding the rehabilitation network, continuing professional training, including caregiver support programs, and the territorial expansion of specialized services. The implementation of these actions requires not only regulatory guidelines, but also political commitment, sustainable resources, and active social participation.

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  • Journal IconARACÊ
  • Publication Date IconJul 15, 2025
  • Author Icon Sabrina Aparecida Prado Lucas + 4
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Strategic Choices in Growth and Distribution: Shared Development

Economic growth and fair distribution are two major goals pursued in economic development. Through a comparative analysis of economies such as those in Europe and the United States, it is found that: Economic growth does not have to be conditional on the expansion of income gap; growth will not automatically lead to fair distribution; efficiency and fairness can occur simultaneously; the transformation of the economic development mode can be achieved through income distribution. A shared development model that takes into account both growth and fairness is the choice to achieve sustained and stable economic growth. It is necessary to deepen the reform of the income distribution system, improve social security and other measures to promote the development achievements to benefit the majority of workers more, and achieve both efficiency and fairness at the same time.

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  • Journal IconProceedings of Business and Economic Studies
  • Publication Date IconJul 15, 2025
  • Author Icon Changjian Xu + 1
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Obstacles When Creating Peace in Non-western and Western Countries

In an era marked by escalating geopolitical tensions, entrenched inequalities, and resurgent militarism, the pursuit of lasting peace remains an elusive yet urgent imperative. This article examines the multifaceted obstacles hindering peacebuilding efforts across Western and non-Western societies, revealing both universal and region-specific challenges. From political instability and economic disparity to ethnic divisions and external interference, systemic barriers perpetuate cycles of conflict. The analysis highlights how corruption, resource exploitation, and weak institutions undermine stability in post-colonial states, while Western nations grapple with polarization, systemic racism, and the corrosive influence of the military-industrial complex. Amid these challenges, the weaponization of misinformation and the proliferation of arms further entrench violence. Yet, the article also identifies pathways forward: inclusive governance, economic justice, and strengthened international cooperation emerge as vital mechanisms for dismantling structural inequities and fostering resilience. By addressing root causes rather than symptoms, policymakers can shift from reactive militarization to sustainable peace—a vision demanding not only institutional reform but a fundamental reimagining of global solidarity. The stakes could not be higher; in a world teetering between division and cohesion, the choice is between perpetuating cycles of violence or forging a future anchored in collective dignity and shared security.

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  • Journal IconAdvances in Social Sciences Research Journal
  • Publication Date IconJul 14, 2025
  • Author Icon Carl Hermann Dino Steinmetz
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You Can’t Force Me Into Caregiving: Paternity Leave and the Child Penalty

Abstract Children cause large reductions in earnings for mothers but not fathers, a stylised fact known as the “child penalty” that explains a substantial portion of remaining gender income gaps. We evaluate the impact of paternity leave, a policy intended to increase fathers’ time with their young children and potentially decrease the child penalty by making caregiving more equitable. Despite fathers overwhelmingly taking up this leave, we detect no impacts on child penalties. We additionally find no impact of paternity leave on the amount of leave fathers take for subsequent children, a good proxy for gender norms within couples. Using detailed data on how mothers and fathers take leave, we highlight one possible explanation: fathers approach parental leave very differently than mothers. Fathers are much more likely to take their paternity leave during summer holidays, when their children are already in formal care, and take more part-time leave than mothers. This tendency is stronger among fathers induced to take more leave by paternity leave quotas than fathers in general, suggesting that quota-induced leave may not lead fathers to act as primary caregivers. Consequently, we show descriptive evidence that child penalties are almost 10 percentage points smaller in families where fathers voluntarily take leave than in families where fathers are induced to take leave by paternity leave quotas.

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  • Journal IconThe Economic Journal
  • Publication Date IconJul 12, 2025
  • Author Icon Martin Eckhoff Andresen + 1
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The Trees that Divide us: How Visual Language Presents the Theme of Economic Disparity in "Trees"

Objectives: This paper examines how Trees by Warren Ellis (2016) and Jason Howard (2016) explores economic disparity through literary and visual elements. By analyzing the comic’s artistic techniques, the study demonstrates how the medium conveys complex social themes. Theoretical Framework: Grounded in comic book theory and socio-economic perspectives on post-apocalyptic narratives, this study applies visual semiotics and narrative analysis to examine how the comic presents thematic depth. Method: A close reading approach is employed, focusing on paneling, framing, and the use of color. The study explores how Ellis and Howard utilize these techniques to reinforce economic disparity within Trees. Results and Discussion: Findings suggest that Trees, through panel composition, framing, and color schemes, the effectively highlights wealth and power disparities. These visual elements enhance the narrative’s depiction of long-term societal struggles. Research Implications: This study contributes to research on comics as social critique, emphasizing the role of visual storytelling in reinforcing literary themes and engaging with socio-political issues. Originality/Value: By analyzing Trees through both literary and artistic lenses, this paper underscores the comic book medium’s value in exploring economic disparity. It highlights how the interplay of text and visuals creates a compelling medium for social commentary.

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  • Journal IconRevista de Gestão Social e Ambiental
  • Publication Date IconJul 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Javier Antonio G Laurel
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THE EFFECT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, INFLATION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON INEQUALITY IN INDONESIA

This study investigates the effects of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on income inequality in Indonesia from 2010 to 2024, using the Gini ratio as a measure and employing multiple linear regression analysis on secondary data from the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics and Bank Indonesia. The findings reveal that GDP has a negative and statistically significant effect on inequality (p = 0.0424), suggesting that economic growth tends to narrow income disparities, whereas inflation exerts a positive and significant influence (p = 0.0326), indicating that higher inflation exacerbates unequal income distribution. Conversely, FDI was found to have no statistically significant impact (p = 0.3910). Together, these variables explain approximately 41% of the variation in inequality, highlighting the importance of pursuing inclusive growth strategies, effective inflation management, and enhancing the impact of foreign investment on income distribution. The policy implications underscore the need for government efforts to promote inclusive development, maintain price stability, and redesign FDI policies to contribute more directly to job creation and strengthening productive sectors

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  • Journal IconJIM UPB (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Universitas Putera Batam)
  • Publication Date IconJul 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Syamsinah Sirait + 3
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Exploring Digital Economy, Industrial Structure Upgrading, and Regional Green Development in the Five Provinces of Northwest China

This paper takes the five northwestern provinces of China as research objects to explore the intrinsic mechanisms of the digital economy, industrial structure upgrading, and regional green development through empirical analysis. This study reveals that the digital economy plays an indispensable role in the green and high-quality development of the five northwestern provinces. (1) This study investigates the influence of the digital economy on green high-quality development in China’s five northwestern provinces, focusing on the mediating effect of industrial structure upgrading. Using panel data and multiple regression analysis, it demonstrates that the digital economy significantly promotes green development, even when controlling for infrastructure, human capital, and openness. (2) Industrial structure upgrading serves as a critical mediator, transmitting part of this positive effect. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the digital economy’s impact is more pronounced in high-GDP regions, while low-GDP regions remain dependent on conventional drivers like infrastructure. Additionally, human capital and tax burdens exhibit positive effects on green development, whereas R&D intensity has a negligible short-term influence. (3) These findings highlight the importance of region-specific policies integrating digital infrastructure, industrial upgrading, and human capital investment to foster sustainable regional development. This study provides a theoretical basis for deepening digital economic development and promoting green industrial upgrading in northwest China. It suggests that policymakers should account for regional economic disparities and coordinate the deployment of digital infrastructure, industrial transformation, and human capital investment to achieve long-term, coordinated green and high-quality development in the region.

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  • Journal IconSustainability
  • Publication Date IconJul 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Keyue Chen + 3
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Equity of maternal and child health services in Afghanistan: a spatiotemporal analysis of national survey datasets.

Afghanistan's healthcare system faces geopolitical instability and inequities in maternal and child health (MCH) services, particularly associated with a temporary collapse in funding in 2021. We analysed coverage levels and spatiotemporal trends in sociodemographic inequalities in the country using data from the 2010/2011 and 2022/2023 Afghan Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The study's primary outcome was an adapted Composite Coverage Index (CCI) that combined seven essential MCH interventions with corresponding inequality measures, evaluated using Slope Indices of Inequality. These interventions included antenatal care, skilled birth attendance (SBA), Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG), diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, and measles vaccination and treatment for suspected pneumonia and diarrhoea. Inequalities were analysed across wealth, education and urban/rural status at both national and provincial levels. The analysis revealed persistent socioeconomic inequalities across all strata, with the most significant economic disparities observed in SBA and the largest educational disparities in vaccine coverage in 2022/2023. Nationally, the CCI increased by 4.2% from 42.1% (95% CI 40.3% to 44%) in 2010/2011 to 46.2% (95% CI 44.6% to 47.9%) in 2022/2023. Despite a slight increase between the two studies, severe regional disparities are masked, particularly in the eastern and southern regions, where coverage across multiple interventions significantly declined. The provinces of Nooristan and Urozgan significantly lost coverage, while Daykundi and Nimroz recorded increases in coverage and equity. The findings underscore the persistence of substantial inequalities in Afghanistan, with severe consequences for already vulnerable populations facing multiple hardships. The findings highlight ways in which geopolitical instability affects healthcare equity. Increasing disparities threaten to exacerbate existing challenges in accessing essential healthcare services, particularly for those of lower socioeconomic status. Urgent, targeted interventions are necessary to address these inequities, the impacts associated with funding cuts and gender marginalisation, and to mitigate their detrimental impact on Afghan women and children.

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  • Journal IconBMJ global health
  • Publication Date IconJul 10, 2025
  • Author Icon Tim Groteclaes + 5
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Racialized Economic Segregation and Disparities in the Risk of Stillbirth.

While there is growing evidence of the negative impact of neighborhood segregation on maternal and infant health, the evidence for stillbirth is limited. A retrospective cohort study of live births and stillbirths for 2007-2020 was conducted in greater Houston, TX, to examine the associations of racialized economic segregation, assessed using the Index of Concentrations at the Extremes (ICE), with stillbirth. Here, ICE contrasted census tract-level racial and economic privilege with disadvantage (i.e., high-income non-Hispanic White persons vs. low-income Persons of Color). Additionally, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods were applied to examine the degree to which segregation and maternal risk factors explained observed racial disparities in stillbirth. The prevalence of stillbirth was highest among non-Hispanic Black mothers (9.1/1000) compared with Hispanic mothers (4.7/1000), non-Hispanic White mothers (3.8/1000), and mothers whose race or ethnicity was unknown or classified as other (3.7/1000). In models adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking during pregnancy, and education, odds of stillbirth were reduced for non-Hispanic White mothers living in the most privileged neighborhoods (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.60, 1.12 for ICE tertile 3 vs. ICE tertile 1). In contrast, residing in more privileged neighborhoods did not confer the same benefit for mothers of other racial and ethnic groups. Based on the decomposition analysis, maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, and ICE explained 21.2% of the disparity in stillbirth between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White mothers; of which, having a high school education or less (12.3%), living in the most privileged neighborhoods (9.7%), and being obese (7.2%) contributed the most. Neighborhood privilege appears to confer benefits for White mothers but not for non-White mothers, potentially due to experiences of racial discrimination that offset economic advantages. While racialized economic segregation contributed modestly to Black-White disparities in stillbirth, much of the disparity remains unexplained by the factors examined. Future research should explore additional individual- and neighborhood-level contributors to these disparities while addressing inequities to reduce stillbirth risks across all populations.

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  • Journal IconJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities
  • Publication Date IconJul 9, 2025
  • Author Icon Amal Rammah + 6
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Socioeconomic and racial-ethnic disparities in flame retardant exposure and executive function skills in preschool children

BackgroundPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are commonly used as flame retardants. Limited research exists on socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in exposure to these compounds and their impact on executive functioning (EF) in early childhood. The present study examined independent and joint effects of income and race/ethnicity on flame retardant exposure in early childhood and investigated associations between flame retardant exposure and children’s EF.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data from 349 preschool children recruited in Oregon. Children wore silicone wristband samplers for seven days, with exposures to 41 flame retardant compounds analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. We focused on exposure to 6 compounds (BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE100, TCPP, TDCPP, TPP) and two composite indices (ΣPBDE, ΣOPE). Wilcoxon rank-sum tests examined exposure differences by race/ethnicity and income (low income = below federal poverty level). Multiple linear regression models, nested within classrooms, assessed the association between PBDE and OPE exposure and EF, measured by the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders-Revised (HTKS-R) and Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) tasks.ResultsChildren were 5.1 years old (SD = 0.3), 29.9% were from underserved racial/ethnic backgrounds, and 27.8% of families were low income. Compared with higher income families, children from low income families were exposed to 83.4% greater ΣPBDE exposures and 36% greater TDCPP exposures. There was no evidence of racial/ethnic disparities in PBDE or OPE exposures. Controlling for age, sex, income, race/ethnicity, and disability or cognitive delay, neither PBDE nor OPE exposures were consistently related to EF, but children from lower income families scored 28.6% lower on the HTKS-R, and children from underserved races/ethnicities scored 25.9% lower on the HTKS-R.ConclusionsOur findings highlight persistent income disparities in PBDE exposures at a pivotal point in children’s development, and reveal similar disparities in TDCPP exposures. Furthermore, socioeconomic disadvantage was more strongly associated with reduced EF than either PBDE or OPFR exposures. These findings underscore the need to address structural social inequities, and also highlight the need for greater representation of children from underserved backgrounds in research that seeks to characterize chemical and social exposures within neighborhood and preschool environments.

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  • Journal IconEnvironmental Health
  • Publication Date IconJul 8, 2025
  • Author Icon Alexis Merculief + 6
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Neurocysticercosis in Ecuador: Spatial clustering, social determinants, and epidemiological trends (2017-2023).

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in Ecuador. This study analyzes spatial clustering of municipalities with high and low incidence rates (hot and cold spots) and its association with social determinants of health (SDH). This ecological study used national anonymized hospitalization records (2017-2023) and outpatient registries (2021), as well as municipality-level SDH data. Data were aggregated at the municipality level. Spatial clustering was assessed using Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). SDH were compared between hot and cold spots using parametric and non-parametric tests. Between 2017 and 2023, 735 NCC cases were recorded. Annual incidence decreased from 1.01 to 0.44 per 100,000 inhabitants-year between 2017 and 2023. There was no difference in NCC incidence rates between males and females. Spatial analysis revealed clustering of municipalities with high NCC incidence rates in southern Ecuador (Moran's Index = 0.46, p < 0.001). In comparison with cold spots, hot spots exhibited higher income inequality (Gini index: 0.48 vs. 0.46; p < 0.001), higher density of Creole pigs (6,672.84 vs. 724.73 per 100,000 inhabitants; p = 0.010), but lower population density (28.00 vs. 117.20 inhabitants/km²; p < 0.001), rainfall (1,183.90 vs. 2,126.93 mm³/m²; p < 0.001), and temperature (18.47°C vs. 23.98°C; p < 0.001). Paradoxically, hot spots had higher sewerage coverage (77.00% vs. 50.70%; p = 0.010) and physician density (220.95 vs. 138.69 per 100,000; p = 0.010). NCC hot spots were identified in southern Ecuador, which included rural, arid and cooler municipalities reliant on traditional pig-rearing and where income distribution was more unequal. Despite available sanitary infrastructure and healthcare access, structural inequalities seem to undermine NCC control efforts in endemic regions. To disrupt NCC persistence, government strategies must prioritize systemic reforms addressing income gaps alongside targeted public health interventions.

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  • Journal IconPLoS neglected tropical diseases
  • Publication Date IconJul 8, 2025
  • Author Icon Andrés Fernando Vinueza-Veloz + 6
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Urban Imbalance in China Driven by Land‐Based Financing: Challenges for Sustainable Resource Management

ABSTRACTChina's rapid urbanization process has been characterized by a pronounced mismatch between land urbanization and population urbanization. This paper provides a new perspective on the root causes of this divergence, identifying local government reliance on land‐based financing as a pivotal factor. A theoretical framework is constructed to explore both the direct pathways and indirect mechanisms through which land financing contributes to this urbanization disequilibrium. Based on panel data from 31 provincial‐level regions across China from 2000 to 2017, the study empirically validates the framework using a mediating effect model. The findings indicate that land financing directly promotes the physical expansion of urban areas, resulting in spatial growth that outpaces demographic changes. Indirectly, land financing alters internal migration patterns through three main channels: the land expansion channel, the population attraction channel, and the population displacement channel. These channels are further influenced by variables such as urban service provision, urban–rural income disparities, and escalating urban housing costs. Furthermore, the paper differentiates the consequences of two land financing approaches: land conveyance financing (LCF) and land debt financing (LDF). Results show that while LCF plays a strong role in driving urban growth, it exacerbates income inequality; in contrast, LDF increases housing prices, hampers service efficiency, and exhibits a delayed effect on the imbalance in urbanization. This study underlines the systemic risks linked to excessive dependence on land‐centered financing and emphasizes the urgency of reforming China's urban development model. Encouraging more sustainable land financing mechanisms is essential for achieving coordinated urbanization, reducing inequality, and safeguarding long‐term environmental and resource security.

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  • Journal IconLand Degradation &amp; Development
  • Publication Date IconJul 7, 2025
  • Author Icon Miaoyu Yuan + 1
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Driving Bargaining Power Through Landlocked to Land‐Linked Economy: The Case of Kazakhstan and Belt and Road Initiative

ABSTRACTRegional economic disparities and unbalanced economic growth have led to a lack of essential capabilities and cohesion among individual economies. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) serves as a driver for host countries' leadership to align their national development programs with the Chinese initiative. This paper applies the China‐Kazakhstan context, which is particularly interesting to explore due to Kazakhstan's central position as the main hub of the BRI economic corridors. Building on the theoretical perspectives of legitimacy and bargaining power, the research shows how geopolitics influence the bargaining power of China and the host country at the country, firm, and SEZ levels, creating spillover effects for third countries involved. The BRI has become an important enabler for government and institutional initiatives, such as the supranational cross‐border development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), inter‐organizational cooperative projects, and others, improving Kazakhstan's relative position in the region, attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), and transforming the country into a strong regional player. Based on a cross‐level analysis of the BRI and Kazakhstan's economic growth, the research develops a conceptual framework supported by a set of propositions. The study proposes that Chinese investments have had a considerable impact on Kazakhstan's development, even though there are some challenges, particularly those linked to the negative public perception of the BRI.

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  • Journal IconGrowth and Change
  • Publication Date IconJul 7, 2025
  • Author Icon Andrei Panibratov + 3
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The Impacts of Economic Transition on Income Inequality of China

This paper focuses on the impact of China’s sectorial reform on income inequality within the country and between USA. We found that when we look at the full period (1991-2020), as the employment in the primary sector decreases, income inequality within the country is undeterminable. However, when we examine time periods 1991-2007 and 2008-2020, we found that income inequality had intensified in the first period and had decreased in the second period. The income gap between China and USA had been a constant decrease no matter looking at GNI or GNI per capita. Through this research, we hypothesize that agrarian policies may play a crucial role for further decrease in income inequality in China.

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  • Journal IconFinance &amp; Economics
  • Publication Date IconJul 6, 2025
  • Author Icon Suet Ming Jessica + 3
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Factors Influencing Life Expectancy Among Informal Workers in Assam: A Quantile Regression Approach

Life expectancy, an important indicator of human welfare and a core component of the Human Development Index (HDI), has improved globally with advancements in living conditions and healthcare. However, informal workers, often excluded from formal social protection systems, remain vulnerable to health risks, which adversely affect their longevity. This study estimates the life expectancy of informal workers in Assam and examines the socio-economic and health-related factors influencing their survival. The analysis is primarily based on primary data, supported by secondary sources for reviewing existing literature. Primary data were collected through a structured interview schedule administered to 600 informal workers (500 rural and 100 urban) across three districts of Assam, namely Dhemaji, Sonitpur and Dhubri, representing better, moderate and poor health performance regions, respectively. The analysis incorporated seven independent variables: healthcare expenditure, social determinants, medical care, consumption habits, medical history, income and environmental factors. The findings revealed a life expectancy of 67.78 years for informal workers in the study area, which is lower than the national average but comparable to the state average. Significant variations were observed across socio-economic groups, gender and rural–urban areas. Using quantile regression, it was found that healthcare utilisation, per capita income and health habits significantly influence life expectancy. Improved healthcare access and higher income levels positively impact longevity, while unhealthy behaviours and chronic diseases reduce it. The study highlights the crucial role of medical care, consumption habits and income in determining life expectancy. It recommends policy interventions aimed at improving healthcare access, promoting healthy behaviours and reducing income disparities among informal workers in Assam.

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  • Journal IconIndian Journal of Human Development
  • Publication Date IconJul 6, 2025
  • Author Icon Kanchan Devi + 1
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Income inequality, fintech innovation, and CO2 emissions: evidence from OECD countries

ABSTRACT In the era of digital finance, income inequality and climate change stand as pressing global challenges. Financial technology (fintech) has emerged as a potential solution to address both the income gap and environmental protection. This study examines the linear and nonlinear impacts of income inequality and fintech on CO2 emissions, utilizing panel data from 33 OECD countries spanning from 2000 to 2020. Employing a variety of econometric techniques, including OLS models, fixed effects models, instrumental variables estimation, and panel threshold models, the research focuses on exploring the relationship between income inequality, fintech, and CO2 emissions. The findings indicate that income inequality exacerbates CO2 emissions, whereas fintech mitigates them. Additionally, fintech moderates the relationship between income inequality and CO2 emissions, suggesting that higher levels of fintech enhance the impact of income inequality on emissions. Threshold analysis reveals a nonlinear relationship between income inequality and CO2 emissions, influenced by fintech. As fintech advances in accessibility, efficiency, and integration with sustainable practices, the impact of income inequality on CO2 emissions diminishes. This study provides new insights into the dynamics between income inequality and CO2 emissions, offering valuable information for policy and strategy development in the digital finance era.

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  • Journal IconInternational Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
  • Publication Date IconJul 5, 2025
  • Author Icon Tarek Ghazouani + 1
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The Impact of Family Planning Policy in China on Urban-rural Income Inequality

This paper discusses the impact of family planning on the rural-urban income gap in China. It concludes that different fertility policies implemented in China have different impacts on the income gap. Using urban and rural income data and birth and migration rates from 2005 to 2022, the impact of family planning on the urban-rural income gap is empirically analyzed. Based on the multiple regression model, the results show that there is no correlation between the migration rate gap and the income gap; the internal migration rate has little effect on the urban-rural income gap. Instead, the main influence is the birth rate in each region. The paper uncovers a strong positive relationship between the birth rate gap and the urban-rural income gap. By 1 millesimal point decrease in the birth rate gap, the income gap between urban and rural areas reduces by 0.208 units. It concludes that a restrictive fertility policy widens the urban-rural income gap, and a relatively lenient family planning policy narrows the urban-rural income gap.

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  • Journal IconLecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
  • Publication Date IconJul 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Xiaoyu Fei + 3
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Research on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence Development on the Wage Gap of the Labor Force: From the Perspectives of Labor Intensity and Task Cognition

Based on micro-level data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) and artificial intelligence (AI) patent data, this study explores the impact of AI development on wage disparities among heterogeneous labor groups. From the dual perspectives of labor intensity and task cognition, the paper analyzes how AI exacerbates income gaps by increasing labor intensity and enhancing task cognitive demands. It further investigates heterogeneity across regions, household registration statuses, and city sizes. The findings aim to provide empirical evidence and theoretical support for understanding the labor market impact of AI and for formulating differentiated policies to promote inclusive development. The study finds that: (1) While AI fosters economic growth, it also exacerbates income inequality. (2) AI widens the income gap between high- and low-skilled workers by increasing labor intensity and task cognition requirements. (3) Regional heterogeneity analysis shows that the income gap expansion is most pronounced in western regions, where AI suppresses low-skilled incomes in central areas and has weaker effects in eastern regions. The gap is also more pronounced among agricultural hukou holders and in large cities, while non-agricultural hukou holders are less affected.

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  • Journal IconAdvances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences
  • Publication Date IconJul 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Hejin Wang
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Modern and Historical Concepts of Welfare in Japan: A Theoretical Framework for Strengthening Resilience to Socioeconomic Challenges

This theoretical paper introduces a novel, author-developed conceptual framework: the “Integrated Historical-Economic Resilience Model (IHERM)”. This model examines cultural and philosophical messages of well-being transmitted across Japanese history, focusing on how these traditions have historically strengthened socioeconomic resilience and adaptive capacity to economic challenges from the prehistoric Jomon era (14,000–300 BCE) to the Edo period (1603–1868). By analyzing archaeological evidence, historical pilgrimage practices, and cultural traditions through a socioeconomic lens, this research proposes IHERM as an original theoretical model identifying enduring principles of economic stability and resource management that have helped communities navigate resource limitations, market shifts, and societal transformations throughout Japan’s history. IHERM distinguishes itself from existing well-being and resilience frameworks by offering a historically-grounded, culturally-specific, yet economically focused analytical tool. Unlike traditional models that often prioritize singular economic indicators or universal psychological well-being, IHERM integrates the dynamic interplay between collective well-being, resource sustainability, and socioeconomic adaptability, rooted in Japan’s unique historical experiences. This new integrated theoretical perspective specifically examines the Jomon people’s sustainable lifestyle and innovative resource allocation strategies alongside the popular Ohyama pilgrimage tradition of the Edo period, highlighting how these practices offered resilience during times of economic scarcity, societal stratification, and evolving resource demands. The theoretical framework suggests that these historical approaches to socioeconomic challenges offer valuable insights into modern well-being concepts such as ikigai (purpose in life), connection to community, and sustainable living. Crucially, IHERM provides a unique theoretical lens through which these concepts can be understood as actionable components for fortifying societal economic resilience against contemporary challenges, including resource depletion, income disparity, and global economic volatility. This theoretical research contributes to the understanding of how traditional Japanese cultural heritage, specifically through the framework of IHERM, can inform and enhance contemporary approaches to economic sustainability and collective well-being across diverse cultural and economic contexts.

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  • Journal IconSocioEconomic Challenges
  • Publication Date IconJul 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Hiroko Oe + 1
Just Published Icon Just Published
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